Knowledge of emergency response and escape, self-help and mutual rescue. In daily life, we need to know something about self-help and mutual help. Self-help and mutual aid knowledge is very necessary, which can reduce the occurrence of dangerous injuries and reduce the injuries after the occurrence of dangers. Let's share the knowledge of emergency response and escape, self-help and mutual rescue.
Knowledge of first aid and escape, self-help and mutual rescue 1 Basic principles of self-help and mutual rescue.
First of all, people-oriented: save people first, then save property. Everything puts people's personal safety first and gets out of dangerous places as soon as possible.
Secondly, treat the seriously wounded first, and then treat the lightly wounded, so as to ensure that the seriously wounded can be rescued in the first time.
Put others before yourself: after getting out of danger, we should actively provide help, especially drivers and flight attendants, and actively organize the rescue of passengers, not just ourselves.
Basic sequence of rescue
On-site call for help: Call for help from the public security, transportation, medical rescue and other departments by using the nearby telephone. You can also intercept passing vehicles for help. Seek emergency help from the nearest industrial and mining enterprises, troops, organs and other units.
On-site rescue: When the wounded are squeezed into the accident vehicle, don't pull it hard, but open or cut the vehicle mechanically, and then rescue the wounded. When a vehicle hits the wounded, don't start the vehicle easily, use jacking tools (such as jacks) or mobilize the masses to lift the vehicle, and then rescue the wounded.
On-site first aid: after the wounded are rescued, they should be examined and given first aid, and then transferred to the hospital.
How to save yourself in case of fire
Once threatened by fire, don't panic, calmly determine your position, judge the fire according to the analysis of smoke, light and temperature around you, and don't act blindly.
In a bungalow, if the fire around the door is not big, leave the fire quickly.
If you are in a building, don't run around blindly, let alone jump off a building to escape, which will cause undue casualties. You can hide in the room or on the balcony. Close the doors and windows, cut off the fire road and wait for rescue. Conditional, can continue to water the doors and windows to cool down, in order to delay the spread of the fire.
Because the fire is too fierce, you must escape from the building. You can jump from the second floor, but you should choose soft ground. At the same time, throw bedding upstairs to increase the buffer of the ground, and then slide down the window.
Try to lower the falling height and let your feet land first. If you are sure, you can tie one end of the rope (or tear the sheets together) to the window frame and then slide down the ground along the rope.
If the clothes catch fire, you can take off your clothes quickly, or roll around and put out the fire with your body. You can also jump into a nearby pool or river to put out the fire. In short, you should try to reduce the burn area and reduce the degree of burn.
When a fire breaks out, it often produces toxic gases harmful to human body, so in order to prevent tobacco poisoning, you should
Try to stay in the windward or cover your nose and mouth with a wet towel, hold your breath, try to lower your body height, and bend down to scurry or crawl on the ground; When trapped indoors, block the gap between doors and windows with wet sheets to prevent smoke from spreading indoors.
Knowledge of emergency response, escape, self-help and mutual rescue II. Emergency, self-help and mutual rescue-first aid measures for heatstroke:
Lighter people should quickly lie on their backs in a cool and ventilated place, unbutton their clothes, fasten their belts and open their coats. You can take ten drops of water, Ren Dan and other drugs to prevent and treat heatstroke. If the patient's body temperature continues to rise, the upper body can be bathed with a wet towel if possible.
If the patient is unconscious or convulsive, take the coma position (coma position: let the patient take the lateral position or supine position with his head tilted to one side, loosen the patient's collar and tie, take out the foreign body in the mouth, take out the dentures, and keep the respiratory tract unobstructed.
If the patient lies flat on the pillow, the patient's lower limbs can be raised by about 30 if necessary to increase the blood volume. When notifying the dispatching room, make sure the airway is unblocked.
Second, first aid, self-help and mutual rescue-mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration:
1. Lay the wounded on his back, with back pad100 ~150 mm.
2. The rescuer kneels on the side of the head of the wounded, holding the nose of the wounded with one hand and opening the mouth of the wounded with the other.
3. First, the rescuer takes a deep breath and breathes into the mouth of the injured person, accounting for 1/3 of a breathing cycle.
4. After blowing, the rescuer immediately leaves the mouth of the injured person, releases the hand holding the nose, and presses the chest of the injured person with the other hand to help the injured person exhale.
5. Repeat the uniform operation every minute 16 ~ 18 times.
Third, first aid, self-help and mutual rescue-chest compressions:
1. position: located in the middle of the chest, with two horizontal fingers on the cutting edge of the lower half of the sternum.
2. Manipulation: the palms of the hands overlap, and the fingers of both hands are crossed and lifted, so that the fingers are separated from the chest wall (30 ~ 40 mm below the sternum), and the number of presses is 60 ~ 80 times per minute.
3. posture: lift your hips, straighten your waist and straighten your arms.
Four, first aid, self-help and mutual rescue-the operation method of wound dressing:
1. Be quick and agile when dressing, and don't touch the wound to avoid bleeding, pain and infection.
2. Can't use underground sewage to wash the wound. Foreign bodies (such as coal and gangue) on the wound surface. ) should be taken out, but the deep foreign body should be transported to the hospital to prevent repeated infection.
3. The bandage should be gentle and elastic (the tourniquet should be relaxed every 60 ~ 90 min), not too loose or too tight, and the knot should not be hit on the wound, subject to the comfort of the injured person, and the knot position should be kept close to the heart.
4. Exudated organs should not be brought back to the wound to avoid body cavity infection.
5. The bandaging range should be 50 ~ 100 mm beyond the wound edge.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) escape from danger-how to use isolated chemical oxygen self-rescuer;
1. The self-rescuer should be worn in the correct position and hung on the belt.
2. When using, first turn the self-rescuer to the right abdomen along the belt, hold the bottom with your left hand, and pull down the cover film with your right hand to separate the cover hook from the shell and throw it away. Then break the lock strap wrench with your right hand, and throw out the lock strap after the sealing strip is broken.
3. Grasp the lower shell with the left hand and tear off the upper shell with the right hand and throw it away.
4. Wrap the belt around your neck.
5. Pull out the starting needle to make the airbag bulge gradually, immediately pull out the mouth plug, put the mouth plug in the mouth at the same time, put the mouth piece between the lips and the teeth, and the teeth tightly bite the tooth pad to close the lips.
6. Grasp the handles of the two nose clips with both hands at the same time, pull open the spring, hold your breath, and let the nose clips hold your nose accurately.
7. If the strap is too long, you can shorten the strap by pulling the big ring on the strap, and then tie it on the small ring after the length is appropriate.
8. Adjust breathing and evacuate the disaster area quickly.
9. Wearing time: it must be completed within 30 seconds.
Six, escape-roof caving accident escape:
1. Retreat to a safe place quickly.
2. When roof caving happens and it is too late to evacuate to a safe place, people in distress should stand near the coal help to avoid disaster, but pay attention to the coal wall help that hurts people.
3. Send a distress signal immediately after distress.
4. People in distress should actively cooperate with external rescue work.
Seven, escape-flood escape:
1. Personnel should immediately stop working, cut off power supply, and evacuate to a safe area along the disaster avoidance route or the shortest route.
2. To immediately understand the water situation at the flood site, and quickly report to the operation department, and notify the personnel in the underground disaster area to evacuate quickly according to the disaster avoidance route.
3. People in distress should try to avoid sudden water head. When it is difficult to avoid, you should grasp the solid objects around you, take a deep breath, and save yourself and help each other after the head has passed.
4. Located above the permeable point, evacuate along the uphill direction; Under the seepage point, grab the pipe and other objects to break through the water head and evacuate quickly; When the evacuation passage is cut off by water, it is necessary to quickly find the place with the highest position and the nearest to the shaft or alley to escape, and send out a distress signal to knock on the iron or coal wall intermittently.
5. If the goaf is permeable, you must quickly wear a self-rescuer or cover your mouth and nose with a wet towel and evacuate as soon as possible.
Knowledge of first aid and escape, self-help and mutual rescue 3 1, key points of dialing "120"
The emergency number in China is "120" (you can also dial "999" in Beijing).
When dialing "120", the patient's name, gender, age, exact address and contact number should be accurately stated; The time of illness or injury of the patient, the main symptoms at present and the preliminary first aid measures taken at the scene; Report the most prominent and typical symptoms of patients; What diseases have you had in the past, and the medication situation; Agree on a specific waiting place, which should be iconic and easy to find.
2, the correct method of hemostasis
After bleeding, the injured part should be raised first, and the contaminated wound should be cleaned with clean water. If the wound is bleeding heavily, stop the bleeding first and then clean it. Then cover the wound with sterile gauze or a clean, breathable and absorbent dressing, and press it by hand for 5- 10 minutes. If the bleeding does not stop, go to the hospital in time.
Important note: The wound can't be bandaged, which may cause ischemia and necrosis.
3. First-aid methods for cerebral hemorrhage
Patients with sudden cerebral hemorrhage should call 120 immediately and take corresponding emergency measures. Let the patient lie in bed, keep the surrounding environment quiet, don't shake the unconscious person violently, and closely observe the temperature, pulse, breathing, blood pressure and other indicators;
Tilt the patient's head to one side to prevent secretions or vomit from blocking the respiratory tract and causing suffocation; If accompanied by fever, an ice pack and a cold towel can be applied to the forehead of the patient to reduce the local temperature, which is beneficial to brain protection.
Misunderstanding of first aid
1, look up when nosebleeds.
The correct way: sit down, lean forward slightly, open your mouth and breathe through it; Pinch the sides of the nose with thumb and forefinger, and press it toward the back of the head for 10 minute, with slight pain as the degree. If the bleeding doesn't stop, you should see a doctor immediately.
2. Treat burns and scalds with toothpaste
The correct way: immediately wash the affected area with cold water to inhibit the damage of high temperature to the skin and reduce the risk of infection; Wrap the affected area with gauze and keep it clean and dry. If there are blisters on the wound, don't puncture them at will. If it is serious, you should see a doctor at once.
3, the throat is stuck and it is difficult to swallow food.
The correct way: the thorns that can be seen are directly taken out by hand or tweezers; If you can't see or the person concerned can't speak, you should seek medical advice in time.