1. How does a normal heart beat?
2. What is a pacemaker system?
3. Why do arrhythmias occur?
4. What are the common symptoms of arrhythmias?
5. What are arrhythmias? What are the classifications of arrhythmias?
6. What is the brief history of pacemakers (pulse generators)?
7. What are the types of pacing electrode leads and what is the brief history of their development?
8. What are the types of pacemakers?
9. How are pacemakers categorized and coded?
10. What is the composition of a pacemaker battery?
11. Which patients need pacemaker implantation?
12. How do you choose the right pacing mode?
13. What is a single-chamber pacemaker? How does it work?
14. What is a dual-chamber pacemaker? How does it work?
15. What is pacemaker syndrome?
16. What is pacemaker-mediated tachycardia and how is it managed?
17. what is frequency-adaptive cardiac pacing?
18. What is physiologic pacing? How does a pacemaker achieve physiologic pacing?
19. How is the pacemaker implantation process performed?
20. What is the route of entry and selection of the pacing electrode lead?
21. What parameters need to be tested and set after pacing lead implantation?
22. What is VOO pacing mode? Under what circumstances can VOO pacing mode be used?
23. How does a pacemaker enable on-demand pacing?
24. Which patients with branch or bundle branch block require pacemaker implantation?
25. Do patients with myocardial infarction need pacemaker implantation?
26. Do patients after heart transplantation need pacemaker implantation?
27. What are the recommendations for pacemaker therapy in patients with congenital heart disease and its surgical treatment?
28. What is vasovagal syncope?
29. Can pacemakers treat vasovagal syncope?
30. How are pacemakers used in the prevention and treatment of atrial fibrillation?
31. Which patients in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can be treated with pacing?
32. How are pacemakers used to treat hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy?
33. What are the complications associated with pacemaker implantation?
34. what are the complications associated with pulse generators?
35. what are the complications associated with electrode leads?
36. How do you manage infections of the pacing system after pacemaker implantation?
37. What are the precautions after pacemaker implantation?
38. Why is regular follow-up necessary after pacemaker implantation?
39. Do pacemakers with automatic sensing and threshold determination still require regular follow-up?
40. How do pacemakers maintain the ventricular pacing rate during tachyarrhythmias?
41. How does the pacemaker automate the determination of the atrial pacing threshold?
42. How does the pacemaker manage the ventricular pacing threshold?
43. How does the pacemaker determine its own atrial-ventricular perception?
44. What are the causes of palpitations and discomfort in patients after pacemaker implantation and how should they be managed?
45. What electrical appliances are safe to use after pacemaker implantation?
46. What is electromagnetic interference? What can cause electromagnetic interference?
47. Can I use transportation or drive a car after implanting a pacemaker?
48. What medical devices may have an effect on the pacemaker after implantation?
49. What should I pay attention to in my daily life after pacemaker implantation?
50. How does the security screening system in airports or shopping malls affect the pacemaker?
51. What are the causes of fainting in patients after implantation of a pacemaker and how to deal with it?
52. What is the difference between the warranty life and the useful life of a pacemaker?
53. How should pacemakers be followed up after implantation?
54. What is the role of the ambulatory electrocardiogram (Holter) in the determination of pacemaker function?
55. How is pacemaker battery depletion determined?
56. What are the preparations for pacemaker replacement surgery?
57. What is the difference between pacemaker replacement and initial implantation?
58. What sports can I participate in after pacemaker implantation?
59. What is heart failure? What are the causes of heart failure?
60. What is cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT)?
61.Which of the heart failure patients can be treated with ventricular resynchronization therapy?
62. what is the role of the diagnostic function in cardiac resynchronization therapy pacemakers?
63. What are the preimplantation preparations for cardiac resynchronization pacemakers?
64. How are cardiac resynchronization pacemakers implanted?
65. How are cardiac resynchronization pacemakers used to treat heart failure?
66. what are the reasons for the poor efficacy of cardiac resynchronization pacemakers?
67.What is the efficacy of cardiac resynchronization for the treatment of heart failure in patients with atrial fibrillation?
68. How can CRT be personalized?
69. Why do patients with heart failure need not only cardiac resynchronization therapy but also buried cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy?
70.How to determine the efficacy of cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with heart failure?
71. How is the location of left ventricular electrode implantation selected in cardiac resynchronization therapy?
72. What are the common complications after CRT pacemaker implantation?
73. What should be noted in the follow-up after CRT pacemaker implantation?
74. What is sudden cardiac death? What are the causes of sudden cardiac death?
75. Which patients need implantation of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)?
76. What is the brief history of ICD development?
77. What types of electrode leads are used in ICDs?
78. How do ICDs deliver high-energy shocks?
79. How do ICDs set up and treat ventricular arrhythmias?
80.What are the preoperative preparations for ICD implantation?
81. How is the ICD implanted? What parameters should be measured during implantation?
82. How is the defibrillation threshold (DFT) measured during ICD implantation?
83. Which drugs can cause changes in the DFT?
84.What is an electrical storm after ICD implantation and what are its causes?
85.Which patients need ICD implantation after coronary myocardial infarction?
86.Which patients in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy need ICD implantation?
87.Which patients in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia cardiomyopathy need ICD implantation?
88.Which patients with Brugada syndrome need ICD implantation?
89.Which patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy require ICD implantation?
90.What are the recommendations for ICD therapy in pediatric patients and patients with congenital heart disease?
91.What is the difference between ICD central ventricular perception and anti-bradycardia pacemakers?
92. What are the common complications after ICD implantation and how are they managed?
93. Who should have a single-chamber ICD implanted, who should have a dual-chamber ICD implanted, and who should have a CRT-D implanted?
94. How does the patient feel during ICD therapy?
95. How to follow up after ICD implantation?
96. How to determine that the ICD battery is depleted and needs to be replaced?
97. What are the possible causes of ICD misdischarge and how to deal with it?
98. What is painless treatment of ICDs in patients with fast ventricular tachycardia?
99. Why is pharmacologic therapy still needed in patients with implanted ICDs?
100. Which patients are not suitable for ICD implantation?
101. What is temporary pacing? What are the methods of temporary pacing?
102. What are the clinical uses of temporary pacing?
103.Who are the patients who need to have temporary pacing implanted?
104. What are the venous routes for implantation of temporary pacing electrode leads?
105.What are the common complications of temporary pacing implantation?