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Why did the East Germans run? Cheng: Ordinary people in a society have cars, country cottages, holiday allowances, basic living materials subsidized by the government, and education and medical care are guaranteed. Why can't this system be maintained? This is my feeling after visiting DDRMuseum in Berlin, Germany. This museum is located at liebknecht Street 1 in Berlin. Liebknecht, leader of the German Production Party, was killed by right-wing thugs in 19 19. After the reunification of Germany and Germany, many place names reflecting socialist history and ideology have not changed, such as Marx and Engels Square and Rosa Luxemburg Square. It reflects the respect of the unified country for history. There is a book about German travels in China. According to an old Berlin man, the author commented on these street names like this: "The names written in the book are of course the names before the merger of East and West Germany. I guess the streets are the same now, but the names have basically changed. Are Marx, Lenin,' Liberation' and Liebknecht too exciting for some people in West Germany? " In fact, the place names of these places are still the same, right under the author's feet. The East German Social Exhibition Hall has two characteristics. First of all, it mainly introduces the system that has disappeared from the perspective of social life. The second is that most of its exhibits can interact with the audience. People can "revive" exhibits by touching and starting electronic devices, so as to get a more realistic feeling of that era. After entering this exhibition hall, the first thing I saw was a family car made in East Germany. The history of family cars in East Germany can be traced back to 1954. At that time, a member of the Political Bureau of East Germany suggested that Volkswagen in West Germany should produce the Beetle small family car, and East Germany should also produce similar products. 1958, this East German product named Trabi was put into production and will be listed soon. This Trabi is very small, and it is hard to imagine how a German with a high average figure can sit comfortably in it. But small space is not a problem. One of the real problems is the after-sales service of cars. Repairs are very expensive and spare parts are in short supply. Repair shops often need car owners to find their own ways to replace spare parts. In order to save money, many Germans repair their own cars. In the words of the exhibition description, the dining table of many German families is the workbench for repairing cars. The second is the price of the car, which is a luxury for most East Germans. Finally, queuing to buy a certificate usually takes 16 years (this is incredible in the exhibition description). Surprisingly, however, many East German families tried their best to save money and waited patiently for more than ten years before buying a car. By 1985, half of the families in East Germany owned cars. This ratio is not only the level of developed countries at that time, but also in today's world. In fact, East Germans don't need to buy a car to meet daily traffic. East Germany's railways, highways and urban public transport are well developed. Due to state subsidies, the cost is very cheap, and sometimes even free. Although the train is old and slow, so is the car, which is often late; However, compared with many places with insufficient traffic in the world, the conditions of East Germans should be good. East Germans should be satisfied with many things. The most basic food, mainly bread, is so low that some people feed dogs. Although other commodities, especially meat and fruit, are still in short supply. Education and medical care are free, although the facilities and services are not ideal. East Germans generally enjoy the welfare of going out for vacation every year, and can reach the coastal areas of socialist brother countries such as the Baltic Sea and even Scandinavia. If you spend your holiday in China, the government issues holiday vouchers to vacationers, offering great discounts on transportation and accommodation, and low-income people even pay only one third of the cost. During the period of 1982, German trade unions had 695 holiday resorts in East Germany, providing holiday services for workers' brothers. Trade unions in East Germany are not only in charge of holidays, canteens and movie tickets, but also have the power to bargain with government or factory leaders in terms of wages, although they basically cooperate rather than embarrass leaders. Employment opportunities are open, and factory recruiters directly announce them to the public at the factory gate. In the late period of the Cultural Revolution, China people gradually got used to going through the back door and changing these ways, which seems unusual in East Germany. It seems that the control of employment and the allocation of places by government departments such as labor bureau and personnel bureau either do not exist or are not important. In addition, many urban residents in East Germany have their own holiday villas in suburbs and rural areas, which, like the Soviet Union, are called dacha. They not only spend holidays and weekends there, but also hold parties and barbecues. East Germans generally pursue nudism, and many seaside beaches and parks are crowded with naked people on weekends and holidays, which is more free than in the west. There are many photos in the exhibition hall. The government opposed it at first, but later tolerated it. In the 1980s, young people in East Germany used a wide variety of tape recorders and cameras, all of which were made in China. The quality is very good, much better than that of the Soviet Union. If we compare the material life of East Germany and West Germany, as far as the so-called hardware is concerned, there is actually little difference between the 1960s and 1970s. At that time, if we only looked at furniture and electrical appliances, there was nothing worth mentioning. There are two photos in the exhibition, one is the living room of the East German family and the other is the kitchen. The equipment and layout are not bad according to the average level of urban families in China today, are they? Then, why did millions of East Germans cross the border to West Germany in their cars after the fall of the Berlin Wall in June 5438+0989+0 1? Unlike some other former Eastern European countries, the system in East Germany was not destroyed by revolution, nor was it slowly eroded by reform, but was washed away by the flood of going abroad. Before the fall of the Berlin Wall, the liberalization of Hungary caused the spectacle that East Germans flocked to Hungary. In the narrative after the Cold War, the collapse of the Berlin Wall is often mistaken for a symbol of the revolution in Eastern Europe. In fact, the East Germans were flattered. This is how history exaggerates the meaning of symbols. The real revolution took place in countries like Romania and Poland. What happened in East Germany was that when the wall fell, everyone pushed, and when the wall fell, everyone left and fled. Many aspects of material life can be said to be good. Why did East Germany collapse? This question is very big. People today may have a very abstract answer, but the contents of this exhibition hall can provide some concrete clues. For example, there is a prison for political prisoners in a corner. It is mentioned in the title that from 1949 to 1985, 250,000 political prisoners were imprisoned in East Germany, with an average of nearly 7,000 per year. From the establishment to the disintegration of East Germany, the population never exceeded 20 million, which is amazing. Imprisoning a large number of political prisoners has always been the main way to maintain a closed door. East Germany seems to be no exception and outstanding, which may be the reason why it did not have a fierce revolution and tenacious resistance movement. In contrast, there are no political prisoners in West Germany. No, there was a vigorous new leftist movement in the 1960s, with its center in West Berlin and surrounded by East Germany. At that time, from Marx, Engels and Lenin to Mao Zedong and Guevara, these revolutionaries were idols of their youth. In contrast, no new leftist has been imprisoned for their political views and ideological problems. Another example is a society that relies on state subsidies for basic means of subsistence, which is likely to be a system with rampant privileges, rather than looking so equal. There is a refrigerator in the exhibition hall, which belongs to the families of senior cadres in East Germany. It is filled with all kinds of famous wines and fresh fruits, which is unimaginable for ordinary East Germans living in a shortage economy and rationing system, even though their bread is cheap every day. Some people may ask: Will this refrigerator be fictional, with the purpose of discrediting the red political parties in East Germany? To be sure, unlike other exhibits, this refrigerator can't be the original of any cadre's home. Those fruits are all made of wax. But you can think of it this way: if there is special supply in the supply of consumer goods, in some material-rich societies and market economies, isn't it more inevitable to have the privilege of consumer goods under the rationing system of material shortage? The "Little Birch Shop" in the history of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe was the place where those special offerings were distributed. It is precisely because of these reasons that in the 40 years after the establishment of East Germany, especially in the nearly 30 years after the establishment of the Berlin Wall, countless people are willing to risk their lives and go to jail in an attempt to escape from here to West Germany. From the way they fled, people today can also see that the overall living standard of East Germany is actually higher than that of many countries. For example, the trunk of a car and even the seats are converted into Tibetans; Homemade human aircraft and hot air balloons; Self-made simple submarines and rowing boats (some people drifted from the Baltic Sea to Nordic countries); Digging tunnels (the most successful way to escape, there is an underground passage from East Berlin to West Berlin that once allowed 57 people to escape in two nights) and so on. These require a considerable degree of mechanical tools, equipment and other conditions, and most of them are done by these fugitives in their own homes. Although most fugitives did not achieve their goals, they were sent to prison, which became an important source of an average of 7,000 political prisoners every year. After all, many people got their wish and came to West Berlin or West Germany. It is conceivable that in a society where materials are extremely scarce and people's homes are empty, a society where people only have the most basic tools such as hammers and vises, and a society where every move is clearly seen by neighbors without privacy, such an escape can only be a luxury fantasy or even a myth. I'm afraid these fugitives have no choice but to travel long distances and swim. According to the standards of these societies, East Germany has become a paradise of developed socialism (as Soviet leader Brezhnev said in the 1970s) rather than a well-off society in the primary stage. Aside from national welfare, the technology and materials needed for these self-made escape vehicles also illustrate this point from the opposite side. People in such a society may feel dissatisfied living in such a paradise, but they have to risk their lives to go out. What can they say except that they don't know if they are blessed? On the contrary, in the eyes of East Germans, explaining the word "freedom" by people who think they were born in happiness may be like a summer bug. (RFA) Those who have experienced two totalitarian German societies, Hitler and East Germany, especially those who have experienced cruel persecution, are worried that the younger generation will not understand the historical situation of East Germany. Sino-German Radio held a public discussion to discuss youth and history education in East Germany. From 1930s to 1989, Germany experienced two totalitarian dictatorships of Hitler and the * * * production party in about 60 years. Many people themselves or their relatives and friends have personally experienced the persecution of these two tyrants. To this end, these people and German society deeply understand how tyranny deceives ordinary people and how cruel it is. Now, 23 years after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the complete implementation of democracy in Germany, many people still have not lost their vigilance against leaving Germany's autocracy. On March 5, there were two events, calling on people not to forget their vigilance against the autocracy in East Germany. One is that the people of Berlin ask the Berlin municipal government not to demolish a representative site of the Berlin Wall in the city center, so that people can see the history of that year continuously. One is that Sino-German Radio held a seminar on * * * production party youth and history education in East Germany. The theme of the seminar is "Don't tell me about East Germany". Attending this seminar were Jahn, head of the research department of secret police archives management, Professor Schroeder, a sociologist who specializes in the social problems of the * * * production party at the Free University of Berlin, Doggerlo, Minister of Culture of anhalt, Saxony, and Ms. urban, a former middle school teacher who now works in the Leipzig Student Museum. At the beginning of the seminar, the host asked Professor Schroeder in the name of opening. "Mr. Schroeder, how dangerous do you think it is to hear that many students can't tell the difference between democracy and dictatorship?" In this regard, Professor Schroeder clearly replied: "If people are not sober enough, they will be confused by dictatorship, which is very dangerous. Because it will slowly occupy your whole body and mind. It is very dangerous if you don't know the signs of dictatorship in history, what they did specifically, what democracy means to a person who has experienced dictatorship, and how they evaluate democracy. Today, democracy has become a matter of course for many people, but looking back at history, if you imagine that people living in Germany today have so much free space and so many development possibilities, it is certainly not so natural. " According to Professor Schroeder's survey, one-third of students now think that East Germany once had free elections, and two-thirds of teenagers even think that East Germany is not autocratic. To this end, this seminar made everyone see the necessity of strengthening East German history education in schools. The above is the report from German by special correspondent Yi Tian.