In the logistics system, with the flow process of logistics from raw material suppliers to final customers (of course, there is also a reverse logistics process), capital flow and information flow are accompanied. In the whole supply chain process, accurate identification of goods, services, suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, service providers, shops, warehouses and other physical locations is the basis for effective information collection in the next step, which is very important for information processing and utilization in the next step.
Marketing unit in supply chain has several concepts, which are divided into consumption unit, storage and transportation unit and freight unit. Consumption units and storage and transportation units are divided into quantitative units and variable units. Supply chain logistics bar code is a bar code used to identify trading units, which is formulated by EAN (ean international) and UCC (American Uniform Coding Committee). Supply chain management system includes commodity bar code (EAN/UPC), storage and transportation unit bar code (ITF- 14) and trade unit bar code (UCC? /EAN 128), location code, etc. Several characteristics of supply chain logistics bar code are: the logo of trade unit is unique in the world; Used in the whole process of supply chain management; There is a lot of information that can be expressed; Information variability; Maintainability.
Two. Three core information technologies involved in supply chain management system
1. ID code: used to describe commodity information or obtain other data as a keyword. Including goods, services, supply chain participants and identification codes of related locations and assets.
2. Barcode: It is a symbolic representation of the ID code, which is used to read the ID code and other data manually.
3. Data communication: the process of exchanging information electronically between participants, that is, exchanging data between trading partners, which we call EDI.
Among them, the identification code is a key word to describe commodity information or obtain relevant information in other databases, and the barcode is a data carrier used to represent the identification code. Identification code and bar code are two different things, bar code is used to represent identification code, and supply chain management system is mainly read by machine. From the comparison diagram of identification code structure and bar code symbol representation described later, we can see the contrast relationship between identification code and bar code symbol representation.
3. Supply chain management system? On the standard system of identification code
This standard system mainly provides the identification of the following contents: marketing unit, logistics units, places/participants (physical, functional or legal entities that need permanent identification, such as companies, or departments and warehouses of companies, etc. ), relationship between assets and services.
The application fields of EAN/UCC system promoted by ean international all over the world are constantly expanding, including service fields. For example, in the medical and health field, EAN/UCC system is widely used; Packaging and transportation field, textile field is also widely used; In fact, the application in library service relationship management, insurance company's customer identification and supply chain management system are all adopting such a global unified identification system. The following will introduce the identification of the above five contents in detail.
1. Identification of trading unit
(1) Definition of a trading unit: A trading unit is a commodity (product or service) whose preset information needs to be found, which can be priced, ordered or opened at any point in the supply chain. Including a single commodity and its different types of packaging combinations.
(2) Classification of trading units: physical or non-physical (such as services); Open environment or limited regional distribution; Quantitative units and variable units; Retail and non-retail; Books and periodicals; Single commodity and commodity combination.
(3) The basic principles of trade unit coding are as follows:
Uniqueness: each different trading unit should be assigned a unique global trading unit identification number (GTIN);
Meaningless: except for variable goods, the trade unit identification code does not contain any information about the unit it identifies. The information of the trading unit shall be notified to all trading partners;
Supply chain management system? Persistence: If the identified unit has not changed, its identification code remains unchanged.
(4) Structure of trade unit identification code: The structure of trade unit code can be summarized into several structures as shown in the following figure (for the detailed structure, see the national standards "Commodity Barcode" GB/T 12904- 1998 and "China ISBN Partial Barcode" GB/T 12906-965438+. Which EAN? /UCC-8 is suitable for marking small units, and UCC- 12 and UCC-8 are suitable for North America).
(5) Several common bar code symbol formats in logistics:
(6) Comparison between the structure of identification code and its bar code symbol:
2. Identification of logistics units (supply chain management system)
( 1)? Definition of logistics unit: any kind of packaging unit established for transportation and/or storage needs to be managed through supply chain, such as pallets, barrels, crates, containers, etc.
(2) Identification of logistics units: In order to realize effective tracking and efficient transportation of logistics units, each logistics unit must have a unique identification. All necessary information can be obtained electronically through this sign.
(3) SSCC: The logistics unit is determined by SSCC. All participants in the supply chain management system can use it to access the relevant information in the computer. ? The combination of SSCC, EDI and XML organically links information flow and cargo flow, which can greatly improve the efficiency of cargo loading, transportation and receiving. SSCC is a meaningless fixed-length 18 numeric code, which contains no classification information. The whole 18 digital code identifies a logistics unit. SSCC code structure is as follows:
Symbolic representation of SSCC: SSCC is represented by UCC/EAN- 128 barcode and must be used together with the application identifier AI00.
(4) logistics label: the national standard is logistics unit label (GB/T? 18 127-2000)。
The design of logistics label is divided into three parts:
(1)? Supplier part of supply chain management system:
Including the information determined by the supplier when packaging the product, it may also include information such as product variation, production and packaging date, batch number, etc.
(b) Customer part of the supply chain management system:
Contains information when the supplier processes the order. It can include the arrival place, order number and loading and unloading information of the goods.
(c) Supply Chain Management System Carrier Section:
Contains information that appears when the goods are shipped, especially information related to freight. For example, the postal code and freight code of the destination.
Labeling standard is an open global standard, which provides an international solution for companies in the supply chain to identify logistics units or unit groups. The SSCC part of the logistics label is mandatory and must be used together with the application identifier "00". Example of logistics unit label:
Basic logistics unit label of supply chain management system?
Logistics unit label with supplier and carrier parts
? Supplier department logistics unit label with linked data
Logistics unit label with supplier, customer and carrier parts.
(5) Location of labels: A logistics unit usually needs two labels, and it is best to fix the two labels on two adjacent sides. If the actual situation does not allow, each logistics unit must have at least one label.
Logistics units whose height is lower than 1m:
For cartons and other forms of logistics units whose height is less than 1m, the distance between the bottom of SSCC in the label and the bottom of the logistics unit should be 32mm, and the distance between the label and the vertical edge of the logistics unit should not be less than 19 mm ... If the logistics unit has used EAN- 13, UPC-A, ITF- 14.
Logistics units with height higher than 1m:
For pallets and other logistics units whose height exceeds 1m, the label should be located at a distance of 400mm to 800mm from the bottom of the logistics unit or the surface of the pallet, and the distance between the label and the sideline perpendicular to the bottom of the logistics unit should be greater than 50 mm ..
(6) The application model of supply chain management system: We can see whether the data is fixed or changing according to actual needs. If the data is fixed, the code of EAN/UPC commodity unit can be used; If it is used in storage and transportation, you can use the barcode of storage and transportation unit such as SCC 14. If the information changes, whether it is the luggage layer, the pallet layer or the truck layer, it can be reflected by SSCC 18 barcode. Using identifiers and then adding relevant information to form these information, the transmission process of these information is completed by EDI, and of course it is also realized by e-commerce based on the Internet now.
Bar code is a carrier carrying identification information, which flows with commodities. This information can be collected at any point, and after it is collected, it can also flow up and down the supply chain. This is the identification of commodity units in the supply chain. As mentioned above, if it is a commodity with fixed data, it will use the barcode of the commodity, such as EAN- 13 barcode in the figure below on the left; If it is the barcode of the storage and transportation unit, such as the upper right. ITF- 14 barcode adopts the coding standard of storage and transportation unit. If you want to express other more logistics information, you can use UCC/EAN- 128 barcode to realize it by applying identifiers.
You can refer to the relevant national standards. Although bar code is rarely used in domestic logistics, it is actually the most widely used field. You can see the logistics label with bar code logo on the packaging of foreign goods.
3. Location code
In applications such as electronic data exchange and automatic data acquisition, location code is the only and accurate identification of legal entities, functional entities and physical entities.
Global location code is the key to access fixed data, which includes: participant's name, postal address, location type, region, telephone number, fax number, contact person, etc. Global positioning code can uniquely identify every participant in the world, and supply chain management system is the key to realize effective EDI and barcode application. Trading partners can exchange EDI messages, specify the information of logistics units and physical location marks, and realize the effective flow of logistics and information flow.
The coding structure of position code adopts EAN/UCC- 13 code structure, and the symbol representation adopts UCC/EAN—-? 128 barcode, see GB/T for details? 15425-94。
4. Asset identification
Asset coding adopts EAN/UCC asset identification system, which is used to identify and manage recoverable assets or individual assets.
Every enterprise with EAN/UCC supplier identification code can assign an asset identification code.
( 1)? Identification of global recoverable assets
Recyclable assets are valuable packaging or transportation equipment that can be reused by the supply chain management system, such as beer barrels, steel bottles, plastic pallets or crates. ? The EAN/UCC global recyclable asset identifier is used to track assets and record all relevant data.
For the management of such assets, because it flows around the world, it is difficult for the supply chain management system to track and manage such assets without a global logo. Therefore, the use of EAN/UCC recyclable asset identification realizes the global tracking of recyclable assets and the recording of all relevant data.
Distribution of global recyclable asset identification:
●? Among them, the asset identification code is required: a series of similar assets should be assigned the same asset identification code.
●? The serial number is optional: it is assigned by the asset owner and represents a single asset with a given asset type code. The field is alphanumeric.
(2) Identification of global individual assets
● In the EAN/UCC system, a single asset is regarded as a physical entity with any characteristics.
●? The typical application is to record the life cycle of aircraft parts. Assets can be tracked from purchase to scrapping.