San Hua
Some countries, in order to commemorate the great man's monumental feats, use crystal coffins to protect his body, so that his face is eternal, and for the posterity of the perpetual veneration. In fact, this medical method of preservation of human remains as early as the 1880s has been applied to mankind. The city of Vinnitsa in southwestern Ukraine has such a crystal coffin, preserving the body of a great Russian surgeon, but also treasures a little-known history.
A 300-kilometer drive from the Ukrainian capital, Kiev, brings you to picturesque Vinnitsa. On the southwestern outskirts of Vinnitsa, a tree-covered manor house museum where Nikolai Pirogov, a famous Russian surgeon who made great contributions to human surgical medicine and was also a scholar and educator, studied, worked and lived until his death. His remains were successfully preserved by his students using medical methods. A hundred years have passed, and his face is lifelike and kind as if sleeping peacefully, so that the world will always commemorate the memory of his greatness.
The museum has a beautiful name --- Cherry Manor. Cherry trees grow around the residence, grow in the spring and fall in the fall, becoming living witnesses to the doctor's great contribution to Russian and world medicine.
Medical wizards four major contributions
Pirogov was born on November 13, 1805, in a military family, 14 siblings, he was the ninth, Moscow University Professor Mushin enlightened his love of medicine. At that time, one of his brothers suffered from a serious rheumatism that did not heal. His parents pinned their hopes on Dr. Mushin, a famous doctor at the time. Mushin fulfilled their dream and became Pirogov's "uncle". The recovery of his brother was a great shock to young Pirogov, who began to "play" the role of Mushin and became the little doctor of the family. At Mushin's suggestion, Pirogov was admitted to Moscow University at the age of 14 by his parents at the age of 16, and after four years of study, Pirogov was recognized as one of Russia's top 20 undergraduates, and was sent to Gjert (now the city of Tartu, Estonia) to study at an institute that trained medical specialists for Russian universities. During his five years there, Pirogov chose surgery as his specialty. The bright and studious Pirogov defended his doctoral thesis in Latin at the age of 22. After returning from his internship in Germany, Pirogov took over as head of the surgical department from his retired teacher at the age of 26. One year later, Pirogov began writing his first medical book, "Surgical Anatomy of the Arterial Vessels," for which he was awarded the country's highest medical prize.
Pirogov spent 15 years of his life in St. Petersburg, the period of his greatest medical achievements. He completed several monographs on surgery, anatomy and forensic medicine, for which he was again awarded the State Prize for Medicine, and in 1848, when an epidemic of Asiatic cholera struck St. Petersburg, Pirogov dissected 800 cadavers in six weeks, and soon afterward authored his Anatomy of the Asiatic Cholera Pathology, which, together with his later work on the freezing of cadavers, earned him the State Prize for Medicine ****four times.
Pirogov's early years of practice were a time when there were no anesthesia laws, and patients often died on the operating table from severe pain and shock during surgery. Pirogov was a master of surgery, he was able to operate in 2-3 minutes, so that the patient's pain was reduced to a minimum. 1846, ether as an anesthetic in the history of medicine. Pirogov first experimented with ether on himself, and in September 1847, he went to the Caucasus front, where the war was going on. In order to let his peers see the effect of anesthetics to stop the disease, under the watchful eyes of many doctors, Pirogov became the first doctor in the world to administer anesthetics for surgery in the war zone, and this surgery was also the first important contribution he made to the world of medicine. Pirogov's second major contribution to mankind is that he was the first to invent the treatment of bone fractures starch gauze bandage, and later developed into today's plaster cast method of treatment of bone fractures.
In 1854, he went to Sevastopol to take part in the historically famous Crimean War. In the port of Sevastopol, he became the first doctor in the world to make a classification of the war wounded, that is, according to the nature of the injury, the war wounded into four categories for transportation. There he met the famous writer Tolstoy, then an officer in the Russian army. The great writer wrote "The Sevastopol Story" with Pirogov as the main character. Among Pirogov's patients was also the famous chemist Mendeleev. As a young man, Mendeleev suffered from heart disease and was predicted to die an early death. Pirogov disproved this assertion and asserted that he would live a long life. This assertion was later confirmed: Mendeleev lived to be over 70 years old and made a great contribution to mankind by creating the periodic table of elements. Mendeleev later said of Pirogov, "This was a true physician who could see through people, and he was able to diagnose my character and condition immediately."
Pirogov's fourth great contribution to the history of world medicine was that he was the first to introduce the term "female nurse" into the history of field medicine. His belief that a woman's delicacy and gentleness is the best assistant to a military doctor is confirmed today.
Returning from the front, Pirogov wrote such articles as "Problems of Youth Education" and became the supervisor of the Odessa Pedagogical Institute, switching from the practice of medicine to educational activities. During this period, at his insistence, the school abolished the system of corporal punishment. Later he worked for two years in Kiev, where he opened weekend schools specifically for the children of the poor.
"For me, the patient comes first"
In 1859, Pirogov bought the Cherry Estate, where he spent the last years of his life. During his 15 years at Cherry Manor, the doctor engaged in academic research while continuing his career in the practice of medicine to relieve people of their ailments. As a surgeon with extensive clinical experience, he saw the inevitable connection between poverty, hunger, ignorance and disease. He has said, "In many cases, I prescribe to my patients milk, meat and bread, without which it is difficult to achieve healing results with just pharmaceuticals." "Pirogov not only possessed all the qualities that a surgeon should have, but he had all the knowledge of science in his mind, and he was like a magician who was constantly working miracles in the desert of surgical medicine," said the medical profession of the time about him. The patients who came to the Manor for treatment came from all over the country. "For me, the patient comes first". For this reason, the doctor had to make several open surgeries a day, five or six hours of continuous clinic.
During his days of solitude at the estate, Pirogov also traveled abroad a few times to practice medicine, and in October 1862 he went to La Spezia, Italy, to diagnose a gunshot wound to the leg of Garibaldi, the leader of the Italian national liberation movement. The best doctors in Europe at the time were unable to locate the bullet with all their efforts. After seeing the patient, Pirogov immediately confirmed the diagnosis and prescribed medicine, and Garibaldi was soon cured. The trip to Italy not only became a bright page of Pirogov's contribution to the world of medicine, but also demonstrated his spirit of internationalism. he went to the front of the Franco-Prussian and Russo-Turkish wars on two more occasions, in 1870 and 1877-1878, and once again applied his field surgical skills. Returning to the estate from the front, the doctor authored several medical monographs on field surgery.
At Cherry Manor, Pirogov was always concerned with the plight of the rural people at the bottom of society. With the vision of a good doctor, he proposed the most urgent tasks of rural health care: the introduction of vaccinations, close tracking of syphilis epidemics, combating diphtheria, and popularizing health care among the villagers.
There is a quiet linden forest pathway in the manor, where the doctor liked to take a walk and rest. But even when resting, his pockets are always loaded with surgical books, where patients can still receive his never refused clinic. 1866, Pirogov in order to facilitate the reception of patients, in the boulevard at the end of the construction of another small clinic. A rustic pharmacy also remains to this day. Since the estate could not accommodate all the patients who came to the clinic, most of them were dispersed in the farmhouses of the nearby villages, of which there were more than 90 at that time ****, making it a unique "hospital". Deep in the Manor Museum, there is a one-and-a-half-storey brick house, which was Pirogov's residence in those days and is now the main building of the museum. The west side of the house is a wooden lanai where the doctor rests, and the wooden staircase leading to the door on the north side was filled with the hope of a number of patients who came to seek treatment.
For permanent remembrance
On December 5, 1881, a generation of famous doctors who were tortured by cancer passed away. On the third day after his death, his student Vyvtsev came from St. Petersburg to embalm the doctor's body, which was permanently preserved in a crystal coffin in the catacombs of a church near the manor house for the world to remember. 66 years later, the doctor's manor house was converted into a museum. Several exhibition halls are decorated with statues, photographs, writings, manuscripts and surgical instruments of the doctor, and the room where the doctor received his patients is neat and elegant, with a table and a chair still permeated with the atmosphere of those days. Now it has become an educational base for Ukrainian medical students, and every year no less than 10,000 doctors, scholars, workers, farmers and military personnel from all over the world come here to visit.
The main hall of the museum's main building is neatly recorded on the wall of the doctor's mind: "I dedicate my life to the truth and the motherland unselfishly", "the person who believes that the happiness of others is his own happiness is the truly happy person, is the sublime human life
Faye Ratov
Soviet eye scientist. Improved corneal transplantation and created tissue therapy. born February 27, 1875 in Mikhailov village, Sharansk district, Penza province, Russia; died October 30, 1956 in Odessa. His father was a surgeon and ophthalmologist; he entered the Moscow University Medical School in 1892, graduated in 1897, and became a resident in ophthalmology at the Moscow University Medical School Hospital; he was a resident at the Moscow Eye Hospital from 1899 to 1903; he was a resident in the department of ophthalmology at the New Russian University in Odessa in 1903, and became an assistant professor in 1906; he presented his dissertation in 1908 In 1908, he presented his dissertation on "Cytotoxicity in Ophthalmology", which dealt with the effects of normal and cytotoxic serums on the eye; after 1911, he became the head of the department of ophthalmology at the Novorossiyskiy University, a professor, and in 1936, the government established the Institute of Ophthalmology in Odessa. During the Patriotic War, Filatov and his students retreated to Tashkent to restore the Ukrainian Experimental Institute of Ophthalmology. After the war moved back to Odessa. Before Filatov 130 years has invented corneal transplantation, but he improved corneal transplantation surgery, and invented many instruments, especially the use of cadaveric cornea for transplantation materials, so that many blind people regain their sight. 1916 invented the tubular flap plastic surgery, widely used in nose, lips, eyelids, cheeks, fingers and other parts of the plastic surgery. In 1916, he invented tubular flap plastic surgery, which was widely used for plastic surgery of nose, lips, eyelids, cheeks, fingers, etc. He also designed the sinus enucleation of the outer eye socket, which could partially eradicate the tumor cells from the healthy tissues of the eyes, and in 1933, he invented the tissue therapy, which he believed that a piece of tissue that was detached from the living body could produce a kind of stimulating hormone after refrigeration and, if implanted into the human body, it could enhance the human body's function, promote the metabolism of the cells, increase regenerative ability, enhance the immune function, and promote the curing of the diseases. He has written many books, the most important of which are "Tubular Flaps in Ophthalmology", "Tissue Therapy" and "Optical Corneal Transplantation and Tissue Therapy".
Nikolai Bilogov (1810-1881), a founder in battlefield surgery and in the anatomy of surgical experiments. First to perform surgery on the battlefield (1847). Proposed many important surgical procedures and methods.
Sergei Potemkin (1832-1889) was one of the founders of internal medicine. Studied heart and vascular diseases and infectious diseases. The first to form laboratories in Russian hospitals to study the physiological and pharmacological characteristics of drugs. Determined the infectiousness of viral hepatitis diseases.
Vladimir Bekhterev (1857-1927), the founder of reflexology, the founder of the disciplines of neurology and psychiatry, the school, determined the basic principles of spatial localization of anatomy and physiology, and conducted in-depth research on the application of hypnotherapy. Bekhterev is the author of such works as behavior and social psychology of young children.
Nikolai Burdenko (1876-1946), one of the founders of neurosurgery, fought in four wars, was the founder and first president of the Academy of Medical Sciences (1944-1946), and specialized in the study of diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system (which included neurological swelling) and brain and physical reflections of spinal cord surgery.
Alexander Bakurev (1890-1967), founder of cardiovascular surgery in Russia. Author of works on surgery for the treatment of lung and nerve diseases. Performed the first successful operation to correct congenital heart defects in 1948.
Alexander Vishnevsky (1906-1975), the first to adopt the method of local anesthesia for surgery on the heart (1953), and the first to perform open heart surgery with a domestically produced artificial blood circulation system (1957). Author of works on local anesthesia methods and anesthesia methods for heart and lung surgery and artificial blood circulation, and on the use of polymers in surgery.
Gauryil Irizalov (1921-1992), who created special medicine and methods of treatment (1950), thus laying the foundation for new fields of scientific applications in traumatology and orthopaedic surgery, "Irizalov effect", which is the discovery of its biological properties as an outstanding physician of growth and regeneration of muscle tissue during quantitative stretching. It was registered as a new scientific discovery.
Svyatoslav Feodorov (1927-2000) Ophthalmologist, founder of the Moscow interdepartmental scientific-technical complex "Ophthalmic microsurgery" (1986). Constructed an artificial crystal and was the first to implant it into the eye (1960). In 1973 was the first in the world to develop a method of early treatment of glaucoma and performed surgery for early treatment of glaucoma. Created a unique surgical treatment for myopia. First to use a surgical delivery device for eye surgery (1979).
Boris Petrovsky, born in 1908, multifaceted surgeon. First to successfully use heart valve substitutes in Russia, developed and applied methods of transplanting kidneys, plastic surgery of the bronchus and trachea. Contributed to the development of transplantation. Author of a series of books on surgical treatment of esophageal cancer and heart defects.
Valery Shumakov, born in 1931, one of the founders of clinical transplantation, specialist in several aspects of cardiac surgery. From 1974 was appointed director of the Institute of Organ Transplantation and Artificial Organs of the Russian Ministry of Health. The first in Russia to successfully perform heart transplants (1987), liver transplants and pancreas transplants. Creator of artificial organology.
Leonid Rosary, born in 1933, a specialist in the field of pediatric surgery and serious accident medicine. Since 1982, he has been in charge of the emergency surgery and pediatric trauma departments at the Pediatric Institute of the Children's Research Center of the Russian Academy of Health Sciences. The International First Aid Working Group, founded by Roshali in 1988, is ready to travel to any part of the world at any moment to rescue children, and during the terrorist incident at the Dubrov Opera House in Moscow in 2002, Leonid Roshali negotiated with the terrorists, rescued children, delivered medicines to the wounded, and provided medical first aid to the sick and injured.