6. Fish have a pike shape, which serves to: reduce swimming resistance and is suitable for swimming. Fish body is divided into three main parts: head, trunk and tail.
8, the fish in swimming mainly by the body _ trunk _ and caudal fin _ of the left and right swing hit the current to produce forward momentum, other fins play a supporting role. The dorsal, pectoral, and ventral fins all play a role in maintaining balance while the caudal fin determines the direction of the fish's movement.
9. The sensory organ of the fish is the lateral line (sensing the water flow and determining the direction).
10, the gills are bright red, because of the rich capillaries; gill filaments are many and thin, its role is to greatly increase the contact area with the water to promote blood and gas exchange with the outside world.
12, water from the fish ___ mouth ___ into the gills, and then by the gill cover back edge (gill hole) out. When the water flows through the gill filaments, the dissolved __oxygen__ in the water enters the __capillaries__ of the gill filaments, while the __carbon dioxide _____ is discharged into the water by the gill filaments; so the water flowing out through the gills is reduced in the amount of __oxygen__ compared with that flowing in from the mouth and the carbon dioxide__ content increases.
13, the main characteristics of fish are: adapted to live in _water_; body surface is _scaled_; breathing with _gills_; swimming through the tail swing and _fin_ of the coordinated action.
14, anemones, jellyfish, coral polyps and other animals have a simple structure, they have a mouth without anus _, food from the mouth _ into the digestive cavity, digested food residues are still by the mouth out of the body. These animals are called coelenterates.
15, like mussels, moth snails and other soft body by the shell to protect the body of the animal called mollusks. Squid, octopus shell degradation, is also a mollusk.
16, shrimp and crabs and other body surface with a hard texture of the armor, called crustaceans.
17, a variety of organisms in the water are an important part of the aquatic ecosystem. Between them through the food chain and food network, the formation of close and complex links, and at the same time are subject to the influence of the water environment, the changes in species and the number of growth and development will affect human life.
18, seahorses are fish, whales, dolphins, seals are mammals, turtles, sea turtles are reptiles.
Two, land-living animals ------- earthworms
1, the characteristics of the terrestrial environment and the adaptation of land animals: ① dry climate ...... has a structure to prevent the dissipation of water from the body, such as reptiles have horny scales or armor, insects have exoskeletons . ② lack of water buoyancy ...... have organs that support the body and movement . ③ Have a variety of ways to move . For example, crawling, walking, jumping, running, climbing, etc., in order to forage for food and avoid enemies. ③ gaseous oxygen for respiration ...... with the ability to breathe in the air, located inside the body of the respiratory organs, such as the lungs and trachea (the exception of earthworms, rely on the wall of the body to breathe) ④ large temperature differences between day and night, the environment is changing rapidly and complex ...... with a well-developed sensory organs and the nervous system, to the changing The environment is changing rapidly and complexly. has developed sensory organs and nervous system, responding to the changing environment in time.
2, earthworms live in humus-rich moist soil, through the muscles and bristles to make the body peristalsis, by the secretion of mucus, always keep wet body wall breathing. According to the ring band bearing in the front of the body to determine the head and tail (ring band is also called the reproductive band).
3. The meaning of the earthworm's body segmentation is that it allows the earthworm's body to move flexibly and turn easily.
4, with a finger touching the earthworm body segments near the ventral surface, there is a rough and uneven feeling, using a magnifying glass to observe, see the ventral surface there are many small protuberances is the bristles, bristles is to assist in the movement of the role of the (fixed; support)
5, earthworms in the moist soil of the deep burrowing reasons: because it can provide earthworms with a suitable survival, living environment and reproduction of the conditions, generally including the appropriate temperature, humidity, gaseous oxygen, the environment and reproduction. Temperature, humidity, gaseous oxygen, food and easy to avoid the enemy habitat, etc.. Earthworms cannot maintain a constant body temperature, so they can only live in the deeper layers of soil where the temperature does not vary too much.
6, in the observation of earthworms in the experiment, why should be often soaked in water with a wet cotton ball gently wipe the earthworm body surface, so that the surface of the body to keep wet: earthworms do not have a respiratory system, to rely on the secretion of mucus, always keep the body wall of the wet respiratory.
7, the living environment of earthworms: a certain temperature and humidity, the temperature difference is not big, rich in humus in the soil cave life. Habits and food habits: generally day and night, to the dead leaves of plants, rotten roots and other organic matter for food.
8, after heavy rain earthworms will have to climb to the ground up reason: after heavy rain, too much rain will be the soil air out, so the burrowing earthworms are forced to climb to the surface to breathe.
9, earthworm respiratory process: earthworm body wall is densely covered with capillaries, the oxygen in the air is dissolved in the mucus on the surface of the body, and then into the capillaries of the body wall. The carbon dioxide in the body is also discharged through the capillaries of the body wall to the surface of the body.
10, the body consists of many similar ring-shaped body segments of animals called annelids, such as earthworms, sandworms, leeches.
Three, land-living animals ------- rabbit
1, mammals: with fetal, lactation (offspring survival rate is high), the body surface is hairy, constant body temperature and other characteristics. Such as rabbits, giant pandas
2, thermostatic animals: can maintain a constant body temperature through their own regulation, so that the body temperature does not change with the changes in the outside world of the animals, including birds and mammals. On the contrary, the body temperature changes with the environmental temperature change of the animal is a thermophile, such as snakes, insects and so on. Constant temperature significance: reduce dependence on the external environment, expand the range of life and distribution
3, rabbit: the body surface is covered with hair (thermal insulation), respiration with the lungs, four chambers of the heart, the body circulation and the pulmonary circulation of the two pathways, constant body temperature, teeth divided into incisors and molars, cecum is well developed (in the role of bacteria, help the digestion of plant fibrous matter), the brain is well developed, the limbs are developed and flexible.
4. Jumping is the main form of locomotion in rabbits (the hind legs are longer and more muscular than the front legs).
5. Rabbit's diet: plants (grass). The body of the rabbit is divided into four parts: head, trunk, silk and tail.
6, the rabbit's teeth are divided into incisors and molars. The incisors resemble chisels suitable for cutting off food, and the molars have a wide chewing surface suitable for grinding food. The rabbit's appendix is developed, which is compatible with the rabbit's plant-eating habits. Wolves, tigers and other mammals also have sharp canine teeth, used to tear food (also used for attacking predators).
6. The diaphragm is a structure unique to mammals.
7. Adequate food, water, and shelter are the basic environmental conditions for the survival of terrestrial animals.
8. The similarity of the internal structures of rabbits and humans indicates that humans and rabbits are close in taxonomic status and belong to the same group of mammals, but the cecum of humans has deteriorated because humans are omnivorous.
Four, airborne animals --- homing pigeons
1, airborne animals are insects, bats, birds and so on.
2. There are more than 9,000 kinds of birds in the world. Except for a few birds such as ostriches and penguins that cannot fly, the vast majority are good at flying. Flight enables birds to expand their range of activities, which is good for foraging for food and breeding offspring.
3, the bird is suitable for flight characteristics: ① body streamlined (can reduce the resistance of the air when flying) ② body surface is covered with feathers, the forelimbs into the wing ③ chest with a towering keel protrusion, long bone hollow (air-filled) ④ developed pectoral muscles ⑤ food digestion fast. That is, the digestive system is well-developed, and digestion, absorption, and elimination of feces are rapid. (6) The heart has four chambers, the number of heart beats is fast, the circulatory system is well-structured, and the ability to transport nutrients and oxygen is strong. (7) There is a well-developed air sac, both to reduce weight and with the lungs constitute a unique dual respiration. (8) short beak, no teeth in the mouth, no bladder, short rectum, feces and urine in time, the right ovary, oviduct degradation (these are to reduce weight, suitable for flight).
In short, birds are a group of animals whose bodies are covered with feathers, whose forelimbs turn into wings, who have the ability to fly rapidly, who have internal air sacs, and who have a high and constant body temperature.
4. The wing (wing) is the flying organ of the bird. The air sacs assist the lungs in breathing.
5. The feathers of a bird are divided into orthorhombic feathers (mainly used for flight) and downy feathers (mainly used for insulation).
6, domestic pigeons do not have teeth in the mouth, food is not chewed through the pharynx, esophagus into the crop. ---- enters the muscular stomach (with sand and small stones for grinding food).
Fifth, airborne flying animals --- insects
1, insects are the most varied class of animals, more than one million species, but also the only flying invertebrates, and therefore the most widely distributed animals.
2, the insect body is divided into three parts: head, thorax, and abdomen, and generally has three pairs of legs and two pairs of wings. Spiders, centipedes, shrimps, crabs, etc. are not insects, but they are all arthropods.... Arthropods are characterized by a body made up of many body segments, an exoskeleton on the surface of the body, and segmented feet and antennae.
3. The exoskeleton of insects is a tough shell covering the surface of the insect's body, which serves to protect and support the soft internal organs and to prevent the evaporation of water from the body.
2, amphibians: larvae live in the water, breathing with gills, through metamorphosis and development of adult, amphibious life, breathing with the lungs, while using the skin to assist breathing. Representative animals: frogs, toads.
Sixth, the movement of animals
1, the mammalian locomotor system consists of bones and muscles. The skeleton is made up of multiple bones joined together.
2, skeletal muscle consists of a thicker muscle belly in the middle and thinner tendons (milky white) at both ends, a group of muscle ends are attached to different bones. Skeletal muscles have the property of contracting when stimulated by nerves.
3, skeletal muscle can only contract and pull the bone and can not push away from the bone, so there are at least two groups of muscles connected to the bone, cooperate with each other to complete a variety of activities, especially stretching and bending elbow action: flexion of the elbow, contraction of the biceps brachii, triceps brachii diastolic, elbow extension is the opposite
4, double than the natural sagging, the biceps brachii diastolic, triceps brachii diastolic; both hands vertical upward lifting the weights or hands to grab the bar. The body of the bar naturally drooping, biceps contraction, triceps contraction.
5, the function of the motor system: movement, support, protection. In motion, the nervous system plays a regulatory role, bone plays the role of leverage, joints play a pivotal role (also said pivotal role), skeletal muscle plays a power role. It can be seen, the human body to complete a movement have to have the nervous system regulation, bone, skeletal muscle, joints **** with the participation of multiple groups of muscles to complete the coordinated role.
6, bone, joints and muscle relations: skeletal muscle contraction, pulling it attached to the bone, around the joints, so the body produces movement.
7, the motor system in the nervous system control and regulation, as well as the digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system with the cooperation *** with the completion of the movement (energy from the decomposition of organic matter). Developed motor ability, conducive to predation and enemy avoidance, in order to adapt to the complex and changing environment.
8, the joint is by the articular surface, the joint capsule and joint cavity of three parts. The articular surface includes the articular head and the articular fossa. The structural features that make the joint firm are: the joint capsule and the ligaments inside and outside the capsule. To make the joint movement flexible structure is characterized by: the articular surface covered with a layer of smooth surface articular cartilage, and the inner surface of the joint capsule can also secrete synovial fluid, can reduce the friction of the articular surface between the two bones and cushioning the vibration of the movement.
9, dislocation: the head of the joint from the joint fossa slipped out. (As a result of playing sports or engaging in physical labor, due to excessive force or accidental fall).
Six, animal behavior
1, according to the behavior of different behavior can be divided into attack behavior, feeding behavior, defensive behavior, reproductive behavior, migratory behavior, etc.; and according to the different ways of obtaining can be divided into congenital behavior and learning behavior.
2, innate behavior refers to the animal born, by the body of the genetic material determines the behavior, to maintain the most basic survival is essential, such as spiders weave webs, bees honey, ants do nest, and so on. Learning behavior, on the other hand, refers to the behavior acquired by life experience and learning through the role of the environment on the basis of genetic factors. The higher the animal is, the better it learns, the better it adapts to its environment, and the more meaningful it is for survival.
2. Social Behavior: Animals live in groups, and different members of the group cooperate with each other to maintain the life of the group, and thus have the behavior. (Note: not all animals living in groups have social behavior, such as locust groups do not.)
3, most of the social behavior with the following characteristics: ① often form a certain organization within the group members have a clear division of labor ③ some also form a hierarchy
4, communication: a group of individual animals to other individuals to send out some kind of information to the individual receiving the information to produce some kind of behavioral response to the phenomenon. Division of labor need to exchange information at any time, the mode of communication has movement, sound, and smell, and so on.
5, with the extracted or synthetic sex hormone as a lure, you can trap agricultural pests; put a certain amount of sex lure in the farmland, interfere with the communication between the male and female rushes, is that males can not judge the location of the female, and thus can not be mated, which can also be achieved to control the number of pests.
That is, (1) the manufacture of insect sex pheromones to trap and kill insects, and (2) the manufacture of sex pheromones that interfere with the ability of insects to recognize the same species of insect.
6, exploratory experiments: ask a question, make a hypothesis, develop and implement a plan, (experimental phenomena) to draw conclusions. Will answer the question above based on the following experiments. Textbook pages 4, 23, 34, 35, 39, 41.
VII. The Role of Animals in the Biosphere
Animals in Nature: ① Maintain the ecological balance in nature ② Promote the material cycle of the ecosystem ③ Help plants pollinate and spread seeds.
2, ecological balance: in the ecosystem of the number and proportion of various organisms is always maintained in a relatively stable state, this phenomenon is called ecological balance.
There is an interdependence and mutual constraint between various organisms in the food chain and food web. Problems in any one of these links will affect the entire ecosystem. It is the existence of material flow, energy flow and information flow that makes the various organisms and the environment a unified whole.
The role of animals in people's lives: they can be used for human consumption, medicinal purposes, ornamental purposes, etc., and are closely related to bioreactors and bionics.
Bioreactor: the use of living things as a "production plant", the production of certain substances needed by mankind, this organism or an organ of the organism that is the bioreactor. Currently the most ideal bioreactor is the "breast bioreactor". Its significance lies in: low production costs, high efficiency, simple equipment, product effect is significant, reduce industrial
pollution and so on.
Biomimicry: imitation of certain structures and functions of living creatures to invent a variety of instruments and equipment.
6, common examples of biomimicry: astronauts wear "anti-load suit", cold light, radar, thin-shelled buildings, intelligent robots.
VIII, experimental investigation
1, carefully observe the locust's thorax and abdomen. Can be found on the left and right sides of a very neatly arranged line of small holes, which is the valve. The valves are connected to the trachea in the locust's body, and the valves are the portals through which the gas enters the locust's body. Based on the given
experimental materials, design an experiment to prove that the valves are the portals through which the locust's gas enters.
Pose the question: is the valve a gateway for the entry of locust gas?
Make the hypothesis that the valve is a gateway for the entry of locust gas.
Materials and utensils: (1) two live locusts; (2) two test tubes; (3) water; (4) glass strips; (5) thin wire.
Steps of the experiment: (1) Add equal mass of water to the two test tubes labeled A and B;
(2) Fix the locusts on the glass strip with a thin wire;
(3) Submerge the head of one locust in the water of test tube A, and the thorax and abdomen of the other locust into the water of test tube B. Observe after some time.
Expected result of the experiment: the locusts in the test tubes died and the locusts in test tube A are still alive
Conclusion of the experiment: The valve is the gateway for the entry of the locusts' gases.
Discussion: the choice of two locusts of the same size and living conditions, the purpose is to reduce the interference of other factors on the investigation
2, to investigate the foraging behavior of ants: take a cardboard, set four points A, B, C, D on it, respectively, sugar, chili sauce, sour vinegar, bread, and then placed near the ants' nests, observe and answer the following questions:
(1) Ask the question: can ants recognize and take food?
(2) Make the hypothesis: ants can recognize and feed on food.
(3) In the experiment, the placement of chili sauce, sour vinegar serves to:? Control.
(4) Expected phenomenon: the ants all crawled towards the sugar and bread.
(5) Conclusion: ants recognize and feed on food.
(6) What to do with the ants at the end of the experiment: release them back to nature.
3, design inquiry experiment
Background knowledge: earthworms live in moist, loose, rich in organic matter in the soil. Its body consists of many body segments, the body surface is moist and has many rough bristles. Earthworms rely on muscles and bristles to move.
Please design an experiment to investigate: What kind of surfaces do earthworms crawl fast on
(1) My question is: What kind of surfaces do earthworms crawl fast on?
(2) My hypothesis is: earthworms crawl faster on rough surfaces.
(3) The design of the experimental program: put a live earthworm with a thick individual on a rough paper and observe its movement; put a live earthworm with a thick individual on a glass plate and observe its movement; and repeat the above experiment 3-5 times.
(4) Predicted result: earthworms crawl faster on the surface of rough objects.
(5) Conclusion: earthworms crawl faster on rough surfaces
4. Many insects have the habit of gravitating to light sources. Are all insects phototropic? According to your life experience to make a hypothesis, and choose any 3-5 kinds of insects, such as ants, crickets, mosquitoes, silkworm moths, cockroaches, etc., to design experiments to investigate: are all insects have phototropic.
Make the hypothesis that not all insects are phototropic.
Posing the question: do all insects have phototropism?
Design an experiment: ① Take 5 each of ants, crickets, mosquitoes, silkworm moths and cockroaches.
②Put these five kinds of insects in a dark room, and then use a small flashlight to the dark room to send a light and dark flash, after a period of time, mosquitoes, silkworm moths found the flash, fly towards the light, while crickets, ants and cockroaches do not have a tendency to the light source.
③Repeat the above experiment 3 to 5 times.
Experimental phenomenon: mosquitoes, moths found the flash, fly toward the light, while crickets, ants and cockroaches, but none of the light source
Conclusion: not all insects have phototropic. Generally moths and mosquitoes are phototropic.
5. A student wanted to investigate the effect of soil moisture on the life of earthworms, unfinished, please go on to do it.
(1) Do you think he can find earthworms for the experiment only in a moist, loose, humus-rich environment.
(2) As required for scientific experiments, he must design a controlled experiment to be more convincing. In this experiment _soil moisture (or water) is the variable to be controlled.
(3) You make the assumption that soil moisture has an effect on the soil
(4) Please design an experiment to investigate the effect of soil moisture on earthworms: (only write the specific steps can be) Prepare a box with a layer of dry soil on the bottom, pour a moderate amount of water on one half of it, and then put 10 earthworms of similar shape and size in the middle, the box is covered with a lid, and after a few minutes Observations can be made.
(5) Implement the plan
(6) Conclude that soil moisture has an effect on the life of earthworms.
(7) Expressing Communication
6. The cabbage worm is a small, dark green fleshworm that lives on the leaves of cruciferous vegetables, and it is the larva of the cabbage pollen butterfly.
The flowers of cruciferous plants are generally composed of four petals, and these four petals are arranged in a cross shape, cabbage, cabbage, rape and so on belong to the cruciferous vegetables.
(1) Ask the question
Cabbage worms always feed on cruciferous plants. Is this behavior innate?
(2) Make the hypothesis that the cabbage worm feeds on cruciferous plants as a feeding instinct that it is born with and is an innate behavior.
(3) Design the experiment and complete it
◆Cultivate the cabbage worm: look for the eggs of the cabbage worm, and keep the eggs in isolation after finding them
◆Make the juice: extract the juice from the leaves of the cruciferous vegetables such as cabbage, cabbage, and so on
◆Coat the filter paper with the juice: coat the filter paper with the squeezed juice
◆Observation: use the filter paper without juice as a control to observe the tendency of the cabbage worm to feed on the cruciferous plants. (4) Test the hypotheses and draw conclusions
The behavior of the cabbage worm in feeding on cruciferous plants is a congenital behavior.
(5) Discuss and refine the plan
◆ Purpose of isolation rearing from eggs: isolation rearing from eggs is the only way that it is possible to show that observing or testing certain behaviors of the cabbage worms are instinctive or acquired behaviors, and to give credibility to the inquiry.
◆Methods of isolation and rearing of the eggs: It is not difficult to isolate the eggs when rearing beetles under artificial conditions. However, it is still somewhat difficult to rear them alive.
First of all, it is necessary to create a feeding condition as close to the natural environment as possible, such as appropriate light, temperature, humidity, adequate and fresh food. Secondly, the number of rearing should not be too small, otherwise it is difficult to
explain the problem.
◆ You can choose plant leaves containing special volatile oils, such as mint leaves and celery leaves. See if the cabbage worms like them. The leaves should preferably not have hairs or thorns, etc., to avoid interference from other factors in the investigation
◆ The leaves and filter paper, etc., used for the experiment should be the same size: this is also intended to minimize interference from other factors in the investigation.
◆ The color of the filter paper should be the same as that of the leaves. Choosing the same color is also done to avoid interference with the inquiry by other factors.
◆ It is a good idea to starve the beetles for a while beforehand, so that they have a higher appetite. You can place the filter paper and leaves on the same level, so that the worm is the same distance from the filter paper and leaves (not too far away). Let go of the worm and see what it feeds on.
Control experiments should be done at the same time and place: this will ensure that the inquiry is rigorous and effective
7, a group of individual animals to other individuals to send some kind of information, the individual who receives the information to produce some kind of behavioral response, this phenomenon is called communication.
(1) Ask the question: how do ants exchange information?
(2) Make a hypothesis: ants rely on odor to transmit information.
(3)Design the experiment and complete it '
In designing the experiment, some of the food put far away from the anthill should have both meat and plant food. This is because there are many species of ants with different food habits, some are carnivorous, some are phytophagous and some are omnivorous. In feeding ants also need to pay attention to its food, ants grow and reproduce at a suitable temperature of 19 ~ 29 ℃, 10 ℃ hibernation below, the hole requires air humidity of 90% to 95%, feeding sand and soil with a water content of 10% --- 15%.
(4) Test the hypothesis and draw conclusions
Support the hypothesis. One of the ways in which ants communicate is by odor.
I. Bacteria and Fungi
Colony: a bacterium or fungus that multiplies and forms an aggregate visible to the naked eye is called a colony.
Bacterial colony characteristics: smaller, smooth and sticky surface or rough and dry, white;
Fungal colony characteristics: larger, fluffy, flocculent spiderweb, red, green, yellow, brown, black and other colors
Culture of bacterial and fungal methods: ① preparation of medium ② autoclaving ③ inoculation ④ constant temperature culture
Medium: nutrients-containing organic matter
The medium: nutrients containing organic matter
Bacteria and bacteria are the most common bacteria in the world.
Bacteria and fungi also need certain conditions to survive: moisture, suitable temperature, organic matter (nutrients), a certain living space. In addition, some need oxygen, while some are anaerobic (i.e., aerobic life activities are inhibited). Except for a few bacteria, can not synthesize their own organic matter, can only use the readily available organic matter as nutrition (i.e., nutrition for heterotrophic)
Scientists in the deep sea craters and other very special environments, the discovery of the ancient bacteria. The existence of archaebacteria indicates that:① Archaebacteria are very capable of adapting to their environment② Bacteria are widely distributed.
In the hot summer, food is easy to rot, a lot of people get gastroenteritis, the reason is: hot summer, air humidity, high temperature, suitable for bacteria, fungi reproduction and growth, food preservation is not appropriate or time is too long, it will be contaminated by bacteria, fungi and deterioration, people eat spoiled food will be gastroenteritis.
Washing and drying clothes will not grow moldy, and dirty clothes and dirty shoes are easy to grow moldy, the reason is: washing and drying clothes clean and dry, lack of nutrients, is not suitable for the propagation of the fungus, so washing and drying clothes are not easy to grow moldy; on the contrary, dirty clothes to provide a suitable environment for the growth of the fungus, and therefore the dirty clothes agreement moldy.
The purpose of sealing the lid with water when making kimchi is to prevent air from entering the altar and to maintain an anoxic environment in the altar, because lactic acid bacteria can decompose organic matter in vegetables into lactic acid only in an anoxic or anaerobic environment.
In the latter part of the 17th century, the Dutchman Levin Hooke invented the microscope and discovered bacteria; and in the 19th century, the "father of microbiology" Pasteur used the gooseneck flask experiment to prove that bacteria are not naturally occurring, but the original bacteria already existed in the bacteria produced
Bacteria are very small, one billion bacteria piled up only a small grain of rice large, a single cell of bacteria, and a single cell of bacteria. the size of a small grain of rice, single-celled. (Viruses are even smaller)
Bacteria characteristics: tiny, rod-shaped, spherical, spiral and other forms, no formed nucleus. Mostly can only use readily available organic matter to live, are decomposers. Split reproduction. Some bacteria can form a strong resistance to adverse environmental dormant body called spores
Structural characteristics of bacteria: basic structures include: cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, there is a concentration of DNA in the region, there is no formed nucleus; there is no chloroplasts; accessory structures: some bacteria have pods outside the cell wall (protective effect), some bacteria have flagellum (used to swim in the water); some bacteria in the later stages of growth and development form spores (light, dormant bodies resistant to harsh environments).
Master the schematic diagram of bacterial structure on page 60 of the textbook.
Bacterial reproduction: division reproduction, fast, dividing in less than half an hour.
Bacterial nutrition: generally heterotrophic (including saprophytic and parasitic), i.e., no chloroplasts, most bacteria can only live on readily available organic matter and decompose organic matter into simple inorganic matter.
Bacteria are decomposers in an ecosystem.
Which characteristics of bacteria and their distribution: bacteria individual tiny, very easy for a variety of media to carry; division of reproduction, reproduction speed, the number of; some bacteria in the growth and development of the later stages of the individual shrinkage, thickening of the cell wall to form spores, spores of the adverse environment has a strong resistance; spores are small and light, can be dispersed with the wind around, fall in the appropriate environment, it can sprout into bacteria. These characteristics are conducive to the wide distribution of bacteria.
Comparison of animal, plant, and bacterial cells
Comparison Animal cells Plant cells Bacterial cells
Cell wall × √ √
Cell membrane √ √ √ √
Cytoplasm √ √ √ √
Nucleus √ √No molded nuclei with concentrated areas of DNA
Chloroplasts × √ √ √
Pods × √ × Some have
Flagellum × × Some have
Fungal characteristics: the mycelium consists of many cells connected to form a mycelium; each cell has a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus; in addition there are unicellular fungi, such as yeasts; there is no chloroplasts, are using the readily available organic matter to live that is, heterotrophic; spores reproduce progeny
Penicillium: green, bearing spores in a broom. Spores of the mycelium into a broom-like; Aspergillus: black-brown (sometimes also yellow, green and other colors), spores are attached to the top of the radial mycelium; mushrooms from the decay of the plant body to obtain nutrients. These fungi live in places where the temperature is favorable, the water is abundant and rich in organic matter.
Various types of fungi: mushrooms, fungus, fungus, reishi.
Mushrooms are also made from a collection of mycelium
Nutrition: heterotrophic (saprophytic)
Reproduction: sporulation
Environment: dark, moist, rich in organic matter, warm
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (learn about it)
(1) Morphology: (unicellular) ovoid, colorless
(2) Structure: cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, cell wall, vesicles, no chloroplasts
(3) Nutrition: heterotrophic (saprophytic) aerobic: glucose-carbon dioxide + water + energy (more)
anaerobic: glucose-carbon dioxide + alcohol + energy (less)
(4) Reproduction: germination, sporulation in special cases Reproduction
Edible fungi such as mushrooms and fungus are collectively known as edible mushrooms.
Bacteria and fungi in nature role:
① as decomposers involved in the material cycle. That is, the remains of plants and animals are decomposed into carbon dioxide, water and inorganic salts, which are reabsorbed and utilized by plants to make organic matter. Therefore, it plays an important role in the cycle of carbon dioxide and other substances in nature.
②Causes disease in plants, animals and people. This type of microorganisms are mostly parasitic life, from the living plant and animal body to absorb nutrients. Such as streptococcus caused tonsillitis, fungi caused by ringworm, wheat leaf rust. Note: foot fungus and fine, fungi have nothing to do (is the lack of vitamin B1 lead to)
3 and plant and animal **** life. *** life refers to an organism and another organism *** with living together, interdependent, can not be separated from the phenomenon, in short, mutually beneficial *** life. Such as fungi and algae **** born to form lichen
Re: rhizobium and legumes, rhizobium will be the nitrogen in the air into the nitrogenous substances that plants can absorb, thereby increasing the nitrogen content of the soil, increase soil fertility, improve crop yields (Nitrogen is a larger amount of substances needed in plant life).
With function: some bacteria in rabbits, cows and sheep help break down vitamins
With people: there are some bacteria in the human gut that make vitamin B12 and vitamin K which are beneficial to the body
The utilization of bacteria and fungi by human beings is embodied in four aspects:
Food production. That is, the application of the principle of fermentation, which is the process by which organic matter is broken down into certain products by yeast or other fungi at a certain temperature
Food preservation.
Causes of spoilage ------- caused by bacteria and fungi breaking down organic matter in food and growing and multiplying in it;
Preservation principles ------- killing or inhibiting the growth and multiplication of bacteria and fungi;
(I ), Boundaries and Population
1. Boundaries and Administrative Districts
●Using maps to state China's geographical location and its characteristics. (Figure 1.2 on page 2 of the eighth grade geography textbook)
Superior location:
In terms of latitudinal position, China is located in the northern hemisphere, most of which is in the mid-latitudes, with a large north-south span. Most of it is located in the temperate zone, a small part of it is located in the tropics, and there is no frigid zone. Climate north-south differences, a variety of climate types brought about by the complexity and diversity of the natural environment, plant and animal resources are rich and diverse, for the development of a variety of agricultural economy, tourism and other favorable conditions.
●Remember the territorial area of China, point out on the map our neighboring countries and endangered oceans, explaining that China is both a large land country and a large ocean country. (Textbook, page 4)
China's land area is about 9.6 million square kilometers, ranking _third_ in the world.
(2) Natural Environment and Natural Resources
1. Natural Environment
●Using the topographic map of China, name the main features of the country's terrain and topography.
1. Characteristics of China's terrain: . High in the west and low in the east, distributed in the form of a three-stage ladder (map on page 19 of the textbook)
The general trend of precipitation in China is that it decreases from the southeastern coast to the northwestern interior. Annual rainfall 800mm is precipitation line roughly along the Qinling Huaihe - line distribution,
China's precipitation seasonal distribution is not uniform, summer and fall precipitation concentration, winter and spring precipitation less. Fiery Liu in Taiwan is known as the rain pole, Toluwan Basin of Toluwan is known as the drought pole.
Familiarize yourself with the map of climate types, the map of temperature zones, and the map of wet and dry zones on pages 35 to 36. (emphasis added)
Areas that are significantly influenced by summer winds are monsoon zones, while other areas are non-monsoon zones. The dividing lines between the two are: the Daxingan Mountains, the Yinshan Mountains, the Helan Mountains, the Ba Yan Ka La Mountains, and the Gangdis Mountains. (Textbook page 39)
China's major catastrophic weather: floods, droughts, cold waves, typhoons. The most widespread catastrophic weather that affects China is drought.