Description of the Problem:
Specific figures are needed, such as forests, land, water ...........
Answer:
China is located in eastern Asia, on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. Land area of 9.6 million square kilometers, the eastern and southern mainland coastline of more than 18,000 kilometers, the waters of the inner sea and the side sea area of about 4.7 million square kilometers. There are 7,600 islands of various sizes distributed in the sea, of which Taiwan Island is the largest, with an area of 35,798 square kilometers. The country shares borders with 14 countries and has maritime neighbors with 8 countries. Provincial administrative divisions are 4 municipalities directly under the central government, 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 2 special administrative regions, the capital Beijing.
China's terrain is high in the west and low in the east, with mountains, plateaus and hills accounting for about 67% of the land area, and basins and plains accounting for about 33% of the land area. Mountain ranges are mostly east-west and northeast-southwest oriented, mainly in the Altai Mountains, Tianshan Mountains, Kunlun Mountains, Karakorum Mountains, Himalayas, Yinshan Mountains, Qinling Mountains, Nanling Mountains, Daxing'anling Mountains, Changbai Mountains, Taihang Mountains, Wuyi Mountains, Taiwan Mountain Range and Hengduan Mountains and other mountain ranges. In the west, there is the world's highest Tibetan Plateau, with an average altitude of 4,000 meters above sea level, known as the "Roof of the World", and Mount Everest, with an altitude of 8,844.43 meters above sea level, is the world's highest peak. In this north and east of Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Loess Plateau, Sichuan Basin and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, is the second level of China's terrain ladder. Daxing'anling, Taihang Mountains, Wushan Mountains, Wuling Mountains, Xuefeng Mountains, a line east to the coastline is mostly plains and hills, is the third step. South of the continental shelf east of the coastline, rich in seabed resources
Land resources
China's land resources have four basic characteristics: large absolute number, per capita possession of less; complex and diverse types, arable land proportion of a small; the use of the complex, the productivity of the regional differences in the obvious; uneven distribution of the region, the protection and development of the problem is prominent.
(a) the absolute number of large, small per capita possession
China's land area of 9.6 million square kilometers, the sea area of 4.73 million square kilometers. The land area is the third largest in the world, but according to the per capita land resources, in the area of the world's top 12 countries, China ranked 11th. According to the type of utilization of various types of land resources in China also have the absolute number of large, per capita occupation of the characteristics of small.
(B) the types of complex and diverse, small proportion of arable land
China's terrain, climate is very complex, complex and diverse land types for agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, vice, fisheries, and the overall development of a variety of management and provides favorable conditions. However, we should also see that some land types are difficult to develop and utilize. For example, China's sandy deserts and the Gobi account for more than 12 per cent of the country's total land area, making it very difficult to transform and utilize them. The proportion of arable land, which is crucial to China's agricultural production, is only 10% or so.
(3) Complex utilization, obvious regional differences in productivity
The development and utilization of land resources is a long-term historical process. Due to the complexity of China's natural conditions and the specificity of the historical development process in various regions, the utilization of land resources in China is extremely complex. For example, on the vast northeastern plains, the Han Chinese mostly use their arable land to grow sorghum, corn and other miscellaneous grains, while the Koreans mostly grow rice. Farmers in Shandong are experienced in growing peanuts and have higher yields, while farmers in Henan and Hubei grow sesame seeds with better yields. Under similar natural conditions, the Taihu Lake Basin, the Pearl River Delta, and parts of the Sichuan Basin have become national centers of silkworm rearing, and so on.
Different ways of utilization, the degree of development of land resources will also be different, the productivity level of the land will be significantly different. For example, in the same subtropical mountainous areas, the operation of tea plantations, orchards, economic forestry will have a higher economic and social benefits, while allowing the natural growth of forests and trees, unplanned logging, not only the economic benefits are low, but also make the land resources suffer damage.
(D) uneven distribution, protection and development problems
The uneven distribution of the said, mainly refers to two aspects: First, the distribution of specific types of land resources is uneven. For example, limited arable land is mainly concentrated in the plains of the monsoon region in eastern China, and grassland resources are mostly distributed in the eastern part of the Inner Mongolia Plateau. Secondly, the distribution of land resources per capita is uneven.
Land resources in different regions face different problems. China's forest land is small, forest resources are insufficient. However, while the northeastern forest area is striving for a balance between harvesting and cultivation, the southwestern forest area is facing the problem of over-mature forest ratio and waste of forest resources. China's vast grassland resources are underutilized, and the level of animal husbandry production is not high, however, in the local grassland and face the problem of overgrazing and pasture degradation.
Water Resources
Rivers and lakes are China's major freshwater resources. Therefore, the distribution of rivers and lakes and the size of their water volume have a direct impact on the life and production of people everywhere. China's per capita runoff is 2,200 cubic meters, which is 24.7% of the world's per capita runoff. Among the major river basins, the Pearl River Basin has the most water resources per capita, with a per capita runoff of about 4,000 cubic meters. The Yangtze River basin is slightly higher than the national average, at about 2,300 to 2,500 cubic meters. The Hailuan River Basin is the most water-stressed area in the country, with a per capita runoff of less than 250 cubic meters.
The distribution of water resources in China is more in the south and less in the north, while the distribution of arable land is less in the south and more in the north. For example, the North China Plain, the centralized production area of wheat and cotton in China, has about 40% of the country's arable land, while water resources account for only about 6% of the country. The poor match between water and soil resources further exacerbates the water shortage in northern China.
China's hydro energy resources reserves amounted to 680 million kilowatts, ranking first in the world. 70% of the distribution in the four southwestern provinces, municipalities and *** Autonomous Region, of which the Yangtze River system for the most, followed by the Yarlung Zangbo River system. The Yellow River system and the Pearl River system also have a large amount of water energy reserves. At present, the areas that have been developed and utilized are concentrated in the upper reaches of the Yangtze, Yellow and Pearl Rivers.
Biological Resources
Vegetation Resources China has a vast territory, complex topography, diverse climate, and rich and intricate distribution of vegetation. In the eastern monsoon area, there are tropical rainforests, tropical monsoon rainforests, evergreen broad-leaved forests in central and southern subtropics, deciduous broad-leaved evergreen broad-leaved mixed forests in northern subtropics, deciduous broad-leaved forests in the temperate zone, cold-temperate coniferous forests, as well as coniferous forests in subalpine mountains, temperate forests, grasslands and other vegetation types. In the northwestern and Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau regions, there are steppe, semi-desert steppe scrub, dry desert steppe scrub, plateau cold desert, alpine steppe meadow scrub and other vegetation types. There are many plant species, and according to statistics, there are 300 families, 2,980 genera and 24,600 species of seed plants. Among them, there are 2946 genera of angiosperms (accounting for 23.6% of the total genera of angiosperms in the world). The more ancient plants account for about 62% of the world's total genera. Some plants, such as Metasequoia and Ginkgo, have been extinct in other parts of the world in modern times, and are "living fossils" remaining in China. Seed plants, both cold, warm, hot plants in three zones, more species than all of Europe. In addition, there is a wide variety of cultivated plants. In terms of use, there are more than 1,000 kinds of timber forests, more than 4,000 kinds of medicinal plants, more than 300 kinds of fruit plants, more than 500 kinds of fiber plants, more than 300 kinds of starch plants, more than 600 kinds of oil plants, vegetable plants are not less than 80 kinds of plants, becoming one of the world's richest plant resources in the country.
Animal resources China is one of the richest countries in the world in terms of animal resources. According to statistics, there are about 2070 species of terrestrial vertebrates, accounting for 9.8% of the world's terrestrial vertebrates. Among them, there are more than 1170 species of birds, 400 species of animals and 184 species of amphibians, accounting for 13.5%, 11.3% and 7.3% of the same kind of animals in the world respectively. In the area north of the line from the Himalayas in the west - the northern part of the Hengduan Mountains - the Qinling Mountains - the Fuyao Mountains - the area between the Huaihe River and the Yangtze River is dominated by the temperate and cold-temperate fauna, which belongs to the Paleo-Northern Boundary, and the area south of the line is dominated by the tropical fauna, which belongs to the Eastern Oceanic Boundary. In fact, due to the flat terrain in the eastern region, the western Hengduan Mountains north-south, the two boundaries of the animal interpenetration and mixing phenomenon is more obvious.
Mineral resources
China's vast territory, diverse geological conditions, rich in mineral resources, minerals 171 kinds. There are 157 kinds of proven reserves. Among them, the proven reserves of tungsten, antimony, rare earths, molybdenum, vanadium and titanium rank first in the world. The reserves of coal, iron, lead and zinc, copper, silver, mercury, tin, nickel, apatite and asbestos are among the highest in the world.
The main feature of the distribution of mineral resources in China is that the regional distribution is uneven. For example, iron is mainly distributed in Liaoning, Jidong and western Sichuan, northwest of very little; coal is mainly distributed in North China, Northwest, Northeast and Southwest District, of which Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and other provinces and regions are the most concentrated, while the southeastern coastal provinces are very few. This uneven distribution of the situation, so that some minerals have a considerable concentration, such as tungsten ore, in 19 provinces and regions are distributed, the reserves are mainly concentrated in southeast Hunan, Gannan, northern Guangdong, western Fujian and Gui East - Guizhong, although conducive to large-scale mining, but also to the transportation has brought great pressure. In order to make the unevenly distributed resources effectively deployed throughout the country, it is necessary to strengthen the construction of transportation.
China is the most populous developing country in the world. Large population, relative lack of resources and weak environmental carrying capacity are the basic national conditions of China at this stage, which are difficult to change in a short time. The population issue is a long-term problem facing China at the primary stage of socialism, and is a key factor in China's economic and social development.
Solving the population problem in an integrated manner has always been a major and urgent strategic task for China in realizing economic development, social progress and sustainable development. Since the 1970s, China *** has persistently implemented the basic state policy of family planning nationwide, encouraging late marriage and late childbearing, advocating one child per couple, and reasonably arranging for the birth of a second child in accordance with laws and regulations. After 30 years of strenuous efforts, China, while still economically underdeveloped, has effectively controlled the excessive growth of its population, reduced fertility levels to below replacement level, realized a historic shift in the type of population reproduction from a high birth rate, low death rate and high natural growth rate to a low birth rate, low death rate and low natural growth rate, and successfully explored a path of comprehensively managing the population problem with Chinese characteristics. It has strongly contributed to the improvement of China's comprehensive national strength, social progress and people's lives, and has made positive contributions to the stabilization of the world's population.
China *** adheres to an integrated approach to population and development. It incorporates population development into the overall planning of national economic and social development, and strives to harmonize population development with economic and social development, and to make it compatible with resource utilization and environmental protection. Since the 1990s, annual symposiums on population, resources and the environment have been convened to give overall consideration to and coordinate the deployment of these issues, mobilize the forces of society as a whole, and take a variety of measures, including legal, advocacy, economic and administrative measures, to comprehensively address and resolve population issues, integrating economic development, family planning, universal education, improving health, eradicating poverty, perfecting social security, improving the status of women, and building civilized and happy families. In 2003, the National Family Planning Commission was renamed the National Population and Family Planning Commission, in order to strengthen the study of population development strategies and comprehensive coordination, and to formulate and implement population development plans in a more scientific manner; at the beginning of 2004, China *** organized experts and scholars from multiple disciplines to formally launch the "Study of National Population Development Strategies", which examined population size, population size, and population growth. "The purpose of the study is to conduct a comprehensive, in-depth and systematic study of trends in the quantity, quality, structure and distribution of the population, as well as its interaction with the economy, society, resources and the environment. The National Population Development Strategy Study has already put forward the population development strategy idea of prioritizing investment in the comprehensive development of human beings and transforming a large population country into a human capital powerhouse, providing decision-making support for the scientific formulation of the country's medium- and long-term population development plan and the overall plan of the national economy, and realizing the coordinated and sustainable development of the population, economy, society, resources and environment.
On February 9, 2006, China's State Council issued the Outline of the National Medium- and Long-Term Plan for Scientific and Technological Development (2006-2020), which puts forward that the population goal for the next fifteen years is to control the number of people within 1.5 billion. One of the development concepts identified in the area of population and health is to control the number of births and improve the quality of births. Focus on the development of fertility monitoring, reproductive health and other key technologies, the development of a series of reproductive medicine, equipment and health care products, in order to control the number of births within 1.5 billion, the birth defects rate of less than three percent to provide effective scientific and technological protection.
The other three development ideas include: moving the center of gravity of disease prevention and treatment forward, adhering to the principle of prevention, health promotion and disease prevention and treatment. Research on prevention and early diagnosis of key technologies to significantly improve the diagnosis of major diseases and prevention and treatment capabilities; strengthen the inheritance and innovation of Chinese medicine, and promote the modernization and internationalization of Chinese medicine. Based on the inheritance and development of TCM theories, enrich and develop TCM theories through technological innovation and multidisciplinary integration, build a system of technical methods and standards and norms suited to the characteristics of TCM, improve clinical efficacy, and promote the healthy development of the TCM industry; develop major new medicines and advanced medical equipment. Attack new drugs, large-scale medical devices, medical materials and drug release system creation of key technologies, accelerate the establishment and improvement of the national medicine creation technology platform, and promote the independent innovation of major new drugs and medical devices.
According to the Outline, stabilizing the low fertility level, improving the quality of the birth population, and effectively preventing and treating major diseases are the inevitable requirements for building a harmonious society. Control the number of people, improve the quality of the population and the health of all people, the urgent need for science and technology to provide strong support. To this end, the program also includes "safe contraception and birth control and prevention of birth defects", "prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, tumors and other major non-communicable diseases", "prevention and treatment of common and frequent diseases in urban and rural communities", "inheritance of traditional Chinese medicine and prevention and treatment", "prevention and treatment of major diseases", and "prevention and treatment of major diseases".
The population and health field of scientific and technological development of the priority themes identified as "traditional Chinese medicine inheritance and innovative development", "advanced medical equipment and biomedical materials".
In terms of quantity, quality, structure and distribution, the current situation of China's population is as follows:
I. Population Size
The total population of the country at the end of 2005 amounted to 130,756,000 people, an increase of 7,680,000 people over the end of the previous year. There were 16.17 million births in the year, with a birth rate of 12.40 per thousand; 8.49 million deaths, with a death rate of 6.51 per thousand; and a natural growth rate of 5.89 per thousand.
A large population has always been one of the most remarkable features of China's national conditions. Although China has entered the ranks of low fertility countries, due to the inertia of population growth, the current and the next decade or so, China's population will still grow at an average annual rate of 8-10 million. According to the current total fertility rate of 1.8 projections, in 2010 and 2020, China's total population will reach 1.37 billion and 1.46 billion, respectively; the peak of the total population will occur around 2033, reaching about 1.5 billion.
Influenced by the third peak of births in the 1980s and 1990s, the number of women between the ages of 20 and 29 who are in their prime reproductive years will form a peak between 2005 and 2020. At the same time, as one-child children are entering their childbearing age one after another, the level of fertility within the policy will increase according to the current fertility policy. The above two factors **** the same role, resulting in China will usher in the fourth birth of the population peak.
The large population has a multifaceted impact on China's economic and social development, and while providing abundant labor resources for economic and social development, it also brings heavy pressure on economic development, social progress, resource utilization, environmental protection, and many other aspects.
China conducted a national 1% population sample survey at the end of 2005. The survey took the whole country as a whole, and the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government as the sub-whole, and adopted a stratified, multi-stage, whole group probability proportional sampling method. The final sample unit was the survey community. The sample size of this survey was 17.05 million people, accounting for 1.31% of the country's total population. Under the unified leadership of the State Council and local people at all levels ***, through the hard work of the survey staff, the tasks of the survey have been basically completed.
Second, the quality of the population
China *** has stepped up its efforts to build public ****health programs and continuously improve the quality of the population's health. Average life expectancy has risen from 35 years before the founding of New China to 71.8 years in 2004, the maternal mortality rate has dropped from 1,500 per 100,000 in the early 1950s to 51 per 100,000 in 2004, the infant mortality rate has dropped from 200 per 100,000 before the founding of New China to 29.9 per 100,000 in 2004, and the mortality rate for children under 5 has dropped from 250-300 per 100,000 in the early years of the founding of the People's Republic of China to 28.4 per 100,000 in 2004, and the mortality rate for children under 5 years of age has in the early years of the founding of the People's Republic of China to 28.4 per 100,000 in 2004. The morbidity and mortality rates of infectious, parasitic and endemic diseases have been drastically reduced. New infectious diseases such as atypical pneumonia and avian influenza have been effectively monitored and controlled, and significant progress has been made in the prevention and treatment of AIDS.
Overall, the quality of health of the Chinese population is still not high. The annual incidence of birth defects is 4-6%, about 1 million cases. Tens of millions of patients with endemic diseases and people with disabilities bring a heavy burden to families and society. The situation with regard to combating AIDS remains very serious. It is estimated that, as of December 2003, there were about 840,000 HIV-infected people and AIDS patients in China, and in 2004 the epidemic was in the situation of co-existence of low prevalence from the whole country and high prevalence in localized areas and specific groups of people.
China *** has accelerated the development of education, and the scientific and cultural quality of the population has been significantly improved. in 2004, the population coverage rate of China's universal nine-year compulsory education reached 93.6%, and the average number of years of education for the population aged 6 and above reached 8.01 years (of which 8.5 years for males, and 7.51 years for females), an increase of 1.75 years over 1990; the crude illiteracy rate of the population ( The gross illiteracy rate (the proportion of persons aged 15 and over who are illiterate or have little literacy in relation to the total population) has fallen to 8.33 per cent, a decrease of 7.55 percentage points from 1990. The proportion of the population with various levels of education in the total population is 5.42% for those with university education or above, 12.59% for those with high school education, 36.93% for those with junior high school education, and 30.44% for those with elementary school education; the number of people with high-level education has increased significantly, and the proportion of people with elementary school education has gradually decreased.
The overall level of scientific and cultural quality of China's population is still not high, which is mainly manifested in the following: firstly, the crude illiteracy rate of the population is much higher than that of the developed countries, which is below 2%; secondly, the crude enrollment rate of the universities is much lower than that of the developed countries; and thirdly, the average number of years of education is not only lower than that of the developed countries' average per capita level of education but also lower than the average level of the world (11 years). Moreover, there is an obvious difference between the education level of urban and rural populations; in 2004, the average years of education per capita was 9.43 years in towns and 7 years in villages; the illiteracy rate in towns was 4.91%, and in villages it was 10.71%.
III. Population Structure
In terms of the age structure of the population, out of the total population of 1299.88 million at the end of 2004, 279.47 million were aged 0-14, accounting for 21.50% of the total population, 921.84 million were aged 15-64, accounting for 70.92%, and 98.57 million were aged 65 and above, accounting for 7.58%. The above data show that:
Firstly, China's current population has a low social dependency ratio, a large proportion of working-age population, and abundant labor resources, which provide a strong impetus for rapid economic development. The next one to two decades will be a demographic dividend period for China's economic and social development. However, the huge working-age population has also brought great pressure on employment. At present, China's cities and towns have nearly 10 million new laborers each year, and there are more than 200 million surplus laborers in rural areas. Moreover, the working-age population will keep growing. It is predicted that the working-age population aged 15-64 will peak at 1.01 billion in 2016, and in 2020 it will still be as high as about 1 billion. This puts higher demands on employment, industrial restructuring and social development undertakings.
Secondly, in 2000, the proportion of the elderly population over 65 years old amounted to more than 7%, and according to international standards, China has entered an aging society. It is predicted that by 2020, the elderly population aged 65 will reach 164 million, accounting for 16.1% of the total population, and the number of elderly people aged over 80 will reach 22 million. China's aging is characterized by fast speed, large scale, and "getting old before getting rich", which will have a significant impact on the future social dependency ratio, savings rate, consumption structure, and social security, etc.
Thirdly, China's aging society has become more and more complex.
Thirdly, in terms of the gender structure of the population, at the end of 2004, the male population was 669.76 million, accounting for 51.5%, while the female population was 630.12 million, accounting for 48.5%, with a total population gender ratio of about 106. Since the 1980s, the sex ratio at birth has continued to rise, from 117 at the time of the Fifth National Population Census to 119 in 2003, and as high as 130 in a handful of provinces; in order to curb the momentum of the rise in the sex ratio at birth, the State has taken a series of measures, promulgating laws and regulations such as the Population and Family Planning Law and the Provisions on Prohibiting Sex Determination of Fetuses for Non-Medical Needs and Artificial Termination of Pregnancies on the Basis of Sex Selection. The State has taken a series of measures, including promulgating the Law on Population and Family Planning, the Regulations on the Prohibition of Non-medically Necessary Fetal Sex Determination and Sex-Selective Artificial Termination of Pregnancy, and other laws and regulations, as well as launching the "Care for Girls Campaign," which advocates equality between men and women, in order to comprehensively address the high sex ratio at birth.
IV. Population Distribution
In terms of urban and rural distribution, at the end of 2004, the country's urban population had reached 542.83 million, accounting for 41.76% of the total, while the rural population had reached 757.05 million, accounting for 58.24%. In recent years, as a result of actively promoting the urbanization of the population and the upgrading of the industrial structure, and implementing a development strategy in which cities drive the countryside and industry feeds agriculture, the rate of urbanization of the population has increased by more than 1 percentage point per year. Various measures and rational planning have been adopted to guide the transfer of surplus rural labour to non-agricultural industries, to improve the environment for farmers to work in the cities, and to promote the orderly movement of rural labour; in 2004, China's floating population exceeded 140 million. A large number of rural laborers have moved to the cities to work, providing an abundant supply of labor for urban development and improving the economic situation in rural areas. According to the urbanization rate of the population increased by 1 percentage point per year, by 2020, about 300 million people will be transferred from the countryside.
At the same time, the mobile population management and service system is seriously lagging behind and needs to be improved. The huge flow of migrant population on the urban infrastructure and public **** services constitute a huge pressure. The rights of the migrant population to employment, education, health care, social security and family planning are not effectively guaranteed, severely restricting the orderly flow and rational distribution of the population, and making it difficult to coordinate urban-rural and regional development.
In the face of complex population problems, China *** has adhered to the people-centered, comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable scientific concept of development from the strategic perspective of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way and building a socialist and harmonious society, and has continued to improve its population policies and programs, resolving the population problem in an integrated manner by means of comprehensive development of human beings, and, while stabilizing the low fertility level, raising the quality of the population, improving the structure of the population, guiding the reasonable distribution of the population, and promoting the integration of population and economic and social resources. It also aims to stabilize the low fertility level, improve the quality of the population, improve the structure of the population, guide the population to a reasonable distribution, and promote the coordinated and sustainable development of the population and the economy, society, resources and environment.