non-intact skin and mucous membranes, and that those who come into contact with the above substances must take protective measures. Its basic features are:
(1) to prevent the transmission of both blood-borne and non-blood-borne diseases;
(2) emphasize two-way protection, both to prevent the transmission of disease from the patient to the medical staff, and to prevent the transmission of disease from the medical staff to the patient;
(3) according to the main routes of transmission of the disease, to take the appropriate isolation measures, including contact isolation, airborne isolation and particulate isolation.
In terms of specific operating procedures, they are:
1, hand washing: when possible contamination after contact with blood, body fluids, excretions, secretions, after taking off gloves, hand washing or use of rapid hand disinfectant hand washing.
2, gloves: when in contact with blood, body fluids, excretions, secretions and broken skin mucous membranes should wear gloves; gloves can prevent the possibility of transferring the flora on the hands of medical personnel to patients; gloves can prevent the medical staff to become infectious microorganisms when the medium, that is, to prevent the medical staff will be contaminated from the patient or the environment in the spread of pathogens in the crowd. Always change gloves between patients; gloves are not a substitute for hand washing.
3, masks, goggles and masks: wearing masks and goggles can also reduce the patient's body fluids, blood, secretions and other liquids of infectious substances splashed into the eyes of the health care workers, the oral cavity and nasal mucosa.
4, isolation clothing: wear isolation clothing to prevent contamination by infectious blood, secretions, exudate, splash water and a large number of infectious materials only when used. Wash your hands immediately after removing the isolation garment to avoid contamination of other patients and the environment.
5. Reusable equipment:
(1) Reusable medical supplies and medical equipment are disinfected or sterilized as needed when used for the next patient.
(2) When handling instruments and equipment contaminated with blood, body fluids, secretions, and excretions, it is important to prevent exposure of staff skin and mucous membranes, and contamination of work clothes that could spread pathogenic microorganisms to patients and contaminate the environment.
(3) Sharps that need to be reused should be placed in puncture-proof containers for transportation, handling and prevention of puncture wounds.
(4) Single-use sharps, such as needles, are placed in puncture-proof, leak-proof containers for harmless disposal.
6, object surfaces, the environment, clothing and food utensils disinfection
(1) the environment of the general ward of the hospital, object surfaces, including bed rails, bedside, bedside tables, chairs, door knobs and other frequently contacted surfaces are regularly cleaned, disinfected at any time in case of contamination.
(2) When handling and transporting bedclothes and clothing contaminated by blood, body fluids, secretions, and excretions, it is important to prevent skin exposure of medical personnel and contamination of work clothes and the environment.
(3) Reusable eating utensils should be cleaned and sterilized before use, and disposable eating utensils should be used for isolated patients as much as possible.
(4) Reusable clothing is placed in a special bag and transported to a designated location to be cleaned, disinfected, and prevented from contamination during transport.
7, first aid places may appear to need resuscitation, with simple breathing bag (resuscitation bag) or other ventilation devices to replace the mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration method.
8, medical waste should be harmlessly treated in accordance with the "Regulations on the Management of Medical Waste" promulgated by the state and its relevant laws and regulations. Contact isolation contact transmission refers to the spread of disease through contact, contact transmission is the main and common way of transmission of hospital infections, generally including direct transmission and indirect transmission. For patients diagnosed or suspected to be infected with contact-transmitted pathogenic microorganisms such as intestinal infections, multi-drug-resistant bacterial infections, skin infections, etc., contact-transmission isolation prevention should also be used in addition to standard prophylaxis. Patient isolation
(1) The patient is placed in a single isolation room, and when unconditional, patients infected with the same pathogen can be placed in a room.
(2) Limit the patient's range of motion.
(3) Reduce transfers, and if transfers are necessary, minimize contamination of other patients and environmental surfaces.
Contact isolationProtective isolation
(1) Gloves should be worn when entering the isolation ward for contact with the patient, including contact with the patient's blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions, and other substances.
(2) Remove gloves, wash hands and/or sanitize hands after contact with contaminated items before leaving the isolation ward.
(3) When entering the sickroom and engaging in operations that may contaminate work clothes, wear isolation gowns; before leaving the sickroom, remove isolation gowns and hang them according to the requirements or use disposable isolation gowns and dispose of them after use according to the requirements of medical waste management.
(4) isolation room should be isolated signs, and restrict the access of people. Air isolation airborne transmission refers to pathogenic microorganisms suspended in the air by particles (particle size less than 5um) an aerosol to spread the way, this particle can be suspended in the air for a longer period of time, and can be floated with the airflow to the farther away, so it can cause more people infected, and even lead to outbreaks of hospital infection epidemic. Therefore, the environment in which the patient lives needs to be shielded, and airborne transmission can be prevented by the use of single-occupancy rooms, specialized air-handling systems and ventilation equipment. Respiratory protection should be used by medical staff and those entering the environment. If a patient is diagnosed or suspected of being infected with an airborne disease, such as tuberculosis, meningitis, mumps, chickenpox, measles, pneumonic plague, and pulmonary hemorrhagic fever, airborne isolation prevention should also be used on top of standard prophylaxis, and the following isolation measures should be used:
Isolation of the patient
(1) The patient should be housed in a single room, with enhanced ventilation, and attention paid to the direction of the wind.
(2) When unconditional, patients infected with the same pathogenic microorganisms can be housed in the same room.
(3) as soon as possible to transfer to the conditions of admission of infectious disease hospitals or health administrative departments designated hospitals for admission, and pay attention to the transfer process of medical personnel protection; when the patient's condition allows, should wear a medical protective mask.
(4) Limit the scope of activities of infectious patients.
(5) Sterilize the air.
Air isolation protective isolation
(1) Medical personnel should wear hats and medical protective masks when entering the rooms of confirmed or suspected infectious patients.
(2) When carrying out diagnostic and therapeutic operations that may produce splashes, they should wear isolation gowns.
(3) Gloves must be worn when contacting patients and their blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions and other substances. Droplet isolationDroplet transmission refers to the disease spread by larger droplet aerosol particles (particle size greater than 5um). Suspended in the air for a short period of time, the distance of the jet but about 1m.