I. Nobel's life
(I) One of them:
Alfred Bernhard Nobel (1833 - 1896), a Swedish chemist-inventor and industrialist, founder of the Nobel Prize. He was born on October 21, 1833 in Stockholm, the capital of Sweden. Nobel's life is committed to the study of explosives, because of the invention of nitroglycerine detonator, nitroglycerine solid explosives and gel explosives, known as the "king of explosives". He not only engaged in theoretical research, but also industrial practice. His life **** obtained 355 patents for technical inventions, and in Europe and the United States and other five continents, opened about 100 companies and factories in 20 countries, and accumulated a huge wealth. 1841 to 1842, he studied in Stockholm St. Jacobi Church School. 1843 to 1850, in the Russian capital of St. Petersburg, with the Russian and Swiss tutors to study. From 1850 to 1852, Nobel traveled to Europe and America for extensive study and travel, increasing his knowledge and expanding his horizons. At the age of 16, he was already proficient in English, German, French, Swiss, Swedish and Russian, which provided him with a solid foundation for his future creativity and invention.
Nobel's father, Emanuel Nobel, was an inventor who owned large-scale mechanical factories in Russia, and from 1840 to 1859 was engaged in the production of large-scale mines in St. Petersburg, which, along with other weapons, were used in the Crimean War. He invented a boiler system for domestic heating, designed a machine for making wooden wheels, designed and built a large forging hammer, remodeled factory equipment, and in 1853 Tsar Nicholas I exceptionally awarded Emanuel Nobel the Order of Merit in recognition of his achievements. Under the influence and guidance of his father's never-ending creative spirit, Nobel embarked on a glorious path of scientific invention.
Nobel grew up in St. Petersburg and studied in France and the United States. After completing his studies, he returned to Sweden to engage in chemistry, especially the research and invention of explosives. Nobel father and son in the suburbs of Stockholm to establish a laboratory, the first developed to solve the detonation of explosives of mercuric tubes. 1863 began the production of glycerine explosives, due to the liquid explosives are prone to explosive accidents, in 1866, he made a solid safety of violent explosives "Danamart", this product became the cornerstone of the later Nobel international industrial group. 1867, he made a solid explosive "Danamart", this product became the cornerstone of the later Nobel international industrial group. In 1867, he invented the safety detonator, and then invented a variety of more powerful explosives. His life **** all kinds of explosives and rayon and other nearly 400 inventions, was awarded 85 patents. These inventions make Nobel in the history of world chemistry occupies an important position. Nobel accumulated a large amount of wealth through the manufacture of explosives, he purchased the majority of the shares of the B. Golspan Arms Chemical Factory in Sweden, founded the Nobel Chemical Company, opened two trusts for the production of explosives in Western Europe, and owned the Nobel Brothers Company, which exploited oil in Baku, Russia.
Before his death, he made a will in 1895, and put most of his property of 9.2 million dollars as a fund, and set up 5 kinds of prizes in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and the cause of peace with the annual interest (200,000 dollars per year), rewarding the scholars who had made the greatest contribution to the above mentioned fields in the year (in 1969, the prize of Economics was set up by the National Bank of Sweden). Since 1901, the prizes have been awarded on December 10, the date of Nobel's death.
Alfred Nobel was reluctant to write a biography, believing that no one would read those articles about a person.
Nobel said of himself personally - "Greatest virtue: kept his fingernails clean, never a burden to anyone. Greatest trait: no family, lack of a spirit of joy and a good appetite. Biggest and only request: not to be buried alive. Biggest sin: not worshipping the god of wealth. Important events in life: none."
Nobel's life under the threat of death for mankind to the power of nature, in the story of his life's scientific and technological achievements he used only a few short sentences - "The author of this article was born on October 21, 1833, he learned from his tutor, never entered the He has never attended a school of higher learning. He was especially devoted to the study of applied chemistry, and the explosives he invented during his life were: dynamite, smokeless gunpowder, 'Balistearia' or No. C89, and in 1884 he joined the Royal Swedish Society of Science, the Royal Society of London, and the Institution of Civil Engineers of Paris, and was awarded the Medal of Science in 1880 by the King of Sweden, and the Grand Medal of France. Medal."
On October 21, 1833, Alfred Burkhard Nobel was born. According to Swedish naming conventions, Alfred is the first name and Nobel is the last. But according to later conventions, the Nobel family name was later usually used to refer to Alfred himself.
Nobel was born when his family was bankrupted by a fire, and his father had feared that he would not live long, for he seemed to have no strength even to breathe or to feed, and lived his early years in the shadow of infirmity.
Alfred Nobel's school life only ended at elementary school. When he reached school age, he was sent for a few semesters to St. James' Senior Guards Primary School in Stockholm. At this elementary school he scored the highest marks in all his schoolwork as well as in character, and was one of three students out of 82 who received the highest marks.
In 1842, when Nobel came to live with his family in Petersburg, Russia, his father organized a Nobel home school for his three brothers at home. For the next six or seven years, the poetry-loving Noble dreamed of "Shelley's Dream," but his father was disgusted, believing that poetry was just a pastime for lazy women, and that an accomplished man should not, and did not care to, take pleasure in it. Within the home school, the greatest influence on Nobel's science education was the tutor Zinin, Russia's most famous chemist of the time.
In 1850, when Nobel was 17 years old, his father, for the development of the family business, decided to send Nobel to the European countries and the United States to see the world, and at the same time to study the European countries and the United States of America in the mechanical and chemical status and progress. It was not until he was 21 that he returned to Petersburg. During this period, he began to contact the manufacturing technology of nitroglycerine explosives. 1863, Nobel returned to Sweden, with his father and brother *** with the development of explosives, due to an accidental explosion destroyed the workshop, killed his brother, the government prohibited them from conducting further tests. He therefore set up his laboratory for a time on a barge on Lake Mara outside Stockholm.
One day in the fall of 1866, the explosion of mercury fulminate was successfully tested, it is today's widely used detonator. Nobel's subsequent inventions in explosives made him the "father of modern explosives".
Nobel in 1891 because of the French government's rejection of forced to move to San Remo, Italy, at this time he was already 58 years old, to his death in 1896, six years, in San Remo, he continued to devote himself to a variety of new inventions, involving the chemical industry, machinery, electrical, medical and other fields.
How many inventions and patents did Nobel accomplish in his lifetime? According to the incomplete statistics made by Nobel's assistant Solman, the patents obtained by Nobel in his life were 351.
November 28, 1896, Nobel fell in his study, the servant saw the situation, immediately carried him to the second floor bedroom. When the hired doctor arrived, Nobel's brain was partially necrotic. He was completely unable to speak in his familiar French and Italian, except for a few mumbles in his native Swedish. The assistants, doctors and servants present, all French and Italian, could not understand his last words, except for the word telegram. At 2 a.m. on December 10 of the same year, Nobel died at the age of 63 of a cerebral hemorrhage.
Nobel's deathbed was not accompanied by a single relative or friend, and even his favorite assistant, Solman, was far away in Sweden. As he feared during his lifetime, "There may not be a single friend or relative beside me on my deathbed who would be kind enough to close my eyelids for me and whisper a final word of comfort in my ear."
A generation of technological superstars has thus fallen from the stars at the end of the century.
(ii) Two of them:
1. The family of technologists
December 10, is the anniversary of Nobel's death.
On this day every year, the Music Hall in Stockholm, Sweden, is brightly lit and filled to capacity. A solemn award ceremony is held to confer Nobel Prize certificates and medals on the winners from all over the world.
The whole world is concerned about this grand ceremony. People regard winning the Nobel Prize as a great honor in science.
The Nobel Prize was established with the legacy of the Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel, according to his will. Since 1901, five prizes have been awarded annually for physics, chemistry, physiology (or medicine), literature and the cause of peace. Starting in 1969, a prize for economics was added.
Nobel was the inventor of safety explosives and smokeless gunpowder. He spent his life developing explosives. With his whole heart and soul to water this flower of science, so that it is deep-rooted and fruitful. He won a large number of patents and accumulated a great deal of wealth. Before his death in 1896, he decided to put 33 million crowns as a fund, with annual interest, divided into awards to the world's outstanding people, to promote the development of scientific and cultural endeavors. In his will, he said: "This prize money, regardless of nationality, race and language, will be given only to those who have indeed made an indelible contribution to mankind.
Nobel lived to be 63. He spent his life struggling through hardship and danger.
Nobel's father, Immanuel Nobel, was an ordinary mechanic. He worked as a factory laborer at an early age and had no higher education, nor did he study chemistry. However, he loved chemical experiments, made explosives whenever he could, and had insights into architecture, making him a passionate man of science.
October 21, 1833, a thin baby was born in this family, he was later the dynamite king Nobel. Nobel grew up weak and ill, and was tenacious and unwilling to be left behind.
Nobel's father was very concerned about the hobbies of the little Nobel, often tell the story of the scientists to listen to him, to encourage him to grow up to be a useful person. Once, Nobel saw his father in the development of explosives, opened his big round eyes and asked: "Dad, explosives hurt people, is something terrible, why do you want to make it?" Father replied: "It can be used to open mines, building roads, many places need it ah!" Noble nodded his head as if he understood, and said, "Yes, I want to make dynamite when I grow up."
Nobel's mother Yasai, is a cultured and educated woman, bright character, intelligent and kind, optimistic and self-confidence. She was both strict and loving to her child, often taking Noble to do some watering flowers, hoeing grass, removing garbage labor.
In 1841, Nobel was 8 years old and entered the local Jodai elementary school. At school, he studied hard and often came out on top.
By this time, Nobel's father had gone to work in neighboring Finland because he was having trouble making a living. He and his mother remained in Stockholm.
Nobel's father created a kind of mine, was known to the Russian minister. The minister visited his product and was so impressed that he invited him to work in Russia and sent him to Petersburg (Leningrad). The mines he created were used by the Russian army to block the advance of the British fleet in the Crimean War, which broke out in 1853.
Nobel's family moved to Petersburg, Russia, in 1842. 9-year-old Nobel could not attend the local school because he did not understand Russian and was in poor health. His father hired a governess to tutor his three brothers in culture. The tutor often conducted performance tests and reported to his father on his studies, and Noble made rapid progress. After studying, he liked to follow his father and do some odd jobs in the factory.
Nobel followed his father, watching his father design and develop mines, mine boats and explosives, hearing and seeing, in his young mind, sprouted the ideal of dedication to science. His father also very much hoped that he would learn mechanics and become a mechanic when he grew up.
In 1850, 17-year-old Nobel, in the name of engineers, traveled across the ocean to the United States, in the famous Allison engineer's workshop internship. After the internship, he went to Europe and the United States for four years before returning home. During the study tour, he started working immediately at every place he visited and gained a deeper understanding of the industrial development of each country.
Nobel grew up weak and sickly, coupled with his particular diligence, in the summer of 1854, he became more and more seriously ill, and had to put down his work to heal under compelling circumstances. During the treatment, he wrote to his father, "I hope to end this nomadic life soon, and start a new life with more activities. This present life, which is killing my time, is really annoying." Without waiting to get fully well, he threw himself into work and study.
Nobel's father moved back to Sweden in 1859. At that time, many countries urgently require the development of the mining industry, speed up the speed of extraction, explosives can not adapt to this need, is an urgent solution to the big problem. Understanding the industrial situation in various countries, Nobel, firm determination to improve the production of explosives.
Just at this time, a shocking news came: France invented the excellent performance of explosives. In fact, this news is inaccurate.
Originally, the famous French ordnance expert General Picot, in the research to improve the range and speed of bullets, found that with the existing explosives, it is impossible to have better results, it must be improved explosives. So, the Ministry of War organized forces, began to study explosives. This incident, contributed to Noble full commitment, research on explosives.
Nobel day and night in the laboratory, access to information, again and again to do a variety of explosives test. His parents understood the dangers of working with explosives, and were very unhappy about his change of specialty. One day, his father said to him: "son ah, your profession is to engage in mechanical, should focus on doing their part, other aspects or not to be distracted as well." Nobel said, "Improvement of explosives is very important, once used in production, it will create great wealth for mankind. Danger is of course inevitable, I try to be careful is all."
From then on, Nobel often to relatives and friends, publicity to explain the importance of improving explosives. In this way, sympathy, sponsor him more and more people, even against his parents, also moved by his strong will, had to acquiesce.
2, the study of explosives
Before Nobel, many people have studied and manufactured explosives, Chinese black gunpowder has long been spread to Europe. Italian Suberello, invented in 1847 nitroglycerine, is a much more powerful than black gunpowder, a fierce explosive. But the explosive was particularly sensitive, easy to explode, and dangerous to manufacture, store and transport, and people didn't know how to use it.
In early 1862, Nobel's father tried to make a better explosive from nitroglycerine. He thought: nitroglycerin is liquid, not good control, if it and solid black powder mixed together, according to make a very good explosive. He repeated tests, the results found: this explosive placed a few hours, the explosive power is greatly reduced, no practical value.
The old Nobel failed. Nobel continued his research.
In the past, people are used to ignite the fuse method to cause black powder explosion, safe and reliable. However, this method can not make nitroglycerin explosion. Nitroglycerin is easy to explode on its own, but also not easy to explode according to the requirements of the people, so in the invention of more than ten years after the invention, except for the treatment of angina pectoris, and no one to use it as explosives.
In 1862, in May and June, Nobel did a very important experiment:
In a small glass tube full of nitroglycerin, tightly plugged the mouth of the tube; and then, the glass tube into a slightly larger metal tube, which is full of black gunpowder, inserted into a fuse, the metal tube tightly plugged the mouth of the tube; ignited the fuse, the metal tube thrown into the ditch. The result was a violent explosion, apparently much more violent than that of an equal quantity of black powder. This indicated that all the nitroglycerine had completely exploded.
This situation inspired Noble to realize that a small amount of black powder exploding first in a sealed container could cause the compartmentalized nitroglycerin to explode completely.
In the fall of 1863, Nobel, along with his brother, set up a laboratory in Stockholm Helenspore, engaged in the manufacture of nitroglycerin and research. After many trials, at the end of that year, Nobel finally invented an effective way to make nitroglycerin explode.
At first, Nobel used black gunpowder as a detonator; later, he invented the detonator to detonate nitroglycerin. 1864, he obtained the patent for this invention.
After this initial success came a huge setback: on September 3, 1864, an explosion at the Helen Poe Laboratory during the manufacture of nitroglycerin killed five people on the spot, including Nobel's brother.
After this disaster, the surrounding residents were very frightened and strongly opposed to Nobel's manufacturing of nitroglycerin there. As a result, Nobel had to move his equipment to Lake Mara, near Stockholm, to make nitroglycerin on a boat.
After several twists and turns, in March 1865, Nobel found a new site in Winterwegen, where he built the world's first nitroglycerine factory.
3, the family of explosives
In the road ahead of Nobel, really thorny. Countries around the world to buy his nitroglycerine, often explosions:
A train in the United States, due to dynamite explosions, blown into a pile of scrap metal; a factory in Germany, due to dynamite explosions, factories and nearby houses, all turned into a pile of rubble; "Europa" ship, in the Atlantic Ocean encountered a gale of turbulence, caused by the Nitroglycerin explosion, the ship sank and died.
These tragic accidents, so that the countries of the world on nitroglycerin loss of confidence, some countries, and even ordered a ban on the manufacture, storage and transportation of nitroglycerin. In the face of this difficult situation, Nobel was not discouraged, he was convinced that it was entirely possible to solve the problem of nitroglycerin instability.
A year passed. Nobel found in repeated tests: with some porous charcoal powder, sawdust, diatomaceous earth and other absorption of nitroglycerin, can reduce the risk of easy to explode. Finally, he used a heavy diatomaceous earth, to absorb three heavy nitroglycerin, the first made the transportation and use of nitroglycerin industrial explosives are very safe. This was the Nobel Safety Explosive.
In order to eliminate people's suspicion and fear of nitroglycerine explosives, July 14, 1867, Nobel in a mine in Britain to do a comparison experiment: he first put a box of safety explosives on a pile of firewood, ignite the firewood, as a result, the box of explosives did not explode; he then put a box of safety explosives from about 20 meters high on the cliffs thrown down, as a result, the box of explosives also did not explode; Then he loaded safety explosives in stone holes, iron barrels and drilled holes and detonated them with detonators, and as a result, they all exploded. This experiment, which was a complete success, left a deep impression on those who visited; Noble's safety explosives, indeed, is safe.
Soon, Nobel established the safety explosives trust, to the world to promote this kind of explosives. From then on, people ended the era of handmade workshops producing black powder and entered the stage of large-scale industrial production of safety explosives.
In 1873, Nobel's safety explosives trust, set up a general office in Paris, attached to a laboratory. Here he did many experiments to improve the manufacture of explosives.
Nobel's safety explosives are much more powerful than black powder, but also safe and reliable, so sales skyrocketed, and gradually popular all over the world. 11 tons were sold in 1867, and by 1874, 3,000 tons had been sold.
Safety explosives have their drawbacks. One of the disadvantages was that the explosive power was not as great as pure nitroglycerine. It is for this reason that there are places that still take the risk of using nitroglycerine as an explosive.
How to find both the explosive power of nitroglycerin, but also the safety of the safety of explosives of new explosives, an inventor has become the goal of many efforts to seek. This time, again, Nobel first success.
One day, Nobel worked in the laboratory, the finger was cut, by hand, with a relatively low nitrogen content of nitrocellulose dressing the wound. That night, because of the pain of the wound, could not sleep, he lay in bed to figure out the main problem in his work: how can I make nitrocellulose with nitroglycerin mixed.
Cellulose nitrate, which is made from cellulose mixed with nitric and sulfuric acids, is something that catches fire easily. Because of the nitric acid and sulfuric acid mixing ratio is different, the role of different lengths of time, the nitrocellulose nitrate generated by the nitrogen content of high and low. Nobel wanted to mix nitroglycerin and nitrocellulose to make explosives a long time ago, has not been able to succeed.
Now, Noble from the dressing can absorb blood this matter has been inspired, suddenly thought can not use nitrocellulose nitrate with lower nitrogen content, with nitroglycerin mixed? He climbed up, forgetting the pain in his fingers, ran to the laboratory, a person to do the experiment. He put about one part of the weight of the fire cotton, dissolved in nine parts of the weight of nitroglycerin, to get a kind of explosive power of the gel - fried glue.
The next day, when Nobel's assistant, Wallenbach, went to work, a new kind of explosive--glue had been made. Wallenbach was astonished and delighted, and admired him for his obsessive drive.
After years of testing, in 1887, Nobel took a small amount of camphor and added it to nitroglycerin and fire-cotton explosive glue to invent smokeless gunpowder. Until today, the gunpowder commonly used in the military industry, all belong to this type.
Smokeless gunpowder is much larger than the explosive power of black gunpowder, and when the explosion burns fully, very little smoke, so people call it smokeless gunpowder.
Manufacturing explosives, a strong explosive power, the second to be safe and reliable, and the third to explode at any time in accordance with human requirements. Nobel made safe explosives, smokeless gunpowder, and made detonators for detonation, a good solution to these three major problems.
People called Nobel is the king of explosives, he is deserved.
Nobel research explosives, always pay attention to the application of research results to production. He believed that: only in the production of practical results of the invention, is useful. Therefore, his invention can be quickly applied to the production, and immediately get real economic benefits.
In 1863, Nobel invented the nitroglycerin trigger. In the fall of that year, he was in his home laboratory, began to manufacture nitroglycerine and detonator; in 1865, just outside Stockholm, built the first nitroglycerine factory.
In 1866, Noble made safety explosives, which went into production the next year. three years later, annual sales increased from 11 tons to 424 tons, and seven years later, surged to 3,120 tons.
Nobel set a precedent for the rapid application of scientific research results to production.
4, erudite and versatile
Nobel, inventor of explosives, rich in knowledge, wide range of interests, is a multi-talented person. He was quite knowledgeable about electricity, optics, mechanics, biology, physiology, from time to time to their own research, and other disciplines linked to ponder. He said, "The various sciences are intrinsically linked to each other, and in order to solve problems in a particular field of science, one should have recourse to other relevant scientific knowledge."
Nobel life **** get a variety of patents 355. In his later years, he did experiments with artificial silk and artificial rubber, which were unsuccessful but helped a lot with his later inventions.
At the mention of Nobel, people praise him as a great inventor, few people know that he is also a poet and literature lovers. He loved to read all kinds of literary masterpieces in Swedish, English, French, German and Russian. He was particularly fond of the poems of the English poet Shelley. In one of his lyrical poems, he wrote the following lines:
"All I know is to concentrate on reading and exploring nature, and to draw on the fountain of profound and vast knowledge." He also wrote
"Brothers and Sisters" and "The Happiest Africa," novels that are unique in their freshness of tone and lyrical beauty.
5, dying words
Nobel's life of labor, physical weakness in his later years, and suffered from severe rheumatic heart disease. 1896, his condition deteriorated seriously, his life was in danger. In this last moment, what he could not forget was science.
When someone sent the test samples to Nobel to see, he still supported the thin body to carefully observe, put forward the improvement of opinions. He wrote in reply: "The samples you sent are very good, that kind of pure nitrocellulose explosives are really good. Unfortunately, my condition has worsened, and even writing these few words is very laborious, as if death is welcoming me with open arms. Only when I get a little better, I will get back to work on the development."
Regrettably, Nobel's wish was not fulfilled, and after dozens of hours - December 10, 1896 - the giant of science, passed away in Italy's Sanremo Hospital.
Nobel engaged in a lifetime of invention and creation, the family wealth, but he has been living a celibate life, did not marry. On his deathbed, he said, "Take this money and use it for scholarship and humanity!"
After Nobel's death, his name, his indomitable research spirit, and the Nobel Prize, which he financed, have been inspiring scientists around the world to climb to new heights.
From 1910 to the present, hundreds of scientists have won Nobel Prizes. Among them are R?ntgen, who discovered X-rays; Rutherford, who studied radioactivity and the nucleus; the Curies, who discovered radium; Bohr, who proposed a model for the structure of the atom; Marconi, who invented wireless telegraphy; as well as such famous scientists as Planck and Einstein. Famous American scholars Yang Zhenning, Li Zhengdao and Ding Zhaozhong also received Nobel Prizes for their significant contributions to the study of the universe and elementary particles.
Two, Nobel's Milestones
1833 He was 1 years old October 22 was born in Stockholm, the capital of Sweden. His father went bankrupt
1840 He was 7 years old. His father, Immanuel, left his family in their hometown and went to St. Petersburg (now Leningrad), Russia, to look for work.
1841 He is 8 years old and enters elementary school
1842 He is 9 years old. His father's factory business is booming and the family moves to St. Petersburg. 1843 He is 10 years old His father's invention of the torpedo is recognized by the Russian government and is awarded 3,000 rubles. His younger brother, Yemil, was born.
1850 He was 17 years old and studied chemistry in the United States.
1852 He was 19 years old and returned to St. Petersburg with a sad heart after the death of the girl he loved in Paris.
1853 He was 20 years old. His father was awarded a medal by the Russian Emperor. He went to the Eiger spa in Germany to recover from his illness.
1854 He is 21 years old The war against Russia begins with the combined forces of Britain, France, Turkey and Australia. (Crimean War). The torpedo invented by Immanuellu is laid in the Gulf of Finland. Encouraged by Drs. Sinin and Trapp to do the invention of nitroglycerine explosive.
1856 He was 23 years old. The defeat of Russia in the Crimean War thus brought his father's factory into difficulties. Patented an improvement in the water meter.
1858 He was 25 years old and went to London to finance his father's business.
1859 He is 26 years old His father's business fails and his parents return to Stockholm with his brother J?miel.
1860 He is 27 years old and works on nitroglycerine explosives while working with his second brother, Ruthei, in a resale factory. In the winter of that year, got very sick.
1863 He was 30 years old when he invented a detonator for nitroglycerine explosives. In October, he received a patent for nitroglycerine explosive and set up a factory with his father in Stockholm.
1864 He was 31 years old when the nitroglycerine factory exploded, killing his brother Jamil. As a result, the ban on explosives became more and more stringent, so that the Swedish factory was closed, and set up a factory in Germany. In October, he established the Nitroglycerine Explosives Company.
1865 He was 32 years old. He set up a gunpowder company in Hamburg, Germany, and built a factory in Krupp.
1866 He was 33 years old Nitroglycerine explosions continued to occur all over the world, so there was a scramble to outlaw them, and the Nitroglycerine Company was in trouble. But this led to the invention of glycerine dynamite.
1867 He was 34 years old In May, received the British patent for dynamite, from this year, the annual production of eleven tons. The new Nobel detonator was successfully invented.
1867 He is 35 years old. Starting in the United States, he opens Nobel companies throughout Europe, and the explosives business is at its peak. At the same time as his father, he received the Astor Prize from the Swedish Academy of Sciences.
1870 He was 37 years old, Kluber gunpowder factory explosion, causing great damage. The Franco-Prussian War begins and explosives show their power.
1871 He is 38 years old and founds the Explosives Company in England. France also allows the manufacture of explosives, while partnering with Paul Bow to start a business.
1872 He is 39 years old. His father, Immanuel, dies after a long illness.
1873 He is 40 years old and settles in Paris. His elder brother Robert discovers an oil field in Baku.
1876 He is 43 and hires Mrs. Stowe (Nobel Prize for Literature in 1905. 1843-1914) as a secretary, and then gradually becomes interested in the peace movement.
1878 He is 45 and completes plastic explosives. In May, joins his brothers in the oil business, founding the Noble Brothers Oil Company.
1882 He is 49 and travels to Russia to meet his brother, Ruthey.
1884 He is 51 years old Recommended for membership in the Royal Society of London, the Paris Technical Society, and the Royal Swedish Scientific Society.
1887 He was 54 years old when he obtained a patent for gunpowder for ejected shells.
1889 He was 56 years old when his mother, Anneliette, died in her hometown of Stockholm.
1890 He is 57 years old. Persecuted by the French, he leaves Paris, where he has lived for 18 years, and moves to San Lemo, Italy, where he establishes an institute.
1893 He was 59 years old and became Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the University of Wuppertal in Sweden.
1895 He was 62 years old when he made his will on November 27th, which gave rise to the Nobel Prize.
1896 He was 63 years old. On the evening of December 10th, he fell into eternal rest at the Chateau de Meunieres in St. Limo.
1901 Five years after his death, the first Nobel Prize ceremony is held in Stockholm on December 10, in accordance with Nobel's will.
Three, Nobel's great contributions
Nobel, a man devoted to invention and career, often neglected himself. He bet on his career with all his heart, but he was also often extremely interested in literary and labor issues. Having written poems and novels, he was a literary man! He claimed to be a pacifist, but his main work was the invention of gunpowder, which in turn made the damage of war more drastic. This shows his inner conflict and pain. He finally donated all of his inheritance for the Nobel Prize fund, and undeniably, he has contributed to this society in more ways than one.
His estate amounted to about 33 million kroner, and from 1901 onwards, the interest accruing from the estate was used as a fund for the Nobel Prize.
The prize is awarded annually in Stockholm, Sweden, on December 10, the day of Nobel's death, by the King of Sweden himself.
There are many other awards in the world, but the Nobel Prize is the only one that represents the highest honor in the world, and the winner is considered to have the highest honor.
The Nobel Prize is awarded in accordance with Nobel's last ? /ca>