I, the concept and characteristics of bidding and tendering
Tendering and bidding is a kind of tenderer's offer, triggered by the tenderer's commitment, after the tenderer's selection of the best, and finally formed an agreement and contractual relations between the equal subjects of the process of economic activity, is a "legal person" between the promises into a paid and binding legal action. Legal behavior.
Tendering is the product of the development of commodity economy to a certain stage, is a special way of commodity transactions. The bidding party and the bidding party trading commodities collectively referred to as the "subject matter". In the project construction, this "subject matter" refers to the project's engineering design, civil construction, complete sets of equipment, installation and commissioning of the contents of the labeling.
Tendering has the following basic characteristics:
1. Equality, the equality of bidding, should be analyzed from the essential attributes of the commodity economy, the basic law of the commodity economy is the exchange of equal value. Bidding and tendering is an economic activity between independent legal persons, in accordance with the principle of equality, voluntariness, mutual benefit and standardized procedures, the two sides enjoy the same rights and obligations, protected and supervised by law. The bidding party shall provide equal conditions for all bidders to compete fairly.
2. Competition. The core of bidding is competition, according to the provisions of each bidding must have more than three bidders, which forms the competition between the bidders, they take advantage of their respective strength, reputation, service, offer, etc., to win over other bidders. In addition, between the bidder and the bidder also launched a competition, the bidder can be among the bidders "choose the best", there is a choice there is competition.
3. Openness. Formal bidding activities, must be published in the public circulation of newspapers and magazines published bidding announcements, breaking the industry, sector, region, and even country boundaries, breaking the ownership of the blockade, interference and monopoly, in the maximum scope of all eligible bidders to bid, free competition.
Second, the bidding method
Currently used at home and abroad, the bidding method has the following five:
1. Open bidding, open bidding is by the bidding unit through the press, radio, television and other publicity tools to issue a bidding notice, all the bidding project is interested in the bidding and meet the conditions of the bidding of the legal person can be in the specified period of time to the bidding unit to submit the letter of intent by the bidding unit for qualification examination, approval and purchase of the bid. The qualification examination is carried out by the unit, and the bidding documents are purchased and bidding is carried out after approval. The method of public bidding can give all qualified bidders equal opportunity to compete, and can attract many bidders, so it is called unlimited competitive bidding. The international (domestic) competitive bidding for the World Bank loan project is open bidding.
2. Invitation to tender. Invitation to tender is based on the information accumulated by the bidding unit, or by the authoritative consulting organizations to provide information, select some qualified units to issue invitations, invited units (there must be more than three) in the specified period of time to the bidding unit to submit bidding intentions, purchase tender documents for bidding.
Invitation to tender is a limited competitive bidding, also called selection bidding. The advantage of this way is invited bidders in the technical level, economic strength, reputation and other aspects of the advantages, basically can ensure the successful completion of the bidding objectives. The disadvantage is that in the invitation if with emotional coloring, will make some more competitive bidding units lose the opportunity.
3. Two-stage bidding. Two-stage bidding is a combination of open bidding and invitations to tender bidding. This method is generally applicable to technically complex large-scale bidding projects. The bidding unit first uses open bidding to widely attract bidders, pre-qualification of bidders, from which three or more bidders with the best conditions are invited for detailed quotations, bid opening and bid evaluation.
4. Negotiation of bids. Restricted by objective conditions or not easy to form a competitive bidding since, for example, highly specialized, only a small number of units have the ability to undertake the project, time constraints, it is too late to bidding in accordance with formal procedures for the project, can be recommended by the competent department or to invite their own three or four more know the bottom of the unit for quotation comparison, by the two sides of the inter-bidding to determine the relevant matters through consultation. Consultative bidding is essentially a non-competitive bidding, strictly speaking he can not be called bidding. Because the core of the bidding behavior is competition, there is no competition also lost the original meaning of bidding.
5. International bidding. The above four types of bidding if the bidding scope is broadened to foreign countries, it is called international bidding. This kind of bidding is referred to as ICB, general major construction projects, high-tech projects, technology introduction projects and "International Bank for Reconstruction and Development" "International Development Association" and "Asian Development Bank "Loan construction projects are used ICB method.
Three, the general procedure of bidding and tendering
The activities of bidding and tendering are generally divided into four stages, now take the construction project as an example to analyze.
1. Bidding preparation stage. Basically divided into the following steps: units with bidding conditions to fill out the "application for bidding for construction projects", reported to the relevant departments for approval; approved, the organization of the bidding team and the bid evaluation committee; preparation of bidding documents and bids. ; issue a tender notice; validate the bidding unit; issue tender documents; organization of bidding meetings and on-site surveys; acceptance of tender documents.
2. Bidding preparation stage. According to the bidding announcement or the invitation of the bidding unit, select the project which is in line with the construction capacity of the unit, submit the bidding intention to the bidding unit, and provide the qualification documents and information; after the pre-qualification passes, organize the bidding team, follow up the bidding project, purchase the bidding documents; participate in the bidding meeting and on-site investigation; prepare the bidding documents, and submit them to the bidding unit in the stipulated period of time.
3. Bid opening and evaluation stage. In accordance with the time and place specified in the tender notice, the bidding party sends a representative and the presence of a notary public, the public opening of bids; bidding party for the bidder's post-qualification review, bidding, bid evaluation; bidding party to make the bidding answer to the preparation of the bidding party to accept the bidding query, waiting for the evaluation of the final bid.
4. Decision labeling stage. Bid evaluation committee to put forward the evaluation of the bid, submitted to the decision unit to determine; based on the content of the final bid to the winning unit issued a "Notice of Award Divide the winning unit after receiving the notice, in the specified period of time to sign a contract with the bidding unit.
Four, China's bidding management system and the task
(A) bidding management system
China's investment project scale, site selection, the life of the period are subject to the control of the national plan, therefore, China's bidding activities, macroscopically speaking, is in the scope of the national plan control of the market mechanism is a use of the bidding in the supervision and guidance of the administrative departments. At present has not formed a unified, standardized national bidding management system, but only in part of the industry system gradually established and improved.
1. Construction project bidding. The Ministry of Construction set up a special bidding management office, the provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions set up a special bidding management office, specifically responsible for the organization and management of the construction project bidding and supervision and inspection work.
2. Introduction of equipment bidding. The State Planning Commission set up China mechanical and electrical equipment bidding center, Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenyang, Wuhan, Xi'an, Chongqing, eight central cities set up mechanical and electrical equipment bidding company, Shijiazhuang, Jinan, Hefei, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Fuzhou, Nanchang, Harbin, Changsha and other municipalities in the nine provinces set up mechanical and electrical equipment bidding company. These organizations are responsible for the introduction of electromechanical equipment domestic review bidding and international bidding, and electromechanical equipment import review office **** with the regulation of electromechanical equipment import work.
3. Complete sets of equipment bidding, the State Ministry of Materials set up a Division of complete sets of equipment, the State Ministry of Materials, the Ministry of Machinery Industry, the dual leadership of the thirty provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions have set up a complete set of machinery and equipment bureaus (companies). These organizations are specifically responsible for complete sets of equipment bidding.
(B) the task of the bidding management organization
1. Development and implementation of national, local or the system issued by the relevant bidding methods, regulations and provisions.
2. To conduct the registration of bidding projects.
3. Examining the qualification and ability of the bidding unit or bidding work team and bid evaluation committee.
4. Approving the bidding documents and bidding price provided by the bidding work team.
5. Supervise the opening, evaluation, finalization and contracting of bids.
6. Mediate and deal with disputes, controversies and violation of rules and regulations arising from both sides of the bidding and tendering.
7. In conjunction with the relevant departments to supervise the fulfillment of the contract of the bidding project.
(C) bidding and tendering work should follow the principle
1. Bidders have equal opportunities and encourage mutual competition.
2. Maintain the legitimate rights and interests of both sides of the bidding.
3. According to the procedures specified in the bidding method.
4. Bid opening, evaluation and finalization must be carried out under the supervision of a notary public in accordance with the requirements and conditions stipulated in the tender.
5. The main terms of the economic contract must be in accordance with the conditions specified in the tender.
6. Strict confidentiality is maintained.
V. Bidding procedures and bidding procedures
Project schedule methodology to arrange the schedule is to control the time and save time, and one of the main features of the project that is a strict deadline requirements, which determines the progress of the schedule in the importance of project management.
The basic schedule should indicate which work must be completed by when and the time required to complete each task, but it is also desirable to indicate the number of people required for each activity. Commonly used methods of developing a schedule include the following:
1) Key Date ScheduleThis is the simplest type of schedule, which lists only a few key activities and the dates on which they will be performed.
② Gantt chart is also called line or crosswalk chart. It is a horizontal line to show the start and end time of each activity. The advantages of Gantt charts are that they are simple, clear, intuitive and easy to prepare, so they are still a common tool used in small projects till date. Even in large projects, it is a useful tool for senior management to understand the big picture and for scheduling at the grassroots level. On a Gantt chart, the start and end times of activities can be seen. When plotting the start and end times of activities, their sequence is also taken into account. However, the relationship between the activities is not indicated, nor are the key areas affecting the life cycle of the project. Therefore, the Gantt chart is not adequate for complex projects.
3 Critical Path Method (CPM).
4 Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT).
CPM and PERT are two planning methods that appeared almost simultaneously in the late 50s. With the rapid development of science and technology and production, there are many huge and complex scientific research and engineering projects, they are many processes, wide collaboration, often need to use a lot of human, material and financial resources. Therefore, how to rationally and effectively organize them, make them coordinate with each other, under the limited resources, with the shortest time and the lowest cost, the best completion of the whole project has become a prominent and important issue.CPM and PERT is in this context appeared. These two planning methods are developed separately and independently, but their basic principles are the same, that is, using the network diagram to express the progress of the activities in the project and their interrelationships, and on this basis, network analysis, calculation of the network of the majority of the time, to determine the key activities and the key routes, the use of the time difference constantly adjust and optimize the network, in order to obtain the shortest cycle. Then, the cost and resource issues can also be taken into account to find a comprehensive and optimized project plan. Because both methods are through the network diagram and the corresponding calculations to reflect the whole project, so it is also called network planning techniques.
Additionally, some new network techniques have been proposed, such as GERT (Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique), VERT (Venture Evaluation and Review Technique) and so on.
Obviously, the time and cost of using these different schedule planning methods themselves are different. The Key Date Schedule takes the shortest time to prepare and is the least expensive. The Gantt chart takes longer and costs more.CPM analyzes each activity, and if the number of activities is large, a computer is needed to find the total duration and critical routes, so it will take more time and cost more.The PERT method can be said to be the most complex of the methods of developing a project schedule, so it takes the most time and costs the most.
Which schedule method should be used should mainly consider the following factors:
1) The size of the project. Obviously, small projects should use a simple schedule method, large projects in order to ensure that the project goals on time and quality, you need to consider using more complex schedule method.
② project complexity. It should be noted that the size of the project is not necessarily always proportional to the complexity of the project. For example, repair a highway, although the scale is not small, but not too complex, you can use the simpler progress planning methods. While the development of a small electronic instrument, to be very complex steps and a lot of specialized knowledge, may require more complex schedule planning methods.
3 the urgency of the project. In the project urgency, especially in the beginning stage, the need to issue instructions for the various tasks in order to start work as early as possible, at this time, if a long time to prepare a progress plan, it will be delayed.
4) Degree of mastery of project details. The CPM and PERT methods cannot be applied if the details of the project cannot be solved at the beginning stage.
⑤ Whether the total schedule is determined by one or two key issues. If one or two activities take a long time during the course of the project, and all other preparatory work can be organized during this period, then it is not necessary to prepare a detailed and complex schedule for the other work.
③ The availability of appropriate technical skills and equipment. For example, there is no computer, CPM and PERT scheduling methods are sometimes difficult to apply. And if there is no well-trained and qualified technical personnel, also can not be competent to prepare a complex method of progress planning.
In addition, depending on the situation, it is necessary to consider the requirements of the customer, the budget that can be spent on schedule planning and other factors. Which method to use to prepare the progress plan is a comprehensive consideration of each of these factors.
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