What is the meaning of CPS system on the website

CPS (Cyber Physical Systems) is a multi-dimensional complex system that integrates computing, network and physical environment, and realizes real-time perception, dynamic control and information service of large-scale engineering system through the organic fusion and in-depth collaboration of 3C (Computation, Communication, Control) technology. CPS realizes the integrated design of computing, communication and physical system, which can make the system more reliable, efficient and real-time cooperation, and has important and wide application prospects. In the future, CPS will ubiquitously engineer systems such as environment sensing, embedded computing, network communication, and network control to enable physical systems with computation, communication, precise control, remote collaboration, and autonomy. It focuses on the close integration and coordination of computational and physical resources, and is mainly used in some intelligent systems such as robotics and intelligent navigation. In recent years, CPS has not only become an important direction of research and development in domestic and foreign academic and scientific circles, but is also expected to become an industrial field prioritized by the business community. It is of great significance to carry out CPS research and application to accelerate the fostering of the integration of industrialization and informationization in China. In May 2005, the U.S. Congress asked the National Academy of Sciences to assess the technological competitiveness of the United States and to make recommendations for maintaining and improving that competitiveness. A report based on this study, Standing Above the Storm, was subsequently released. The U.S. Competitiveness Plan, which was released in February 2006 on this basis, lists CPS for information physical systems as a key research program.In July 2007, the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST), in a report titled Leading Under the Challenge - Information Technology Research and Development in a Competitive World, listed 8 key information technologies, with CPS at the top of the list, and the rest being software, data, data storage and data flow, networking, high-end computing, network and information security, human-computer interfaces, NIT and social sciences. The European Union plans to invest 5.4 billion euros (more than $7 billion) in Advanced Research and Technology for Embedded Intelligence and Systems (ARTMEIS) from 2007 to 2013 in order for it to become the world leader in intelligent electronic systems by 2016. The significance of CPS lies in the networking of physical devices, especially connecting them to the Internet, which enables them to perform five major functions: computation, communication, precise control, remote coordination, and autonomy.CPS is essentially a network with control attributes, but it is distinct from existing control systems.CPS, on the other hand, puts communication on an equal footing with computation and control due to the fact that the distributed applications emphasized by CPS CPS's ability to remotely coordinate devices within a network, its autonomy, the variety and number of objects it can control, and especially the size of the network far exceeds that of existing industrial control networks. The National Science Foundation (NSF) believes that CPS will interconnect the entire world. Just as the Internet has changed human interaction, CPS will change our interaction with the physical world. Massive computing is a common characteristic of CPS access devices, and as a result, access devices are usually powerful computationally. From a computational performance point of view, if some high-end CPS applications are compared to fat client/server architectures, then IoT can be regarded as a thin client-server because the objects in IoT do not have control and autonomy, and most of the communication occurs between the objects and the server, so the objects cannot collaborate with each other. From this point of view IoT can be seen as a minimalist application of CPS, or rather, CPS makes the definition and concept of IoT clear. In IoT it is mainly through the communication between RFID and readers, and people are not involved in it. Perception is very important in CPS. As we all know, the vast majority of changes in various physical quantities in nature are continuous, or analog, while information space data are discrete. Then the flow of information from the physical space to the information space must first be transformed into analog quantities through various types of sensors, and then into digital quantities through analog/digital converters, so as to be accepted by the information space. In this sense, sensor networks can also be regarded as part of CPS. From the industrial point of view, CPS covers national and even world-class applications ranging from small smart home networks to large industrial control systems and even intelligent transportation systems. More importantly, this coverage is not just about simply connecting existing appliances together, for example, but about spawning a multitude of devices with computing, communication, control, collaboration, and autonomy capabilities. The next generation of industry will be built on CPS, and as CPS technology develops and spreads, physical devices that use computers and networks to extend functionality will be ubiquitous and will drive the upgrading of industrial products and technologies, dramatically improving the competitiveness of major industrial sectors such as automotive, aerospace, defense, industrial automation, health/medical devices, and major infrastructures, among others.CPS will not only spawn new industries, it will even rearrange the layout of existing industries. While the promise of CPS is boundless, the challenges are also immense, much of which stems from the differences between control and computation. Typically, the field of control deals with problems through differential equations and continuous boundary conditions, whereas computation is based on discrete mathematics; control is sensitive to both time and space, whereas computation is concerned only with the realization of functions. In layman's terms, control people and computer people lack the "*** same language". This difference will bring fundamental changes to computer science and applications.