Invention of the radio station In 1893, Nikola Tesla made the first public demonstration of radio communication in St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
In a presentation to the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia and the National Electric Light Association, he described and demonstrated the basic principles of radio communication. The apparatus he built contained all the basic elements of the radio system before the invention of the electron tube.
Guglielmo Marconi holds what is often considered the world's first patent for radio technology, British Patent 12039, "Improvements in the Technique of Transmitting Electric Impulses and Signals, and Apparatus Required". Nikola Tesla received a patent for radio technology in the United States in 1897.
However, the U.S. Patent Office revoked his patent in 1904 and instead granted Marconi a patent for his invention of radio. This move may have been the result of the influence of Marconi's financial backers in the US, including Thomas Edison, and Andrew Carnegie.
In 1909, Marconi and Karl Ferdinand Braun were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for "contributions to the invention of wireless telegraphy". Radio In 1943, shortly after Tesla's death, the U.S. Supreme Court reaffirmed the validity of Tesla's patent.
This decision recognized that his invention predated Marconi's patent. Some argue that the decision was made for obvious economic reasons, so that the US *** in World War II could avoid paying royalties to Marconi.
In 1898, Marconi opened the world's first radio factory in Hall Street, Chelmsford, England, employing about 50 people. Radio has gone through various stages of development, from tubes to transistors to integrated circuits, from shortwave to ultra-shortwave to microwave, from analog to digital, from fixed to mobile use, and radio technology has become an important pillar of the modern information society.
There is also the Russian inventor Popov, who claimed to have invented radio in 1901. The invention of radio: the birth of radio more than ninety years ago, "tick, tick, tick" three weak and short signal, through the airwaves across 2,500 kilometers of the Atlantic Ocean, from the world announced the birth of radio.
It was December 12, 1901, when the camp was set up. Located in the southeastern corner of Canada, Newfoundland (Newfoundland) Signal Hill (SignalHill) Marconi, with balloons and kites driving the receiving antenna, finally received from the southwest corner of the United Kingdom Bowdoin (Poldhu), with a high-power transmitting radio to send the "S" character of the international Morse code.
This was the first time that the international Morse code was sent from Poldhu, a high-powered transmitter in the southwest corner of England.
This is the first ever human transatlantic radio communication, this experiment shows the world that radio is no longer a novelty limited to the laboratory, but a practical medium of communication. The news was a global sensation, inspiring a great deal of interest among radio enthusiasts and promoting the development of the amateur radio movement.
Although the results of Marconi's experiments are quite exciting, but at that time the general public thought that radio traveled similar to light waves, after the launch, absolutely straight ahead, from the United Kingdom to Canada, and then how to say that it must be impossible to complete a straight line of radio communication (because the Earth's surface is curved), the scientific theory of that time proved that, from the United Kingdom, after the launch of the radio waves must be straight to space, how can it be? How could it reach Canada? However, from the record of Marconi's experiments in conquering long-distance communication with simple radio equipment, it seems that during the daytime, the signal can reach as far as 700 miles, and at night, even more far as more than 2,000 miles, these experimental data make the inevitable results of the previous theory, began to be shaken. At the same time, KENNELLY and HEAVISIDE coincidentally put forward the same view: there is an electronic layer in the earth's atmosphere, it can be like a mirror, the radio refracted back to the earth, rather than going straight into space, due to this refraction of the return signal, so that distant radio stations are able to communicate with each other, this kind of radio waves have a mirror-like role of the electronic layer. This electronic layer has a mirror-like effect on radio waves, called KENNELLYHEAVISIDE layer, but now generally known as the ionosphere (lonosphre), and the reason why the short-wave is so developed is the gift of the ionosphere.
From 1925, many scientists have begun to explore the ionosphere by transmitting radio pulses to the ionosphere, and then from the ionosphere folded back the echoes (Echo), you can understand the natural phenomena of the ionosphere, and the results are: the ionosphere over the Earth is like a big umbrella covering the Earth, and with the changes of the day or night or season. The result is that the ionosphere over the earth is like a big umbrella covering the earth, and it changes with the change of day or night or seasons, and it is found that certain frequencies can pass through the ionosphere, while some of them return to the earth's surface at different angles. Though the veil of the ionosphere has been lifted to a certain extent, which has led to the great development of short-wave international communications, scientists have not spared any chance to continue to study the ionosphere in the past 60 years or so, and have even designed certain experiments in the launching of rockets, the testing of artificial satellites, and the recent flights of the shuttle. Even rocket launches, satellite experiments and recent space shuttle flights have been designed with certain experiments in order to further understand the ionosphere. Recently, with the help of ultra-high-speed computers, it is hoped that through hypothetical modeling, the conditions of the ionosphere in the next few days can finally be predicted, just as in the case of meteorology.
The first to be utilized was the longwave band, because longwave induces low induced currents at the surface, has low wave energy loss, and can bypass obstacles. However, long-wave antenna equipment is huge, expensive, small communication capacity, which prompted people to seek a new communication band.
In the 1920s, amateur radio enthusiasts discovered that short waves could travel great distances, and in 1931, the theory of the ionosphere emerged, which is like the mirror that Hertz described.
It is best suited to reflect short waves. Short-wave radio was economical and lightweight, and it was commonly used in telecommunications and broadcasting.
But the ionosphere is affected by meteorology, solar activity and human activities, so that the quality and reliability of communications decline, in addition to the short-wave band capacity can not meet the growing needs. The short-wave band is 3MHz to 30MHz, according to each short-wave station accounts for 4KHz band calculation, can only accommodate a few thousand radio stations, each country can only be divided into a very limited number of radio stations, television stations (8MHz) will be even more crowded.
From the 1940s, the world developed microwave technology. Microwave has been close to the frequency of light, it spreads along the straight line, and can pass through the ionosphere is not reflected, so microwaves need to be through the center.
2. How is the history of the development of communicationThe history of human communication is very long.
As early as the ancient times, people exchanged information through simple language, murals and other ways. For thousands of years, people have been using language, charts and symbols, bells and drums, smoke and fire, bamboo slips, paper books and so on to convey information, and the beacons and wolves, pigeons and post horses of the ancient people are examples of this.
Now there are still some countries of individual primitive tribes, still retained such as beating drums and sounding horns such ancient means of communication. In modern times, the sign language used by traffic policemen and the semaphore used in navigation are but the result of the further development of ancient methods of communication.
These basic methods of information transfer rely on human sight and hearing. After the middle of the 19th century, with the telegraph, telephone, the discovery of electromagnetic waves, the human communication field has produced a fundamental change, the realization of the use of metal wires to transmit information, and even through electromagnetic waves to wireless communication, so that the myth of the "wind ear", "thousand-mile eye "
From this point on, we can see that there is no need for a new way of communicating.
From then on, human information transfer can be detached from the conventional visual and auditory methods, with electrical signals as the new carrier, with this brought a series of iron technology innovation, the beginning of a new era of human communication. In 1837, the American Samuel Morales (Samuel Morales), who was a member of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SCPA), developed a new technology. Morse (Samuel Morse) successfully developed the world's first electromagnetic telegraph.
He used his own design of the code, the information can be converted into a string of long or short electrical impulses to the destination, and then converted to the original information. 1844 May 24, Morse in the Capitol Federal Supreme Court Chamber for the "Morse code" sent the first telegraph in human history, thus realizing the long-distance telegraph communication. Thus, the realization of long-distance telegraph communication.
In 1864, the British physicist Maxwell (J.c. Maxwel) established a set of electromagnetic theory, predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves, explaining that electromagnetic waves and light have the same nature, both are propagated at the speed of light. In 1875, a young Scottish man, Alexander. A.G. Bell invented the world's first telephone.
And applied for a patent for the invention in 1876. 1878 in the distance of 300 kilometers between Boston and New York, the first long-distance telephone experiments, and was successful, and later established the famous Bell Telephone Company.
In 1888, the young German physicist Heinrich Hertz (H.R. Hertz), who had been a member of the German Academy of Physics for many years, developed a new technology called "the telephone. Hertz (H.R. Hertz) conducted a series of experiments with an electric wave ring and discovered the existence of electromagnetic waves, and he used the experiment to prove Maxwell's electromagnetic theory. This experiment stirred the entire scientific community, becoming an important milestone in the history of modern science and technology, leading to the birth of radio and the development of electronic technology.
The discovery of electromagnetic waves had a huge impact. In less than 6 years, Popov of Russia, Marconi of Italy invented wireless telegraphy, realizing the radio transmission of information, and other radio technologies have sprung up.
In 1904, Fleming, a British electrical engineer, invented the diode, and in 1906, Fessenden, an American physicist, successfully researched radio broadcasting.
1907 American physicist DeForest invented the vacuum transistor, the American electrical engineer Armstrong application of electronic devices invented the super-aberrant receiver. 1920 American radio expert Conrad in Pittsburgh established the world's first commercial radio broadcasting station, since then the broadcasting business in the world flourished, the radio has become a convenient way to learn about current events and news. The radio has become a convenient way for people to learn about current events.
In 1924, the first short-wave communication line was established between Nauen and Buenos Aires, and in 1933, the Frenchman Clavell established the first commercial microwave radio line between Britain and France, which promoted the further development of radio technology. The discovery of electromagnetic waves also prompted the rapid development of image dissemination technology.
In 1922, 16-year-old American high school student Philo. Farnsworth designed the first television facsimile schematic, applied for a patent for the invention in 1929, was ruled to be the first person to invent the television set. 1928 Westinghouse Zwolgin invented the photovoltaic picture tube, and with the cooperation of the engineering Van Wass, the realization of electronic scanning method of television sending and transmission.
In 1935, a television station was set up in the Empire State Building in New York, and the following year, television programs were successfully sent 70 kilometers away, and in 1938, Zwolgin created the first television camera that met practical requirements.
After people continue to explore and improve, in 1945 in the three-color principle of operation based on the American Radio Corporation made the world's first all-tube color television. Until 1946, the American Ross. Weimar invented a high-sensitivity camera tube, the same year the Japanese Professor Hachimoto solved the problem of home television reception antenna, from which a number of countries have established ultra-short-wave relay stations, television rapidly spread.
Image fax is also an important communication. Since 1925, the United States Radio Corporation developed the first practical fax machine, fax technology continues to innovate.
Before 1972, the technology is mainly used for news, publishing, meteorology and broadcasting industry; 1972 to 1980, fax technology has been completed from analog to digital, from mechanical scanning to electronic scanning, from the low-speed to high-speed transformation, in addition to replacing the telegraph and for the transmission of meteorological maps, press releases, photographs, satellite cloud diagrams, but also in the health care, library management, intelligence consulting, financial and electronic postal data, etc. to be obtained. Data, e-postal applications; after 1980, fax technology to the integrated processing terminal equipment transition, in addition to undertake communication tasks, it also has the ability to image processing and data processing, becoming a comprehensive processing terminal. Electrostatic copiers, magnetic tape recorders, radar, lasers and so on are important inventions in the history of information technology.
In addition, the remote control, telemetry and remote sensing technology is also a very important technology as the information ultra-far control. Remote control is the use of communication lines to the remote controlled object control of a technology, for the electrical business, oil pipelines, chemical industry, military and aerospace industry; telemetry is the need to measure physical quantities at a distance, such as voltage, current, air pressure, temperature, flow, etc., transformed into electricity, the use of communication lines transmitted to the observation point of a measurement technology, for meteorological, military and aerospace industry; remote sensing is a comprehensive Remote sensing is a comprehensive measurement technology, in the high altitude or far away from the use of sensors to receive the electromagnetic wave information radiated by the object, after processing or can be recognized by the image or electronic computer with the recording of the tape, prompted by the nature of the object to be measured, the shape and dynamics of the change, mainly used in meteorology, military and aerospace undertakings.
With the rapid development of electronic technology, military, scientific research.
3. History of the development of communicationsThe history of human communication is very long.
As early as the ancient times, people exchanged information through simple language, murals and so on. For thousands of years, people have been using language, charts and symbols, bells and drums, smoke and fire, bamboo slips, paper books, etc. to transmit information, and the beacons and wolves, pigeons and post horses of ancient people are examples of this.
Now there are still some countries of individual primitive tribes, still retained such as beating drums and sounding the horn of such an ancient way of communication. In modern times, the sign language used by traffic policemen and the semaphore used in navigation are but the result of the further development of ancient methods of communication.
These basic methods of information transfer rely on human sight and hearing. After the middle of the 19th century, with the telegraph, telephone, the discovery of electromagnetic waves, the human communication field has produced a fundamental change, the realization of the use of metal wires to transmit information, and even through electromagnetic waves to wireless communication, so that the myth of the "wind ear", "thousand-mile eye "
From this point on, we can see that there is no need for a new way of communicating.
From then on, human information transfer can be detached from the conventional visual and auditory methods, with electrical signals as the new carrier, with this brought a series of iron technology innovation, the beginning of a new era of human communication. In 1837, the American Samuel Morales (Samuel Morales), who was a member of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SCPA), developed a new technology. Morse (Samuel Morse) successfully developed the world's first electromagnetic telegraph.
He used his own design of the code, the information can be converted into a string of long or short electrical impulses to the destination, and then converted to the original information. 1844 May 24, Morse in the Capitol Federal Supreme Court Chamber for the "Morse code" sent the first telegraph in human history, thus realizing the long-distance telegraph communication. Thus, the realization of long-distance telegraph communication.
In 1864, the British physicist Maxwell (J.c. Maxwel) established a set of electromagnetic theory, predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves, explaining that electromagnetic waves and light have the same nature, both are propagated at the speed of light. In 1875, a young Scottish man, Alexander. A.G. Bell invented the world's first telephone.
And applied for a patent for the invention in 1876. 1878 in the distance of 300 kilometers between Boston and New York, the first long-distance telephone experiments, and was successful, and later established the famous Bell Telephone Company.
In 1888, the young German physicist Heinrich Hertz (H.R. Hertz), who had been a member of the German Academy of Physics for many years, developed a new technology called "the telephone. Hertz (H.R. Hertz) conducted a series of experiments with an electric wave ring and discovered the existence of electromagnetic waves, and he used the experiment to prove Maxwell's electromagnetic theory. This experiment stirred the entire scientific community, becoming an important milestone in the history of modern science and technology, leading to the birth of radio and the development of electronic technology.
The discovery of electromagnetic waves had a huge impact. In less than 6 years, Popov of Russia, Marconi of Italy invented wireless telegraph, realizing the radio transmission of information, and other radio technologies have sprung up.
In 1904, Fleming, a British electrical engineer, invented the diode, and in 1906, Fessenden, an American physicist, successfully researched radio broadcasting.
1907 American physicist DeForest invented the vacuum transistor, the American electrical engineer Armstrong application of electronic devices invented the super-aberrant receiver. 1920 American radio expert Conrad in Pittsburgh established the world's first commercial radio broadcasting station, since then the broadcasting business in the world flourished, the radio has become a convenient way to learn about current events and news. The radio has become a convenient way for people to learn about current events.
In 1924, the first short-wave communication line was established between Nauen and Buenos Aires, and in 1933, the Frenchman Clavell established the first commercial microwave radio line between Britain and France, which promoted the further development of radio technology. The discovery of electromagnetic waves also prompted the rapid development of image dissemination technology.
In 1922, 16-year-old American high school student Philo. Farnsworth designed the first television facsimile schematic, applied for a patent for the invention in 1929, was ruled to be the first person to invent the television set. 1928 Westinghouse Zwolgin invented the photovoltaic picture tube, and with the cooperation of the engineering Fan Wass, the realization of electronic scanning method of television sending and transmission.
In 1935, a television station was set up in the Empire State Building in New York, and the following year, television programs were successfully sent 70 kilometers away, and in 1938, Zwolgin created the first television camera that met practical requirements.
After people continue to explore and improve, in 1945 in the three-color principle of operation based on the United States Radio Corporation made the world's first all-tube color television. Until 1946, the American Ross. Weimar invented a high-sensitivity camera tube, the same year the Japanese Professor Hachimoto solved the problem of home television reception antenna, from which a number of countries have established ultra-short-wave relay stations, television rapidly spread.
Image fax is also an important communication. Since 1925, the United States Radio Corporation developed the first practical fax machine, fax technology continues to innovate.
Before 1972, the technology is mainly used for news, publishing, meteorology and broadcasting industry; 1972 to 1980, fax technology has been completed from analog to digital, from mechanical scanning to electronic scanning, from low-speed to high-speed transformation, in addition to replacing the telegraph and for the transmission of meteorological maps, press releases, photographs, satellite cloud diagrams, but also in the health care, library management, intelligence consulting, financial and electronic postal data, etc. to be obtained. Data, e-postal applications; after 1980, fax technology to the integrated processing terminal equipment transition, in addition to undertake communication tasks, it also has the ability to image processing and data processing, becoming a comprehensive processing terminal. Electrostatic copiers, magnetic tape recorders, radar, lasers and so on are important inventions in the history of information technology.
In addition, the remote control, telemetry and remote sensing technology is also a very important technology as the information ultra-far control. Remote control is the use of communication lines to the remote controlled object control of a technology, for the electrical business, oil pipelines, chemical industry, military and aerospace industry; telemetry is the need to measure physical quantities at a distance, such as voltage, current, air pressure, temperature, flow, etc., transformed into electricity, the use of communication lines transmitted to the observation point of a measurement technology, for meteorological, military and aerospace industry; remote sensing is a comprehensive Remote sensing is a comprehensive measurement technology, in the high altitude or far away from the use of sensors to receive the electromagnetic wave information radiated by the object, after processing or can be recognized by the image or electronic computer with the recording of the tape, prompted by the nature of the object to be measured, the shape and dynamics of the change, mainly used in meteorology, military and aerospace undertakings.
With the rapid development of electronic technology, military, scientific research urgently needs to be addressed.