1. What is the significance of purchasing?
A: Procurement refers to the transaction in which a unit or individual purchases goods or services for the purposes of production, sales and consumption.
In a narrow sense, procurement refers to the whole process of procurement and expansion, that is, an enterprise makes a procurement plan according to demand, reviews the plan, selects suppliers, determines the price, delivery and related conditions through business negotiations, and finally signs a contract and receives and pays as required.
Generalized procurement: refers to the acquisition of goods through purchase, and the right to use goods can also be obtained through the following channels, including the following three types:
(1) Lease: Even if the user obtains the right to use the goods by paying the rent to the owner, it is a non-permanent act to return the goods to the owner after the use or lease expires. The items often rented in the production and business activities of enterprises are: factories, vehicles, production equipment, instruments, photocopiers, etc.
(2) Exchange: barter the ownership and right to use the goods, but not directly pay the full price of the goods.
(3) Outsourcing: refers to outsourcing some businesses unrelated to the core business of the enterprise to other professional companies.
2. Briefly describe the characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of operating lease and financing lease.
Answer: Lease: Even if the user obtains the right to use the goods by paying the rent to the owner, it is a non-permanent act to return the goods to the owner after the use or lease expires. The items often rented in the production and business activities of enterprises are: factories, vehicles, production equipment, instruments, photocopiers, etc.
Leasing is mainly divided into operating leasing and financing leasing.
(1) Features of operating lease: the lease term is fixed and shorter than the equipment life, the lease contract is irrevocable during the lease term, and the lease fee is fixed and less than the cost of purchasing the leased property.
(2) Financing lease: including expenses and burdens. For the lessee who pays all the expenses, in the payment plan that pays part of the expenses, the cost of financial leasing consists of the remuneration charged by the lessor, interest rate and depreciation rate of the leased property.
Leasing has the following advantages: (1) The lessee does not have to pay a large down payment; (2) It reduces the risk of outdated rental items; (3) It can be used as a paid probation period before formal purchase; (four) can get free guidance or services from the lessor; (5) It can meet the short-term or temporary needs of the lessee.
3. Briefly describe the principles followed in purchasing operation?
A: The procurement work must focus on "price, quality, quantity, place and time".
(1) optimal price: the way to get the optimal price: price comparison, negotiation and pricing.
(2) Quality: If the quality fails to meet the requirements, the consequences will be: increasing management costs, reducing production efficiency, reducing customers' trust in the enterprise, and leading to the loss of customers.
(3) Timely: Failure to arrive on time will lead to the shutdown of materials, and the products cannot be shipped in secret, which will lead to strong dissatisfaction from British customers.
(4) Appropriate amount: Disadvantages of bulk purchasing: too much purchasing funds and too little purchasing will not meet the production needs.
(5) Appropriate location: Being close at hand not only facilitates communication, but also reduces logistics costs.
4. Briefly describe the importance of procurement.
A: The function of procurement has risen from the simplest procurement to the strategic level, and most of the sales costs are occupied by purchased raw materials and services.
(1) Procurement restricts the sales quality of products; (2) Procurement restricts the quality of project research and development.
(3) Procurement determines the turnover rate of the final product of the project. (4) Procurement is related to the realization of economic benefits of the project.
(5) Good procurement can make rational use of material resources. (6) Good procurement can communicate economic ties.
(7) Doing a good job in purchasing can provide insight into the changing trend of the market.
5. List the types of procurement methods?
A: Purchasing method: refers to the general name of the methods and forms used by enterprises in purchasing. Commonly used procurement methods mainly include bidding procurement and non-bidding procurement.
1. Bidding procurement: the buyer puts forward the bidding conditions and contract conditions, and many suppliers bid for quotations at the same time. Through bidding, the buyer can obtain the material supply with more reasonable price and more favorable conditions. Bidding methods include: open bidding and invitation bidding.
(1) Open tender is a tender announcement issued by the tender unit through newspapers, the Internet and other propaganda tools. Any legal person who is interested in the project subject to tender and meets the bidding conditions may submit the required supporting documents to the bidding unit within the specified time, and the bidding unit will conduct qualification examination, purchase the bidding documents after approval and bid.
Advantages: the price is fair and reasonable, the quality is improved, the source is known, the procurement cost is high, and the procedures are complicated, which may lead to problems such as traditional bidding and bidding.
(2) Invitation to bid: The tenderee has more information accumulated by himself or provided by authoritative consulting institutions. Select some qualified units to invite, and the invited units shall submit their bidding intentions to the tenderee within the specified time, and purchase the bidding documents for bidding.
Advantages: save time and expenses, be fair and reduce fraud.
Disadvantages: Bidding may collude, which may lead to bidding competition and different specifications.
2. Non-bidding procurement: Generally, there are mainly bargaining procurement, direct procurement, fixed-point procurement and inquiry procurement.
(1) Bargaining purchase: refers to the purchase negotiated with individual suppliers based on patents or specific conditions. Buyers and sellers bargain face to face, so it's called bargaining.
(2) Direct procurement: the procurement method of directly signing a contract without competition in a specific procurement environment.
(3) Fixed-point procurement: Fixed-point suppliers are determined through bidding, and the period is basically one year.
(4) Inquiry procurement: Inquiry procurement, also known as "shopping around", refers to a procurement method in which a procurement organization sends an inquiry sheet to relevant suppliers at home and abroad for quotation, and then compares the quotations to determine the winning supplier.
6. Briefly describe the operation process of purchasing?
A: The procurement process is different due to different sources, methods and objects of procurement, but the basic process is similar and can be summarized as follows:
1. Determine requirement 2. Demand statement 3. Select and evaluate suppliers. Determine the right price. Order arrangement
6。 Order tracking and auditing. Acceptance of goods. Check invoice 9. Case closed 10. Records and archives maintenance
7. What is the basis of procurement operation?
A: Purchasing operation refers to the process of deciding how to purchase materials and services from outside the organization in order to meet the daily needs or project needs of the organization to the greatest extent.
Before purchasing operation, it is necessary to conduct purchasing market research and internal analysis of purchasing organizations, which is the basis of operation.
1. Purchasing market research: refers to the systematic collection, classification and analysis of all the data related to the factors that affect the company's acquisition of goods and services, so as to meet the company's current and future needs and help it obtain the best return. Purchasing market research mainly includes three parts:
(1) raw materials, goods and services (2) suppliers (3) system procedures
2. Internal analysis of purchasing organization: It includes four aspects: (1) The percentage of product purchase amount to the total operating cost of the enterprise. (2) Opportunities or threats brought by procurement to the realization of enterprise goals. (3) The nature of the products (services) to be purchased; (4) qualifications for procurement.
8. Please describe the contents of the procurement operation?
A: Purchasing operations mainly consider whether to purchase, what to purchase, how much to purchase, how to purchase, and when to purchase.
1. Purchase or not: There are three main types: outsourcing, self-made and leasing.
2. Whether to purchase by itself: If outsourcing is selected, the enterprise should further consider whether to purchase by itself or outsource.
3. How to buy: mainly consider the purchase method. Procurement methods are mainly divided into centralized procurement, decentralized procurement and mixed procurement.
(1) Centralized procurement mode: refers to the centralized handling of all or almost all procurement activities of the whole company in one place. In this mode, individuals or departments are authorized to engage in all procurement activities.
Advantages: it is easy to realize standardization, reduce repeated management settings, gain scale advantages, and is conducive to the professional division of labor and the development of professional skills in procurement decision-making.
Application: Enterprises, departments and factories with large production and sales scale and large purchase volume are concentrated in one area with similar product types. Centralized procurement can realize the "quantity pricing" of enterprises.
(2) Decentralized procurement: refers to the distribution of procurement work to various departments that need to be handled separately.
Advantages: directly responsible for the profit center, with stronger customer orientation for internal users and direct communication with suppliers. Disadvantages: scattered purchasing capacity.
Application: Enterprises with large scale and scattered factories.
(3) Mixed procurement mode: Decentralized centralized procurement mode has been adopted by many large multinational companies.
4. How much to buy and when to buy: mainly consider the quantity and time of purchase, including regular purchase method and quantitative purchase method.
9. What are the main variables that affect the purchasing strategy?
A: Tactics is the main direction and plan to achieve the goal. The choice of tactics should be based on the right, depending on the specific situation. The factors influencing tactics are:
1. Law 2. Economic environment. The company's marketing strategy. The company's production system. Company's objectives and policies. Supply market structure
7. Material supply status. Products in the life cycle stage. Importance of raw material procurement to the company 10. The size of the purchase quantity
1 1. Product marketing risk 12. Risk degree of dealing with suppliers 13. Intangible benefits of trading with different suppliers 14. The nature of the material itself
10, please describe the classification of purchasing tactics?
A: 1. Spearman's point of view: procurement tactics are formulated in different management stages, starting from the company level, extending down to the division level, and finally extending to the department level: (1) performance tactics (2) system tactics (3) competition tactics.
2. Linde's point of view: From the perspective of systematic method, it is considered that comprehensive procurement tactics are composed of many "sub-tactics". These secondary strategies can be divided into three types: (1) ensuring supply strategy (2) supporting supply strategy (3) changing environment strategy.
3. Clark's point of view: From the standpoint of competitive analysis, it advocates positioning tactical procurement projects in the procurement force matrix. There are three results according to the strength of buyers and sellers:
(1) Squeezing tactics: When the buyer is dominant and the supply risk is not high, this radical tactic can be adopted.
(2) Balanced Tactics: In the case that the buyer and the seller are evenly matched, the buyer should follow the trend and adopt a moderate and balanced tactic.
(3) Diversification strategy: When the seller is in an advantage, the buyer should actively defend, actively seek suppliers of raw material substitutes, and increase the opportunities of supply sources.
4. Wang Zhongzong's goal-oriented view, that is, tactics are the main direction or plan to achieve goals, and procurement tactics are divided into:
(1) Quantitative tactics: Take the pursuit of appropriate amount as the goal, and avoid going too far, resulting in dull or lack of materials. His implementation plan includes current cash purchase, pre-purchase function and long-term contract. Short-term contracts, multiple supplies
(2) Cost tactics: to pursue the right price as the goal and avoid endangering the long-term cooperative relationship between buyers and sellers. Its implementation plan includes: foreign procurement, domestic procurement, joint buyer, individual procurement, unified procurement, bulk procurement, direct procurement and simple procurement.
(3) Quality tactics: Take the pursuit of appropriate quality as the goal, and avoid waste or defects caused by too high or too low quality. His implementation plan includes: self-made, outsourcing, leasing and buyout.
1 1. What is the purchasing supervisor's strategy to deal with the change?
Answer: 1. Challenges from within the enterprise: (1) pressure to reduce costs (2) pressure of insufficient lead time (3) pressure to improve the timeliness of purchasing information.
(4) the pressure of decentralized procurement (5) the pressure of inventory responsibility
2. Challenges from external links: (1) challenges from a single source (2) challenges from a small number of diversified production methods (3) challenges from returns (3) appropriate procurement tactics: (1) tactics of giving consideration to both internal and external factors (3) tactics of self-help and manual assistance (4) tactics of emergency procurement (5) tactics of fiscal and taxation guidance.
Chapter II Organizational Structure and Human Resources of Purchasing Department
1. Overview of purchasing department organization?
A: The organization of the purchasing department refers to the completion of the purchasing task of the enterprise. In order to ensure the smooth progress of production and business activities, there are purchasing personnel according to certain laws. A purchasing team was formed.
The functions of purchasing department: (1) cohesion function (2) coordination function (3) restriction function (4) incentive function.
Principles of organizational design of purchasing department: 1, feasible goal, 2, reasonable division of labor, 3, unified command, 4, management scope, 5, and consistency of power and responsibility.
2. The quality of purchasing personnel?
Answer: 1 enterprise procurement post setting 2 selection criteria of procurement personnel 3 basic quality of procurement personnel.
3. Briefly describe the organizational structure and responsibilities of the purchasing department?
A: The organizational structure of the purchasing department is often determined by the size and nature of the enterprise. The types of products produced vary greatly, among which the scale of enterprises plays a decisive role. (1) small enterprises (2) medium-sized enterprises (3) multinational companies or group enterprises.
Responsibilities of the purchasing department: The purchasing department shall undertake the following responsibilities:
(1) When the goods needed by the enterprise are bought back as planned, the enterprise can operate normally.
(2) Reduce procurement costs through various channels.
(3) Continuously develop excellent new developers.
(4) Managing existing suppliers
(5) Deal with most problems related to suppliers.
4. How to acquire and improve the human resources of the purchasing department?
A: There are generally three types of qualified personnel: (1) internal recruitment (2) social recruitment (3) school recruitment.
Ways to improve the working level of purchasing personnel: (1) learning (2) training.
Chapter III Management of Purchase Application and Purchase Plan
1. What is the significance, function and precautions of the purchase application?
Answer: 1. Meaning of purchase application: Purchase application, also known as purchase requisition, mainly means that all demand departments of an enterprise submit relevant information such as the types and quantities of goods they need in the future to the purchasing department, and fill in certain forms and submit them to the purchasing department.
2. The function of the purchase requisition is (1) to determine the demand and content (2) to determine the cost attribution (3) to help the attribution (4) to save the cost.
3. Precautions for purchasing application: (1) shall be conducted by the appropriate purchasing applicant. (2) Put forward in writing (3) Determine the demand content (4) Indicate the demand level with specifications (5) Budget restrictions (6) Procurement survey.
2. Briefly describe the function of purchasing market survey?
Answer: The meaning of purchasing market survey means that enterprises use scientific methods to systematically and purposefully collect market information, record, sort out and analyze market conditions, understand market status and development trends, and provide objective and correct information for market forecasting.
The role of purchasing market survey in enterprise management;
(1) Purchasing market survey is the basis for enterprises to make business decisions.
(2) Purchasing market survey is an important basis for adjusting and implementing purchasing plan.
(3) Purchasing market survey is an important tool to improve enterprise management.
3. Procedures, methods and skills of purchasing market investigation?
Answer: There are seven steps in purchasing market research: 1. Determine the purpose of purchasing market survey. 2. Determine the investigation items and investigators. 3. Choose the data collection method. 4. Design the survey form. 5. Collect survey data. 6. analyze and sort out. 7. Write an investigation report.
Methods of purchasing market investigation: (1) inquiry method (2) interview investigation method (3) experiment method.
Inquiry and investigation skills in the purchasing market: (1) free question and answer method (2) binomial selection method (3) multiple selection method (4) ranking method (5) evaluation method.
4. What are the purpose, three key factors and common methods of determining purchasing demand?
Answer: 1. The purpose of determining the purchase demand is: (1) to predict the quantity and time of needed materials, so as to prevent supply interruption and affect production and marketing activities. (2) Avoid excessive storage of materials and accumulation of funds, occupying accumulation space. (3) Cooperate with the company's production plan and fund scheduling. (4) Make the purchasing department prepare in advance and choose a favorable opportunity to purchase materials. (5) determine.
2. Three key factors that determine the purchase demand: 1 production plan 2, picking list 3, inventory information.
3. Common methods to determine the most suitable purchase demand: 1 economic order batch method 2 fixed cycle method 3 fixed quantity method 4 batch method 5 material demand planning method.
5. The process and implementation of the procurement plan?
A: The preparation process of enterprise procurement plan: It is a very complicated and meticulous work to prepare material procurement plan. It can be roughly divided into the following three stages: (1) preparation stage (2) balance stage (3) preparation of purchasing plan.
Purchase Plan Approval: Purchase Plan Approval refers to the approval of the purchase plan by the superior material purchasing department. The contents of the review mainly include the following aspects:
1. Is it in line with the principle of superior plan and national policy?
2. Whether everything is reasonable and appropriate, and whether the material consumption quota is accurate, advanced and reliable.
3. Whether the inventory reserves of each period are overvalued or underestimated.
4. Whether all kinds of procurement materials are matched.
5. Whether to follow the principle of cost optimization, and whether the enterprise has reached the advanced nature and high efficiency under the premise of ensuring quality.
6. Whether the calculation is wrong and whether the columns in the plan form meet the specified requirements.
Execution of Purchase Plan: Planning is to organize execution, and execution is the process of checking whether the plan is correct.
1. Organize ordering and purchasing.
2. Carefully choose the right supplier.
3. Strengthen the management of ordering contracts
6. The application of 6.MRP in purchasing?
Answer: The purpose of MRP application: In addition to inventory control and management, it can also determine the demand and demand time of raw materials and parts needed for main products.
The basic principle of MRP is to calculate the production time and quantity of each part of the main product layer by layer from the main production plan and the hierarchical structure of the main product. This plan is called material requirement plan. Among them, if the parts are produced by enterprises, the production time should be arranged in advance according to the length of their respective production time to form the production plan of the parts. If spare parts need to be purchased from outside the enterprise, a purchase plan should be formed according to the lead time of their respective orders and the time and quantity of their respective orders.
MRP input file: (1) master production plan (2) master product structure file (3) inventory file (inventory file status)
MRP output: (1) net demand (2) planned order quantity (3) planned order quantity.
MRP II, or manufacturing resource planning, is the abbreviation of English Manufacturing Resources Planning. On the basis of MRP system, the system adds the management of enterprise production center, processing hours and production capacity. The function of computer production scheduling is realized, including financial function, and a closed-loop management system with computer as the core is formed in the enterprise, which can dynamically monitor the whole process of production, supply and marketing.
Determination of purchase demand under MRP: (1) Determine the purchase list according to the material demand plan. (2) Determine the purchase demand according to the consumption quota. (3) Use forecasting technology (mathematical model) to calculate purchasing demand.
7. What are the influencing factors of purchasing plan and budget?
Answer: (1) annual sales plan (2) annual production plan (3) material requisition.
(4) Provisions on standard cost of materials (5) Production efficiency (6) Price expectation
Chapter IV Management of Purchase Orders and Purchase Contracts
1. Production, tracking and execution of purchase orders?
A: Purchase order management: refers to an enterprise making a feasible purchase order plan according to the plan of the marketing department, the enterprise's material plan, the actual production capacity and related factors, and distributing it to the order execution part. In the process of implementation, the company constantly pays attention to tracking orders, so that enterprises can purchase the required products from the procurement environment and deliver qualified raw materials and accessories to production departments and demand departments.
Formulation of purchase orders: (1) Formulation of order plan (2) Evaluation of order demand (3) Calculation of order capacity (4) Formulation of order plan.
Purchase Order Tracking: (1) Track the order before the contract execution to confirm the suppliers who can supply the material. (2) Tracking orders during contract execution, that is, signing formal contracts with suppliers.
Grasp the following matters in contract tracking: (1) closely follow the detailed process (2) closely respond to the production demand sheet (3) carefully handle the inventory control (4) control the material acceptance link.
Contract execution and tracking: after payment is made to the supplier according to the payment terms stipulated in the contract, contract tracking is required.
2. What is the content of the purchase contract?
A: A purchase contract refers to an agreement signed by a material circulation enterprise to purchase a certain substance from a production enterprise or other material circulation enterprise according to market needs.
Contents of the purchase contract:
1 header. The title includes: name, serial number, signing date, signing place and the names of the buyer and the seller.
1. Text. Including: (1) commodity name (2) quality specification (3) quantity (4) unit price and total price (5) packaging and transportation mode (6) payment mode (7) delivery time (8) delivery place (9) delivery mode (10) name of the donor or deliveryman (65438
3 tails.
Including: the number of copies of the contract, the language used and its effectiveness, attachments, the effective date of the contract, and the signatures and seals of both parties.
3, the signing of the purchase contract:
A: The signing of a sales contract refers to the legal act that the buyer and the seller negotiate on the terms stipulated in the contract according to the law, so as to reach an agreement on the expression of their will and establish a contractual relationship.
Preparation before signing the contract: investigate the credit status of both parties to find out whether the other party is qualified to sign the contract.
Procedure for signing a contract: the establishment of a contract must be mutual expression and agreement. (1) Offer (2) Commitment
When signing a contract, it should be confirmed that the other party has the right to sign a contract.
4. What is the content of procurement contract management?
Answer: (1) Contract inspection (2) Contract sorting (3) Contract summary (4) Contract execution ledger.