Ivan sergeyevich Turgenev (18 18 ~ 1883)
Russian critical realist writer19th century was born into a hereditary aristocratic family. 1833 entered the literature department of Moscow university, and one year later transferred to the Chinese major of the philosophy department of Petersburg university. After graduation, he went to Berlin University in Germany to study philosophy, history, Greece and Latin.
1In the spring of 843, Turgenev published a long narrative poem "Balasha", which was well received by belinsky, and they established a profound friendship.
1847 ~ 185 1 year, he published his famous work Hunter's Notes in the progressive journal Modern People. It appears in the form of prose written by a hunter while hunting, including 25 short stories. While describing rural scenery, living customs and farmers' images, the book profoundly exposes the ugly and cruel nature of landlords who seem to be civilized and kind, and is full of sympathy for the bullied working people, writing their wisdom and good moral character. The anti-serfdom tendency of this work angered the authorities, who arrested and exiled Turgenev because he published an article commemorating Nikolai Gogol and violated the censorship regulations. During his detention, he wrote the famous anti-slavery short story Jiang Mumu.
The fifties and seventies of 19 were the heyday of Turgenev's creation. His novels have been published one after another: Luo Ting (1856), Noble House (1859), Eve before (1860) and Father and Son (1860). Luo Ting, his first novel, created another "superfluous man" image after onegin and Pickering, but the difference is that Luo Ting died in the street fighting in Paris in June 1848. Father and Son is Turgenev's masterpiece. It reflects the "father-son" relationship representing different social class forces, describes the "old times" of Kirsha Novo, a representative of the pro-British liberal aristocracy, and shapes a new generation of representative-civilian intellectual Bazarov. But Bazarov is also full of contradictions. He is a rebel of the old system and a "nihilist" who denies all old traditions and ideas. He claimed to fight, but he didn't act. After the novel came out, it caused a heated debate in the literary world.
Since 1960s, Turgenev has spent most of his time in Western Europe, and made many famous writers and artists, such as Zola, Mo Bosang, Dude, Goncourt and so on. Attended the "International Literature Conference" held in Paris, and was elected as the vice chairman (with victor hugo as the chairman). Turgenev is a bridge between Russian literature and European literature.
Turgenev is a writer with unique artistic style. He is good at both delicate psychological description and lyricism. The novel is rigorous in structure, compact in plot and vivid in characters, especially good at depicting women's artistic images in detail, and his description of charming nature is also poetic.
Ivan sergeyevich Turgenev
Russian writer.
His life was1818165438+10. He was born in an aristocratic family in Oreal province on September 9th and died in Paris on September 3rd, 883. My father is a retired officer and my mother is a violent and willful landlord. I spent my childhood and adolescence in Spask Farm. 1827 moved to Moscow with his family. 1833 entered the Chinese Department of Moscow University, transferred to the Chinese Department of Philosophy Department of St. Petersburg University the following year, and graduated from 1837. 1838 Go abroad to study philosophy and classical Chinese at Berlin University. 184 1 year returned to China and worked in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. At the end of 1842, he met belinsky, and they forged a profound friendship, which had a profound impact on his life and literary career. At the beginning of 1847, he wrote several close-ups which were later included in the Hunter's Notes. 1moved to Paris in February, 848 and witnessed the bloody suppression of the workers' uprising by the bourgeoisie. He was very angry. 1850 Return to China. Nikolai Nikolai Gogol died in 1852. He published a mourning article, and the czar authorities detained him for one month for "violating censorship regulations". During his detention, he wrote the short story "Jiang Mumu" to protest against serfdom to express his will to persist in the struggle. Subsequently, he was deported to his hometown and continued to be under the supervision of the police. He was only allowed to return to Petersburg at the end of 1853.
Turgenev began to write for modern people from 1847, and maintained close cooperation with him in the 1950s. Later, he left Modern People magazine because there were serious differences between his liberal views and the revolutionary democratic views of Chernyshevski, director of the magazine.
1863 and then lived in baden-baden. 1872 moved to Paris in February. In Paris, he kept close contacts with French writers such as Flaubert and Zola, and did a lot of work in publicizing and introducing Russian literary achievements to Western Europe. At the same time, he also made friends with Russian populists Lavrov and Krupotkin living abroad, and funded their publication "Forward". After his death in Paris, his body was transported back to China and buried in volkov Cemetery in Petersburg.
Turgenev's creative career began in college. 1834, he wrote his first poetic drama "stino", which has distinct romantic characteristics. The narrative poem balasa published by 1843 marks his transition from romanticism to realism. Belinsky saw the author's "unique talent" from this poem. Then he gradually turned to prose creation. The first prose work is the novella Andre Kolosov. Then he published the narrative poem The Landlord and the novella Bitu Skov, all of which showed the influence of naturalism and Nikolai Nikolai Gogol. He also wrote many plays, including Dinner, Banquet of the Noble, The Bachelor and so on. , mainly reflects the life and customs of the nobility. Novellas published in the early 1950s, such as Diary of a Redundant Man and Yakov Pa Sinkov. The play "January Village" reflects the contradiction between ordinary intellectuals and nobles for the first time.
What brought Turgenev great fame was his Hunter's Notes, which consisted of 22 monographs and short stories. There is a unified theme in the book, which is to expose and protest feudal serfdom. Many of the characters written can be divided into two diametrically opposite categories: one is the peasant image described by the author from the perspective of "no one has ever been so close", and the other is the landlord image portrayed by the author with hatred. The different attitudes and evaluations of the two types of characters clearly show the author's ideological tendency of humanitarianism and democracy. The poetic description of nature and lyrical narrative style in the works increase its artistic charm.
From the mid-1950s to the end of 1970s, this writer published six novels, which became the artistic chronicle of Russian social life from the 1940s to the 1970s.
Luoting is about the role of aristocratic intellectuals. Luo Ting, the hero, is an "unnecessary person" in life. The Noble House is also a novel about "redundant people". The protagonist Ralph Lenski finally resigned from the battlefield of life, which indicates the end of the historical role of aristocratic intellectuals. The Night Before is the first novel in which the writer turns to a "new person", an ordinary intellectual. Yelena, the heroine, pursues freedom and liberates a new female image. Father and Son focuses on Russia's own "newcomers". Father refers to the older generation of nobles, and "son" refers to the new generation of civilian intellectuals. The novel profoundly reveals the contradictions and conflicts between these two generations. Smoke reflects the nominal reform of serfdom. Virgin Land directly reflects the social movement of "going to the people" initiated by populists in 1970s. The author evaluates this movement from the angle of his own gradualism, and places his hopes on the reformist Salome.
Turgenev's works include novellas such as Faust, Summer, First Love, Spring Tide and later prose poems.
Turgenev is a world-renowned Russian realistic artist in the19th century. His novels not only reflected the social reality of Russia at that time quickly and timely, but also were good at creating many vivid characters through vivid plots, appropriate words and deeds and descriptions of natural scenes. His language is concise, simple, accurate and beautiful, which has made important contributions to the standardization of Russian language. China began to translate and introduce Turgenev's novels as early as 19 17. Now almost all his major works have been translated into Chinese, and some famous works have many translations.
Turgenev is a Russian writer. Born into a noble family. He wrote poems (Palasha, Landlord, etc.) in his early years. ). 1847 ~ 1852 published the hunter's diary, which exposed the cruelty of serf owners and the miserable life of serfs, so he was exiled. While in prison, he wrote a novella Jiang Mumu to protest against serfdom. Later, Luo Ting (1856), Noble House (1859), novella Xia, Diary of a Redundant Person and so on were published. Describing intellectuals from aristocratic landlords who are argumentative but lack the spirit of struggle. The novel Eve (1860) portrays the image of Salov, a Bulgarian revolutionary and an Englishman. Later, he published the novel Father and Son, which described the ideological conflict between aristocratic liberals and civilian intellectuals. Later novels Smoke (1867) and Virgin Land (1877) denied aristocratic reactionaries and aristocratic liberals, criticized incomplete populists, but showed pessimism. In addition, he also wrote the play Village in January and prose poems.
Suhomlinski (1918 ——1970) is the most famous educator in contemporary Soviet Union. Born in a peasant family in Ukraine. 1936 to 1939 studied in the correspondence department of poltava normal university, and obtained the qualification certificate of middle school teacher after graduation. From 1948 to his death, he served as the principal of Pavlysh Middle School, a complete rural middle school in his hometown. Since 1957, he has been a member of the Communication Institute of the Russian Federation. 1968, member of the School of Communication, Soviet Institute of Education. 1969 was awarded the title of Ukrainian socialist meritorious teacher and won two Lenin medals and 1 Red Star medals.
Suhomlinski has done a series of research on educational theory while working in school, including 100 Suggestions for Teachers, Dedicated to Children, pavle Middle School, Birth of Citizens, etc.
Determined to teach
Suhomlinski's primary and secondary school life has always been spent in rural schools. This is a seven-year school. Although the school facilities are ordinary, there are many good teachers here. This is an excellent environment for Suhomlinski, who was nurtured by his family since childhood. His good nature has been brought into full play here, and his knowledge and ability have been rapidly broadened. He often takes the initiative to help his parents and neighbors at home. At school, he was a student with excellent academic performance, and was valued and cared for by Ivan Savage, then president, and Buskowski, then educational director. However, the first female teacher, Anna Samoilo Naing, had the greatest influence on him.
This woman teacher is not only a teacher for children, but also a close partner of children in education. Suhomlinski thinks this female teacher is like a witch. She knows all the secrets of beauty. When she gives lectures, the students have a strong interest, and the knowledge she teaches is often engraved in the students' memories. She often takes her children to nature, guides students to think about many problems, learns a lot, and understands a lot of truth ... We cite an event like this:
One afternoon, Anna Samoilo Naing took her students to the forest, which is a place that Sukhomlinski is familiar with. He usually comes here to play. But the female teacher's explanation exposed him to many new things that he hadn't noticed before, and many things that surprised him. Look at this blooming linden tree making honey for bees; Look at that bird's nest-Suhomlinski used to barrel it with a stick in a prank, but now the teacher says that this bird's nest has cloisters and squares, kindergartens and granaries ... It turned out to be a fairy tale city. He felt that he didn't come with the teacher. You won't find so many beautiful things in the world. When the children enjoyed the beautiful scenery of nature and hurried home, she also had a new trick: "Children, pick some flowers for grandpa, grandma, dad and mom. When children care about their elders, elders will feel happy, and flowers-this is a sign of care and love. ..... "Suhomlinski received such an education.
This makes young Suhomlinski not only fall in love with books, companions and nature, but also respect teachers more. He is eager to be as knowledgeable as a teacher and eager to be like a teacher. Since then, Suhomlinski has gradually established his ambition to be a teacher. Therefore, when he graduated from a seven-year school, he resolutely decided to apply for normal colleges. Later, he grew from an ordinary teacher to a great educator.
Reflection error
Suhomlinski also made such mistakes in his educational practice.
He had just joined the work at that time. A boy named Stjepa, because he was too lively and naughty, accidentally broke a pot of roses cherished by the whole class in the classroom during a play. In this regard, Suhomlinski reprimanded the student loudly, and tried his best to let this problem children touch the soul and learn from it. Afterwards, the children in the class brought three pots of such flowers. Suhomlinski asked the children to take turns to take care of them, but Stepa was not allowed to take part in this group activity. Soon, the student became less talkative and naughty. Young Suhomlinski thought at the time that all this was right, indicating that his reprimand had played a role in this student.
But the unpleasant incident happened a few weeks after he scolded the students. This day after school, Suhomlinski stayed in the classroom because of unfinished business, and Stipa was here. He is going to finish his homework and go home. When he found that there were only teachers and them in the classroom, Steppa felt embarrassed and hurried home. Suhomlinski didn't notice this situation, and inadvertently asked Stepa to go to the grass to pick flowers with him. At that time, Stipa's expression changed quickly, and he gave a wry smile first; Then tears rolled down, and then ran home in front of Suhomlinski. ...
This incident touched Suhomlinski very much. Only then did he realize how uncomfortable the child was for punishment. He began to realize that his previous practice was to unconsciously alienate his children and make them feel wronged. Because the child accidentally broke the flower branch, regretted his behavior, and was willing to do something good to make up for his mistake, but rudely refused his will. It is undoubtedly a blow to children to report this sincere and childlike regret to the educational influence of venting anger.
Since then, Suhomlinski has learned this lesson and rarely used punishment in his future work. Usually, he takes a tolerant attitude towards children who make bad behavior consequences because of ignorance. He believes that forgiveness can touch the most sensitive corner of students' self-esteem.
"Don't recite"
After Suhomlinski became the principal, he repeatedly put forward the slogan of "thinking, not memorizing". However, people seldom know that the opportunity that triggered him to have this idea was in a class where he was listening to a Chinese teacher in the lower grades of primary school.
One morning, as usual, Suhomlinski went to listen to a Chinese teacher in the lower grades of primary school. In the first few minutes of class, the students thought nervously about the questions raised by the teacher. The young teacher began to ask the students to answer questions. Suhomlinski carefully recorded the students' answers, but the students' answers did not satisfy him. He found that many words and phrases used by students have no obvious representation in their consciousness and have nothing to do with things and phenomena in the world around them. Students just repeat other people's ideas, and people only hear some clumsy and rote sentences and phrases squeezed out by students. What do they mean? It seems that the students don't understand clearly. Suhomlinski thought, "Why are students' answers always so poor, pale and expressionless? "Why do children often lack their own life thoughts in these answers?" At this time, when the class is in progress, only the teacher prompts the students; "Review after class, remember the meaning of words and sentence patterns, and ask questions in the next class …" Hearing this, Suhomlinski frowned, unable to concentrate on listening any longer.
Does he think that the only task of teaching is to remember, keep and reproduce in front of students? It seems that my work is still flawed, and the problems I solved in practice have not been popularized among teachers in time. At this time, a composition by Natasha, a first-year student, clearly reflected in his mind:
"It was summer. There is a strong wind blowing. The wind brought a seed with hairy wings to the grassland. The seeds fell into the green grass on the grassland. The grass asked in surprise, "Who is this?" The seed said, "This is a flower with wings." . I want to grow on the grass here. Grass happily welcomes new neighbors. Winter goes and spring comes, and the grass turns blue. Where the seeds first fell, a stout stem was exposed, and yellow flowers bloomed on it. It's too bright, just like a small sun. Ah! This turned out to be dandelion! Grass said. "
This is to take students to observe the shape and color of flowers, as well as the different characteristics of this kind of flowers and that kind of flowers, and guide them to relate these things to each other, such as flashing sunshine, white petals, busy bees, trembling branches and leisurely butterflies, and then let students fully imagine and make up various stories about flowers.
Students can write such a composition, indicating that words have entered the students' spiritual life. Although the expression is influenced by fairy tales told to them, it is their own language. Thinking has become a distinctive feature of such children. I always hear some teachers say that students with poor learning results are "stupid" and don't study hard. Now, it seems that the traditional teaching ideas used by teachers have caused the limitations of children's intelligence, resulting in students not learning-not observing, not thinking, not inferring, and only relying on rote memorization. The whole teaching system of modern schools needs scientific improvement and should be built on three pillars; Bright thinking, living language, children's creation. It seems that teachers should not only teach students a certain range of knowledge in class, but also strengthen their thinking training. ...
"When! When! When! ..... "The bell after class interrupted Suhomlinski's thinking, but now he has thought of an agenda for the next school meeting, which is" How to make students learn to think ". He will put forward the slogan "think, don't memorize" to the teachers and students of the whole school.
Guide patiently and systematically
Suhomlinski's educational methods for primary school students are flexible and diverse. He took folk fairy tales as one of the methods of school education and achieved good results. We just extracted a fragment from many educational examples in which he used this method.
This is the day after the summer vacation. Class A, Grade Three, is going to training under the leadership of Suhomlinski. Considering that there are many things to bring, one of the students suggested that two people form a pair, and some things can be shared, which can reduce the burden of the journey. This suggestion was praised by the class teacher Suhomlinski, and the children began to combine freely, showing a scene of joy. Everyone has a pair, but Andrea, a student who thinks he is conceited at ordinary times, doesn't have a pair. He is crying.
Suhomlinski called Andreica aside and asked about the situation, knowing that none of his classmates wanted to pair up with him. The child felt wronged because all his companions were jealous of him. Suhomlinski knew this student's nature well and thought it was a good opportunity for education. He said bluntly to Anderica, "You have to understand, Anderica, the hardest thing is to force yourself to feel. If you force yourself to feel, you will look at your classmates and people in a different way. If you always think that you are the smartest person, the most talented person, and the best person, then in the end you will become the most isolated person ... "
"But, in fact, I am better at solving problems than anyone else. I can recite poems faster than anyone else ... How many times have you said,' Well done, Andreica and Andreica studied it, and now I understand ...' I know more than anyone else. Is this my fault? " The child cried even more sadly.
In what language can Suhomlinski explain it again? Preaching obviously has little effect on children. He considered how to explain the boy so that he could understand, know and believe. ...
"Anderica, let's find a cool place to sit down. Let me tell you a story. This story is very similar to ours. Would you like to listen? " Andreica nodded. They came to a big oak tree and sat on a bench. Suhomlinski told a story of "Chrysanthemum and Onion". After hearing this story, Andreica's tears have dried up. From this story, he seems to have realized a truth: everyone has his own strengths and uses, so don't be smart enough to look down on his classmates. He bowed his head in shame and said nothing.
Suhomlinski adopted this method of telling fairy tales, which made it easy for primary school students to accept and receive due education from analogy. This is undoubtedly a great creation.
Save the "poor students"
In pavle Middle School led by Suhomlinski, an idea has been formed: I believe all children can receive a good education. There is no concept of "poor students", only "students with difficulties" or "students with educational difficulties". In educational practice, it is generally not just a teacher who educates these students, but the obligation of the whole collective. Suhomlinski educated 178 "difficult-to-educate students" in his life, and all of them had a difficult educational process. Suhomlinski visits the families of children with difficulties every week in order to have a deeper understanding of the initial environment that formed their moral values. He talked with his parents, his parents' neighbors and the teachers who had taught these children.
On this day, he came to the "home" of Gauriat, a pupil. This "home" left him the impression that Gloria was a very unfortunate child. He lost his father when he was a child, and his mother committed a felony when he was just one year old and was sentenced to ten years in prison. Gloria lived in her aunt's house since she was a child, and her aunt regarded him as an extra burden. Goliath became a typical "difficult-to-educate student", which was his family background.
It turned out that after he went to school for a month, everyone had a clear image of him: he was a lazy student who often cheated. In a short time, he showed the characteristics of "difficult to teach". In autumn, when the senior students planted trees, he deliberately destroyed the roots of several saplings and boasted about his "heroic behavior" to the whole class. Once in class, he put his hand into someone else's schoolbag, took out his textbook, stained it with ink, and put it back, deceiving the teacher with an innocent and poised attitude. Another day, their class went hiking in the forest and bumped into this and that along the way. When the head teacher, a female teacher, deliberately ignored him and explained the relevant knowledge of valleys, hills, mountains and gullies to other students, he walked up to all the students, made funny moves and climbed the cliff to look down. The teacher reminded me by innuendo: "students, don't go near the edge of the gully, it's dangerous to fall!" " He suddenly shouted, "I'm not afraid! I have already rolled down this ravine! " He rolled up and down. ...
According to the situation of home visits, Suhomlinski asked the head teacher and other relevant teachers to analyze the reasons for Gauriat's above-mentioned behavior. He put forward his own opinion: Gloria's attitude towards his behavior is artificial and unnatural. The influence of family environment made Gao Li lose confidence in people. For him, there is nothing sacred and intimate in life. Suhomlinski's views greatly touched the teachers' thoughts. Everyone agrees that the reason why Gao Rui is so bad is that he only saw his bad and dissolute side in the past, but didn't take the initiative to care about and tap the bright spot in him. The student's weakness is to protest against the indifference of the people around him. This analysis enhances teachers' sympathy, attention, educational sensitivity and observation.
On one occasion, Suhomlinski found the child playing alone, which seemed very casual. He invited Gauriat to enter the biology laboratory, and asked Gauriat to help him choose the excellent seeds of apple and pear trees. Although Gao Rui pretends to be disdainful of cultivating saplings, the child's curiosity has the upper hand. They made two kinds of heads together until they were very tired. This matter aroused great interest of Gauriat. When the head teacher went to Gauriat's home again, he found that he was fertilizing and planting trees. After that, the class teacher instructed Gauriat to guide other children in the class tree planting activities. Timely discovery and encouragement warm children's hearts. Although Gao Rui had many bad tendencies later, teachers paid attention to being good at recovering losses and following the rules. Under the collective education of this teacher, this child gloriously joined the Young Pioneers in the third grade, and will often help other companions in trouble and do good deeds silently for the collective in the future. Gloria seems to be a different person.
From here, we can see one of Suhomlinski's educational beliefs: love children, care for and respect children, and believe that all children can become better in education.
"special reward"
In the process of educating students, Suhomlinski is good at making use of the situation, giving positive encouragement and inspiring students' hearts. People praised this as a "special reward"
Once, Suhomlinski called his 65,438+02-year-old son Sereza to his eyes, gave him a new shovel, and said to him, "Son, go to the field, measure out a piece of land with a length and width of 100 feet, and make a good plan." The son happily took a shovel and went to dig in the field.
Before getting used to shovels, Sereza felt very laborious. Then it gets easier and easier. But when he was about to dig out the last shovel with a shovel, the shovel handle broke.
When Sereza came home, he felt uneasy: What will my father say about me once he knows that the shovel is broken? "Dad, don't blame me," said the son. "I lost something at home." "What is it?" Father asked. "The shovel is broken." At this time, Suhomlinski did not blame the child, but asked: "Have you learned to dig? Finally, do you feel more and more laborious or more relaxed? "
The child replied, "It's getting easier and easier in the end." Then Suhomlinski said, "It seems that you didn't lose, but you won". The child is puzzled. He continued: "Willing to work is the most precious harvest." At this time, the child's uneasy heart suddenly calmed down. This is not only a kind of spiritual pleasure, but also allows children to see the value of labor and establish a good concept of labor.
On another occasion, Jina's grandmother, a first-grade female student, was very ill. Jina wants to pick a flower for her grandmother so that she can get some happiness from her illness. However, it's winter, where can I find flowers? At this time, she thought that there were many chrysanthemums in the greenhouse of the school, and the most beautiful one was the blue "happiness flower" that all the teachers and students in the school loved very much. Ji Na was so absorbed in her seriously ill grandmother that she forgot the school rules. She walked into the greenhouse early in the morning and picked the "flower of happiness"
At this moment, Suhomlinski walked into the greenhouse. He was very surprised when he saw the chrysanthemum in Jina's hand. However, he soon noticed the innocence and pleading in the child's eyes. After he asked Gina about the situation, he was very moved to say; "Gina, you pick three more flowers, one for you, because you have a kind heart; The other two are for your parents, who have educated a kind person. "
old age
Suhomlinski was often hospitalized due to illness in his later years, and even in the ward, he still insisted on working. The patient asked him, "You are a famous figure and a socialist labor hero. Why do you insist on working when you are sick?" He replied, "Man's mission is to live for the people."
Fu Lei (1908— 1966) is a literary translator. The word female security is called female security. People from Nanhui County, Shanghai. In the early 1920s, I studied at Xuhui Public School founded by Catholicism in Shanghai. He was expelled from school for making fierce remarks against superstition and religion. During the May 30th Movement, he took part in a street parade. During the Northern Expedition, he participated in the student movement of the middle school affiliated to Datong University, and was forced out of the countryside by his widowed mother under the threat of arrest by the Kuomintang. /kloc-in the winter of 0/927, I left Shanghai to attend the liberal arts class of Paris University in France. Specializing in both art theory and art criticism. 193 1 During his visit to Italy in the spring of, he gave a speech in Rome on the significance of the national army's northern expedition and its struggle with the northern warlords, and lashed out at the reactionary rule of the northern warlords. I have been to Switzerland, Belgium, Italy and other countries during my study abroad. 193 1 After returning to China in autumn, he devoted himself to the translation and introduction of French literature, with rich translations, fluent writing, vivid writing and rigorous translation attitude. During the Cultural Revolution, due to political persecution, the couple died on September 1966.
There are more than 30 kinds of works translated by Fu Lei, mainly French literature. Among them, Balzac accounts for 65,438+05 species: Gao Laotou, Alpay Savalon, Eugenie Grande, Aunt Bei, Uncle Bunce, Colonel Xia Bei, Xiao Ye Lina, Ban Zuo, Hu Xuer Miro, Saicha Pirodeau's rise and fall, the woman who stirred the water, and Toure's. There are four kinds of Roman Roland: John Christophe, Beethoven, Michelangelo and Tolstoy. There are four kinds of Voltaire: honest man, naive man, such a world and Chateague. Two kinds of beauty: Jamaan Jamaan and Gao. There are three kinds of Mo Luoa: The Biography of Voltaire, Five Difficult Problems in Life and Love and Sacrifice. In addition, there are books translated by Su Bu's The Legend of Charlotte, Duhaman's Civilization, Dana's Philosophy of Art, Russell's Road to Happiness, Newton's English Painting, etc. In the early 1960s, Frey was accepted as a member of Balzac Research Society in France because of his outstanding contribution to the translation of Balzac's works. All his translations were edited by his family, and were submitted to Anhui People's Publishing House for compilation of Fu Lei's Translation Collection, which was published in 198 1 year and has been published in 15 volumes. Fu Lei's letter to his eldest son Fu Cong was compiled as a letter from Fu Lei (198 1). After finishing and publishing, it also attracted the attention of readers.
Freipu
⊙1On April 7th, 908, Fu Lei was born in a famous family in Jiangnan. Because they cried loudly when they were born, the elders took "Lei" as the name and "Warm" as the word.
1921year, admitted to Shanghai Xuhui public school (Catholic school) junior high school.
1924, because of anti-superstition and anti-religion, the words are fierce.