Topic 1: Great Changes in China since Reform and Opening Up (32 pages)
Exam point 29. Understanding *** The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee was a great historical turn
1. When the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee was convened: 1978
2008 is the 30th anniversary of reform and opening up, and also commemorates the 30th anniversary of the convening of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee
2. What was the content of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee? (Why is it said to be a great turning point in history?)
① The meeting restored the Marxist line
② Shifted the center of gravity of the Party and the country to economic construction
③ *** Became the core of the second generation of China's *** leadership group
3. What is the significance of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee?
The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee was a great turning point in China's history, and China has since entered a new period of building socialism with Chinese characteristics.
The most distinctive feature of China in the new period is reform and opening up
4. The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee established ① Center of gravity: economic construction
② Entering a new period: a new period of building socialism with Chinese characteristics
③ The most distinctive feature of the new period: reform and opening up.
5. Reform began first in the countryside, where China's rural areas implemented the household contract responsibility system, which was called the great creation of Chinese farmers.
The reform of the urban economic system is also in full swing, with a single public sector economy transformed into a public sector as the main body of a variety of ownership economy **** with the development.
6. What is the great creation of Chinese peasants?
The implementation of the household contract responsibility system in the countryside
7. What is the role of the household contract responsibility system?
It greatly stimulated the enthusiasm of the peasants, promoted the rapid development of agricultural production, and enabled China to quickly solve the problem of food and clothing for 1.2 billion people.
8. The opening up of the country began with the coastal areas.
Later, a new pattern of opening up to the outside world in all directions was gradually formed
9. What is the purpose of opening up to the outside world?
Purpose: to absorb foreign capital in various forms, learn advanced technology and management methods from abroad, and expand foreign trade.
(The fundamental purpose is to develop the economy)
Effects: ① accelerated the pace of development in China ② promote economic and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries
③ people's living standards have improved significantly ④ the overall national strength has been significantly enhanced
10. When did the reform and opening up begin?
In 1978, *** the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee was held.
11. What is the role (significance) of reform and opening up? (Why is it said to be successful?)
It was the reform and opening-up advocated by *** that led to the sustained, stable and rapid development of China's economy, as well as the unprecedented improvement of the living standards of the Chinese people and the remarkable enhancement of its comprehensive national power.
12. China's accession to the WTO in 2001 marked a new stage of China's opening up to the outside world.
13. What are the events that have a significant impact on China's opening up to the outside world?
① The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee held in 1978, marking the beginning of China's opening up to the outside world;
② China's accession to the WTO in 2001, which marks a new stage of China's opening up.
Exam point 30. understand China's pursuit of an independent foreign policy of peace
1. China's foreign policy is: independent foreign policy of peace.
2. What were the time and events that laid the foundation of New China's diplomatic career?
In 1953, Premier Zhou Enlai put forward the Five Basic Principles of Peaceful ****ing.
3. The significance of the Five Principles of Peaceful ****disposal: it laid the foundation of the new China's diplomatic career.
4. China resumed its legal seat in the United Nations in 1971.
5. When did China's diplomatic activities enter the most proactive, favorable and active period since the founding of New China?
After the *** Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee held in 1978.
6. Since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, China's foreign policy has seen another significant development, putting forward a new strategy of not allying with any major powers and giving new content to its independent foreign policy.
7. The new content of the independent foreign policy is: the new strategy of not allying with any big country
8. The significance of the new strategy is: to give the independent foreign policy a new content.
China's diplomacy has entered the most proactive, favorable and active period since the founding of New China.
Topic II. Peace and Development as the Theme of the Times (34 pages)
1. Peace and development is the theme of the world today.
2. What are the reasons why peace is one of the themes?
After the end of the Cold War, the world is moving towards multipolarity.
The United States has become the only superpower, the vast majority of countries are committed to the development of their own economies, generally opposed to the establishment of a unipolar world of one country's hegemony; the international community's aspirations for peace continue to rise, and the force for peace is growing, the fight for world peace is one of the themes of the world today.
3. The basic situation in the world today: general peace, local wars
4. Maintaining lasting peace in the world is a matter of the well-being of all peoples, and is an unstoppable historical trend
5.
Today, the international community is still a world with a wide gap between the rich and the poor, where backwardness, poverty, crises, and debt haunt the people of developing countries, which account for two-thirds of the world's population.
7. The main factors threatening world peace: ① hegemony, power politics ② terrorism.
8. The causes of terrorism: territorial, ethnic, religious, resource and other contradictions intertwined product.
9. The harm of terrorism: a serious threat to the world's political, economic and security situation.
10. The root cause of the world's instability (the most important factor): hegemony, power politics.
11. What are the new manifestations of hegemony and power politics?
Relying on their economic, scientific and technological, and military advantages, the superpowers advocate "pre-emptive" and "preventive interventions" in order to compete for and control strategic and resource-heavy areas in the world.
12. The development issue is also known as the North-South issue.
The main cause of development problems in today's world is the unjust and irrational old international economic order.
Other reasons: ① long history of colonial plunder and domination (historical reasons)
② war and instability
13. Development problems, highlighted by: the relationship between developed and developing countries
14. The fundamental way to solve the North-South problem (countermeasures): the establishment of a just and reasonable new international economic order.
Other ways (countermeasures): ① continuously promote the North-South dialogue and South-South cooperation
② maintain a stable international peace environment and domestic social stability.
15. What kind of internal and external policies should China pursue to build a harmonious world? What is its role?
Internally: centering on economic construction and strengthening comprehensive national power.
External: pursue an independent foreign policy of peace, promote North-South dialogue and South-South cooperation, and play the role of the United Nations.
Role: to create a good external environment for China's modernization.
Topic III. Building a Sustainable Society (36 pages ------38)
Exam point 34. Understand the current situation of China's population and its impact on social development, and understand that family planning is China's basic national policy
1. China's demographic status: ① large population, new population ② population quality is not high ③ population aging
2. To this end, we must adhere to the basic national policy of family planning.
3. Specific requirements for family planning: advocating late marriage and late parenthood, and optimal parenthood.
4. The purpose of the basic national policy of family planning: to control the number of people and improve the quality of population.
5. The first and foremost task of solving the population problem: to control the number of people and reduce the birth rate
6. The key to realizing the coordinated development of population, resources, environment and economy: to improve the quality of the population
7. What is the impact of China's demographic status quo on the development of society?
General: large population size, low population quality, and aging population will bring heavy pressure on natural, social and economic development.
Sub: ① large population impact: the per capita share of resources is small, exacerbating the resource crisis, environmental degradation; aggravate the pressure on employment, so that a series of social problems such as transportation, housing, education and so on, more prominent; a direct impact on the country's economic development and the improvement of people's living standards.
② the impact of low population quality: increased difficulty in employment; weak environmental awareness, not only the development and utilization of resources to a low degree, but also cause some damage to the environment, affecting the sustainable development of China's economy.
③ the impact of population aging: increased pension, welfare, social security services, economic pressure, increased medical and health care, financial expenditure, etc., to bring great pressure on social progress.
8. What is the significance of realizing the family planning policy for the healthy development of our society?
It reduces the birth rate and slows down the excessive population growth; improves the cultural quality of the population; saves a large amount of resources and funds, and slows down the pressure of the population on resources and the environment; eases the pressure of the excessive population growth on people's clothing, food, housing, transportation, education, employment, medical care and so on, and improves the quality of life of the people.
考点35.了解我国的资源状况及对社会发展的影响，理解解决资源问题的措施
1. (In addition to the total amount of rich, other than the resource problems in China)
① The total amount of natural resources in China is rich, but the amount of resources per capita occupation is very small, which is the basic characteristics of the natural resources of China's national situation
② The distribution of resources is unbalanced `
③ The quality of natural resources is not high
④ The low utilization of resources, destruction and waste is serious. "
2. What are the basic characteristics of China's natural resource situation?
The total amount of natural resources in China is abundant, but the amount of resources per capita is very small
3. Characteristics of natural resources: limited in quantity
4 The harm of various problems in the utilization of resources: further exacerbate the problem of resource shortage.
5. What are the measures to cope with the resource problems in China?
① Open source and cut costs is an important measure to solve the resource problem
② Inter-regional deployment is an effective way to solve the problem of unbalanced regional distribution of resources.
Such as "South-to-North Water Transfer" and "West-to-East Gas Pipeline"
③ The protection of resources into the legal system
6. What?
"Open source" refers to the continuous increase in the proven reserves of resources and the expansion of the scope of resource development.
7. Cutting back on costs: water saving, energy saving, material saving as the center
8. The key to open source and cutting back on costs lies in: science and technology.
9. To solve the resource problem, what is the future direction of human development?
Open source (one of the objectives of the launch of "Chang'e 1" and "Shen Qi")
10.
① Using science and technology, renewable resources can replace non-renewable resources.
② The use of science and technology, can explore new resources and develop new materials.
③ The use of science and technology can improve the utilization of resources, and vigorously develop the circular economy, etc.
11.
The emergence of resource problems has seriously affected the pace of China's economic construction.
12. What should young people do in the resource problem?
① Set up the concept of per capita and saving point of view, cherish and save resources, reduce waste.
①Obey the relevant laws and regulations on resources, and fight against the waste of resources according to the law.
③ Save water, electricity and land, don't eat wild animals and don't use disposable chopsticks.
(Specific actions in daily life)
Exam point 36. Understand China's major environmental problems and their impact on social development, and understand the countermeasures to solve environmental problems
(1) The current situation of China's environmental problems: the relationship between human beings and the environment is becoming increasingly tense, and environmental problems are becoming more and more prominent.
1. Environmental problems can be divided into what two categories?
Ecological problems and environmental pollution.
2. China's main ecological problems: soil erosion and desertification
3. China's main environmental pollution problems: waste gas, waste water and solid waste gas pollution
4. What are the dangers of the environmental problems to the development of our society?
The essence of environmental problems is development.
Ecological damage and environmental pollution has become an important factor restricting China's economic development, affecting social stability, endangering people's health, and has become a major problem threatening the survival and development of the Chinese nation.
5. The essence of the environmental problem is: the problem of development
6. China's measures to solve the environmental problem:
① protection of the environment is a basic state policy in China (status)
② the main measures to protect the environment: adhere to the prevention-oriented, prevention and treatment combined with a comprehensive approach (China's approach to environmental protection), and never repeat the western countries "Pollution first, after the treatment" of the same mistake.
Specific actions:
In terms of ecological construction: ① for some areas of sandstorms, serious soil erosion, according to local conditions, to carry out large-scale construction of shelterbelts
② the prevention and control of desertification into the national economic and social development plan, vigorously carry out sand control
③ also implement the closed forest, fallow farms and return to forests, fallow farms and return to lake and projects to restore the original appearance of the natural environment.
In environmental pollution control: ① focus on the control of large rivers and water pollution
② control of heavy industrial areas and urban air pollution.
7. What should young people do on environmental issues?
① Raise environmental awareness and environmental legal awareness, and actively publicize environmental protection.
② Actively participate in environmental protection activities, and fight against environmental damage according to law.
③ To care for flowers and trees, planting trees and grass, refusing to barbecue on the street and in the open air, not burning waste, not littering.
(How to do it in daily life)
Point 37: Understand the relationship between population, resources, environment and development, and take the road of sustainable development
1. PRED four relations: population, resources, environment and development is an interactive and interdependent whole.
2. In the relationship between population, resources, environment and development (PRED), the demographic factor is: the key factor.
The reason why the population factor is the key factor: with the growth of population and economic development, human demand for natural resources is increasing, resulting in a shortage of resources; human emissions of waste gradually exceed the self-purification capacity of the natural environment, resulting in environmental pollution, which ultimately affects the sustainable development of economy.
It can be seen that changes in population size will trigger a series of changes, including resources, environment, economic development and social change.
3. Natural resources are the basic conditions (status, role) of human life.
Humans and natural resources are closely related to each other.
(relationship)
4. The natural environment is the material basis for human survival and development.
(status, role)
When the relationship between human beings and the natural environment is harmonized, the development of the entire ecosystem is balanced, and the environment for human life, survival and development is superior; otherwise, it will constrain human life, survival and development.
5. The concept of sustainable development: development that meets the needs of the present without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to meet their needs
6. What is the consciousness that human beings should develop in sustainable development? (What is required of human beings?)
Sustainable development requires that human beings live in harmony with nature and be able to recognize their responsibilities to nature, society and future generations, and that people must protect the resources and environmental foundations necessary for human survival and development with high moral standards.
Human beings should harmonize the relationship between population, resources, environment and development, and pursue development without harming the interests of others and future generations.
7. To realize sustainable development, we need to follow three basic principles:
① Principle of equity Meaning: Equity between generations, between generations, between human beings and other species, and between different countries and regions.
② The principle of sustainability Meaning: human economic activities and social development must remain within the carrying capacity of resources and the environment.
③ Principle of ****similarity Meaning: Many regional problems are often transformed into global problems, which requires that
local decisions and actions should contribute to the realization of overall global coordination.
8. In China, sustainable development is moving from concept to practice
①China *** issued the White Paper on China's Agenda 21 ---- China's Population, Environment and Development in the 21st Century, which puts forward China's overall strategy for implementing sustainable development.
② China has not only actively explored the path of sustainable development with Chinese characteristics, but also participated in international cooperation to solve global environmental problems.
(The strategy has moved from concept to practice, and China has made efforts in two specific areas)
③ In China, sustainable development is moving from concept to practice.
Young people should build up a sense of sustainable development and make their own contribution to building a sustainable society through their own actions.
9. What should China do in the face of the national conditions of population, resources and environment?
① In the whole process of modernization, we must implement the strategy of sustainable development, and strive to build our country into a resource-saving and environmentally friendly society.
(two types of societies built)
② Promote the coordination of man and nature, and promote the entire society to take the road of civilized development of production development, living in affluence, ecological good, and promote the construction of ecological civilization.
10. What is the path of civilized development?
The civilized development path of productive development, rich living and good ecology
Topic IV. Socialist Market Economy and Regional Economy (40 pages)
Point 38. know the "invisible hand" and "visible hand" in the modern market economy. Visible hand"
1. the invisible hand is the market through the price transmission of signals, directing producers, operators and consumers to change their plans at the right time, and spontaneously regulate the distribution of people, money and goods in the social scope (i.e. market regulation)
2. visible hand *** regulation of the market economy
3. in the market economy, the "invisible hand" and " . p> 3. In the market economy, the use of the "invisible hand" should pay attention to what?
Under the conditions of a market economy, only by following the laws of the market economy and consciously utilizing the "invisible hand" can the economy develop healthily.
4. What is the role of macro-control? (The necessity of macro-control)
*** Necessary intervention and macro-control can make up for the shortcomings of market regulation, thus promoting the healthy development of the economy
5.
It can automatically organize and coordinate the economic activities of the whole society and play the role of optimizing the allocation of resources.
6. The status and role of market regulation in the allocation of resources?
Market regulation plays a fundamental role in the allocation of resources.
(It spontaneously regulates the distribution of people, money and goods within the society)
Exam point 39: Understanding the principle of "according to local conditions, complement each other's advantages" in the development of regional economy
1. China's principle of developing regional economy: according to local conditions, complement each other's advantages (between two places)
According to local conditions, develop industries with advantages (local)
2.
China is a vast country, the natural environment and resource conditions, social history and cultural background of different regions are very different
3. How to develop regional economy according to local conditions? (What should be the first step in developing a regional economy?)
The development of regional economy, first of all, should analyze the conditions of regional development, the dominant factors and advantageous products, in order to make the healthy development of the economy.
4. What is the role of vigorous trade activities in developing regional economy according to local conditions?
Background: In the modern market economy, each region will have its own resource characteristics and famous products, the content of trade is getting richer and richer, and the size of the market is getting bigger and bigger.
Role: the development of regional economy according to local conditions, vigorously carry out trade activities, can make people fully produce their own advantageous industries, so that everywhere can enjoy more and more rich products.
5. What is the regional distribution of various resources in China?
① the western region is rich in energy resources, there are advantageous conditions for the development of energy industry;
② the eastern region of the industrial and transportation base, talent, technology, capital, to become China's most economically developed regions;
③ the south of the abundant precipitation, humid air, water resources are abundant, and many places are the land of fish and rice.
④ The north has less precipitation, drier air and fewer water resources, and is suitable for the development of dry farming.
Topic V. Living in the International Community
POINT 40. Understand the three basic features of today's international community
1.
① economic globalization ② international pattern towards multipolarity ③ cultural pluralism
2. Globalization is manifested in the globalization of production, circulation and consumption.
3. Cultural pluralism: (meaning) every nation in the world has its own unique cultural form and cultural personality.
The process of how: the process of globalization must be different cultures *** with the survival, *** enjoy the process of cultural achievements.
4. What is the role of cultural diversity?
Cultural diversity is the basis for the spread of culture, the driving force of cultural development, and an important driving force for the vitality and progress of the world.
Point 41: Know China's World Heritage Sites
1. What are the World Heritage Sites in China?
Beijing: the Forbidden City, the Summer Palace, the Great Wall, the Temple of Heaven, Zhoukoudian "Peking Man" site. Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum), Shandong Qufu Confucius Temple Confucius Forest Confucius House, Gansu Mogao Grottoes, Sichuan Qingcheng Mountain - Dujiangyan, Anhui Anhui Ancient Villages, China Goguryeo King City, the King's Tomb and the burials of the nobility, the Historic Centre of Macao, Henan Yinxu, Guangdong Kaiping Watchtower and villages.
Exam point 42. know the role of the European Union, the World Trade Organization and the United Nations
1. The European Union: is the most highly integrated regional political . Economic bloc organization
Impact: its rise is conducive to the world towards multipolarity
2. United Nations
Definition: is the world's largest international organization, is a multi-polar world today *** with the development of world rules.
In the face of the multipolarity of the world, the United Nations is the most extensive and authoritative in the formulation of the rules of international relations
3. The historical origin of the United Nations:
① The United Nations is a product of the victory of the world's people in the war against fascism.
② In 1945, China, the Soviet Union, the United States, the United Kingdom and other more than 50 countries held a constitutional conference of the United Nations in San Francisco, United States, 〈〈UN *** 〉〉 on October 24, 1945 came into force.
This day became the birth date of the United Nations.
To date, there are more than 190 Member States.
4. The date of the birth of the United Nations: October 24, 1945....
5. Purpose of the United Nations: to maintain world peace and security and to promote international cooperation and development
6.
Member States *** equality, fulfillment of *** obligations, settlement of international disputes by peaceful means, prohibition of the threat or use of force against other States, collective cooperation, ensuring that non-member States comply with the above principles, non-interference in the internal affairs of any State, etc.
7.
7. What role does the United Nations play?
Peace: maintaining world peace and security, easing international tensions, and resolving regional conflicts.
Development: to promote the social and economic development of all countries
8. China is a permanent member of the United Nations (status).
China actively participates in the activities of the United Nations and the specialized agencies that are conducive to world peace and development, and has made important contributions to the cause of the United Nations.
(How China contributes)
9. World Trade Organization
① Definition: "In the face of economic globalization, the World Trade Organization has formulated the "rules of the game", which are the most widely used and authoritative rules of the world
market. The rules.
② Some people call the World Trade Organization economic United Nations,
③ its basic functions: the development and supervision of the implementation of multilateral trade rules, the organization of multilateral trade negotiations, the settlement of trade disputes between members
④. What is the role of the World Trade Organization?
It has substantially reduced the level of import tariffs around the world, promoting the development of international trade; it provides for the basic principles of international trade, promoting the orderly conduct of international trade.
10. China joined the World Trade Organization on December 11, 2001, marking the beginning of a new era of international trade.
It marks a new stage in China's opening up to the outside world.
11. What is the impact of joining the World Trade Organization on China?
Accession to the WTO favors China's economic development, but also brings major responsibilities and challenges to China *** and its people.
(Both favorable and unfavorable)