1. Ground source heat pump development history
China's heat pump technology research began in the 1950s, Tianjin University Institute of Thermal Energy carried out the earliest research on heat pumps in China. 1956 Professor Lv Canren's "heat pumps and their application in China's future," an article is the earliest existing literature on heat pump research in China.
In the 1960s, China began to apply the development of heat pumps in HVAC, and achieved a large number of results. 1960 Tongji University, Professor Wu Shen yttrium published "Introduction to heat pump heating and suggested that the city of Jinan trial heat pump heating"; 1963, the former East China Architectural Design Institute and the Shanghai Refrigeration Factory began to develop the heat pump air conditioner; 1965, the former East China Architectural Design Institute and Shanghai Refrigeration Factory began to develop the heat pump air conditioner; 1963, the former East China Architectural Design Institute and Shanghai Refrigeration Factory began to develop the heat pump air conditioner. Heat pump air conditioner; in 1965, Shanghai Refrigerator Factory successfully developed China's first heating capacity of 3720W CKT-3A heat pump window air conditioner; in 1965, Tianjin University and Tianjin Air Conditioning Plant developed into the country's first groundwater heat pump air-conditioning unit; in 1966, with the Ministry of Railways Sifang Vehicle Research Institute*** with the cooperation of the mainline buses air / air heat pump test; In 1965, by the former Harbin Institute of Architectural Engineering, Professor Xu Bangyu, Professor Wu Yuanwei led the scientific research group, according to the theory of heat pumps for the first time proposed the application of auxiliary condenser as a constant temperature and humidity air-conditioning unit of the secondary heater of the new process, which is the world's first new process; in 1966, and Harbin Air Conditioning Plant *** with the development of the use of the refrigeration system's condensation of waste heat as a secondary air conditioning heating of the new cabinet-type Constant temperature and humidity heat pump air conditioner.
1978 ~ 1988 China's heat pump application and development into a full recovery stage. During this period, in order to fully understand the current situation and progress of foreign heat pump development, a large number of publications, domestic publications actively publish translations of heat pumps, foreign heat pumps to test and analyze products, and actively participate in international academic exchanges. At the same time, some well-known foreign heat pump manufacturers began to invest in China to build factories. For example, Carrier Corporation of the United States is one of the earliest foreign companies to invest in China, took the lead in establishing a joint venture in Shanghai in 1987.
China's heat pumps ushered in a new development during 1989-1999. In China's application of heat pumps in the form of heat pumps began to diversify, there are air / air heat, air / water heat pumps, water / air heat pumps and water / water heat pumps and so on. During this period of time the country has state-owned, private, wholly-owned, Taiwan-funded no less than 300 domestic air conditioner manufacturers, gradually forming a complete industrial system of heat pump air conditioners in China. Water ring heat pump air-conditioning system is widely used in China. According to statistics by 1999, the country has about 100 projects, 20,000 groundwater heat pump units in operation. the early 1990s began mass production of air-source heat pump chiller and water heater units, developed in the mid-1990s well groundwater heat pump chiller and water heater units, and in the late 1990s began to appear dirty groundwater heat pump system. The research of soil-coupled heat pump has become a popular research topic in the domestic HVAC industry. Domestic research direction and content is mainly focused on underground buried pipe heat exchanger, innovation on the basis of foreign technology.
Entering the 21st century, due to China's rapid urbanization, per capita GDP growth, pulling the development of China's air conditioning market, promoting the application of heat pumps in China is more and more widely used, the development of heat pumps is very rapid, heat pump technology research continues to innovate. 2000 to 2003, the application of heat pumps, the research is unprecedentedly active and fruitful.
2000 to 2003 during the four years, the total number of patents 287, an annual average of 71.75, is the average number of patents from 1989 to 1999, 4.9 times. 2000 to 2003 during the invention patent **** 119, an annual average of 29.75, is the average number of invention patents from 1989 to 1999, 4.25 times.
The number of heat pump literature increased dramatically from 2000 to 2003, such as the number of literature in 2003 is 5 times the number of literature in 1999. There were 105 graduate students in universities nationwide with heat pump technology as their topic, an average of 26.25 per year, more than seven times the average of the 1990s.
Almost all provinces and cities in the country have engineering examples of applying heat pump technology. Heat pump technology research is more active, innovative results. In just a few years there are three innovative results: the same well recharge heat pump system, soil cold storage and soil coupled heat pump integrated system, for cold regions, single, two-stage coupled heat pump system.
2. Ground source heat pump application of basic research and practice
China's ground source heat pump research started in the 1980s, first of all, some universities and scientific research institutes on ground source heat pump technology related to thematic research. Some of the research projects are listed in Table 3-1.
Table 3-1 Ground Source Heat Pump Research Topics in Some Universities
The research work mainly focuses on the following aspects: heat transfer modeling and heat transfer research of underground buried pipe heat exchanger; research on numerical simulation of summer transient working conditions; theoretical and practical research on simulation modeling of heat pump devices and components;
replacement research of refrigeration workmass for ground source heat pump air-conditioning system; research on the relationship between other energy sources such as Solar energy, water energy, etc. and geothermal heat source joint application of research; ground source heat pump system design and construction; ground source heat pump system of economic performance and operational characteristics of research; underground groundwater heat pump recharge technology and practice; soil thermal physical properties and soil thermal conductivity of the experimental research.
Numerical simulation and experimental research on groundwater transport of underground groundwater heat pump recharged by the same well; applied basic research on integrated system of soil cooling storage and soil source heat pump, etc.
In the 1990s, Prof. Ding Liangshi of Beijing Institute of Technology, Prof. Fang Zhaohong of Shandong University of Architecture and Engineering and others have been studying and investigating ground-source heat pump technology in Oklahoma State University, Sweden, Germany, Canada and other places in the U.S., and then they have been put into the practice of domestic research on ground-source heat pump technology after their return to China. Prof. Ding Liangshi presided over the Beijing "low-temperature geothermal energy gradient utilization technology research" major scientific research project, through the school of the small test, pilot, engineering three stages, the study of deep geothermal heat utilization technology, pioneered the domestic precedent. Professor Fang Zhaohong completed the key scientific and technological research projects in Shandong Province, "comprehensive utilization of geothermal key technologies" in the expert appraisal was assessed as "to reach the international leading level".
At the same time, the former Chongqing Architecture University, Tongji University, Hunan University, Qingdao Institute of Architecture and Engineering and other institutions have set up a soil-coupled heat pump experimental system, to carry out a comprehensive and comprehensive research, soil-coupled heat pump research has quickly become one of the popular research topics.
Entering the 21st century, under the funding of the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the research of ground source heat pump is more in-depth and innovative. Harbin Institute of Technology, Professor Yao Yang, etc., in the domestic and foreign about soil source heat pump and ice animal cold technology development and application of the basis of a full understanding of the new technology to transform the traditional technology, integration and integration of soil source heat pump and ice storage cold technical elements and results, put forward a suitable for the air-conditioning load as the main heating load as a supplement to the form of a new air-conditioning system, that is, the soil animal cold and soil source heat pump integrated system. Ltd*** and carried out on-site practical research on the same well recharge underground groundwater heat pump project.
Based on the research work of various universities, the research results are also continuously applied to engineering practice. For example, the College of Urban Construction and Environmental Engineering of Chongqing University has adopted the soil source heat pump system in the small office building in Miquan, Xinjiang and the HVAC experimental building in Area B of Chongqing University. Beijing Institute of Technology's new comprehensive science and technology building, Yifu Library, remodeling of the School of Economics and Management Building, indoor geothermal swimming pool and the new building can accommodate 8,000 students, such as teaching buildings, heating (cooling) area of 5,000m2 or more, "low-temperature geothermal energy gradient utilization of technological research," a major research project. Shandong University of Architecture and Engineering College Academic Auditorium Project (including the academic auditorium 500m2, student study rooms and computer rooms and other air-conditioning area of about 2,700m2) to choose two sets of water - water heat pump chiller and water heater units. Outdoor geothermal heat exchanger using vertical U-shaped buried tube form of 25 groups of parallel vertical U-shaped buried tube composed of ground source heat pump system.
In order to promote the results of the research, universities have embarked on the combination of production, learning and research. 1999 Tianjin University Geothermal Center, Tianjin Ganquan Group of companies to set up a research and design institute. 2000 Shandong Institute of Architectural Engineering set up the first specializing in ground source heat pump heating and air conditioning systems, theoretical research, technological development, engineering design, and spinning guidance of ground source heat pump research institute of Fangzhou. The Beijing Institute of Technology of Beijing University of Technology established Beijing Tiandi Energy Flow Technology Development Co. Ltd. of Tsinghua University is also involved in the engineering practice of ground source heat pump. And many enterprises are also closely integrated with universities and scientific research institutions, based on the technical strength of universities, **** with the establishment of scientific research institutions, product development, undertake projects. For example, Tsinghua University and Shandong Fulda Air Conditioning Equipment Co., Ltd, Tongji University and Guangzhou from the Yu cold air technology development Co., Ltd, Shandong Institute of Architecture and Engineering and Beijing Jiahe Shengye Groundwater Heat Pump Air Conditioning Co. Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Southeast University, etc.
3. Ground source heat pump related regulations and policies in Beijing
1) Groundwater heat pump
In recent years, as the country has increased the construction of "resource-saving, environmentally friendly" society, the realization of national energy saving and emission reduction targets, the localities have also introduced support for the development and utilization of shallow ground temperature energy projects. Energy projects. For example, on May 31, 2006, the Beijing Municipal Development and Reform Commission jointly with the Municipal Water Bureau, Land Bureau and other nine commissions and bureaus jointly issued a document on the use of underground groundwater heat pump system to achieve the heating and cooling project subsidies at the rate of 35 yuan / m2 standard.
Since groundwater heat pump projects must drill wells to extract and recharge groundwater, groundwater heat pump projects must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the Ministry of Water Resources issued by the "construction project from the water resources demonstration of the management approach" to carry out water resources demonstration of the construction project, the preparation of water resources demonstration report on the feasibility of the groundwater heat pump project water intake, water withdrawal, water use, water use, reasonableness, protection measures and the impact of the other water users to be analyzed. The impact on other water users will be analyzed.
In order to protect the precious groundwater resources and avoid the adverse impact of groundwater heat pumps on the existing centralized water supply sources and the adverse geo-environmental consequences (e.g., cross-pollution of groundwater, ground subsidence, ground cracks, etc.), the local water authorities have also formulated management measures according to the local hydrogeological conditions, such as the Beijing Municipal Bureau of Water Resources on May 16, 2007, issued the "Guidelines on the Strengthening of the City's Underground Water Supply System" and the "Guidelines on the Strengthening of the City's Underground Water Supply System". The "Notice on Strengthening the Management of Groundwater Heat Pumps in the City" issued by the Beijing Municipal Water Affairs Bureau on May 16, 2007 put forward clear requirements for groundwater heat pump projects, pumping and irrigation distance, and restrictions on the scope of development:
(1) Groundwater heat pump system pumping and irrigation of aquifers for the fourth system of water, the depth of the well shall not exceed 100m;
(2) pumping and irrigation wells and buildings at a distance of not less than 30m; the pumping and irrigation wells horizontal distance of not less than 50m, and the distance between pumping wells is not less than 100m;
(3) In order to prevent water pollution caused by the exchange of water bodies in different aquifers, and to ensure the effect of recharge, pumping and irrigation must be carried out in the same aquifer;
(4) It is strictly prohibited to authorize the construction of the groundwater heat pump system within the scope of groundwater source protection area of the water supply waterworks, ground subsidence zone, serious over-exploitation of groundwater, and the pressurized aquifer;
(5) the construction of groundwater heat pump pump pumping wells, should strictly comply with the relevant state regulations and norms to ensure the quality of pumping wells. Undertake the construction of wells should have the appropriate qualifications;
(6) new groundwater heat pump system pumping wells should be installed separately pumping and recharge metering devices. Built groundwater heat pump system must also be installed in a limited period of time metering facilities;
(7) groundwater heat pump pumping and irrigation water amount of the implementation of the monthly system quarterly report system. Groundwater heat pump system should be used at the end of each month to report in writing the month of pumping, recharge water.
2) Ground source heat pump
Since ground source heat pump does not need to mine groundwater, the impact on the geological environment is much lower than groundwater ground source heat pump, its potential geological risks, safety risks, etc. is also much lower than the groundwater ground source heat pump, but the initial investment in ground source heat pump is slightly higher than the groundwater heat pump project. Therefore, in May 31, 2006, by the Beijing Municipal Development and Reform Commission in conjunction with the Municipal Water Bureau, the Land Bureau and other nine commissions and bureaus jointly issued a document on the use of ground-source heat pump system to achieve the heating and cooling project subsidies at a rate of 50 yuan/m2, higher than the groundwater ground-source heat pump subsidies (35 yuan/m2).
According to the notice of Beijing Municipal Bureau of Land and Resources on the declaration of ground source heat pump project, the project construction unit is required to submit the "Ground Source Heat Pump System Shallow Ground Temperature Energy Survey and Evaluation Report" which has been examined and approved by the experts, and the main contents of the report are as follows: Preamble: Brief introduction and explanation of the source and requirements of the task; brief comment on the degree of previous hydrogeological work in the survey area and the current status of the utilization of the shallow ground temperature; and narration of the area's Stratigraphic distribution, climatic conditions and hydrological characteristics of the area; brief description of the process of the survey work and the amount of work accomplished. Preliminary design scheme of ground source heat pump system; demonstration of hydrogeological conditions of the project site; survey work; evaluation of shallow geothermal energy in the project site: test situation of the heat exchange capacity of the ground; discussion of the basis for calculation of the utilization of shallow geothermal energy, calculation and evaluation of shallow geothermal energy; according to the principle of protection of resources and rational development, put forward the corresponding mode of utilization, briefly describe the degree of its guarantee, and predict its possible The study will provide a comprehensive evaluation of the shallow geothermal energy resources. Conclusions and recommendations.
Shenyang City issued the "Implementation Opinions on the Construction and Application of Ground Source Heat Pump System" obviously pointed out that: Ground Source Heat Pump System is a new energy utilization technology utilizing shallow geothermal energy for heating and cooling, which is characterized by cleanliness, high efficiency and energy saving. Promote the construction of ground source heat pump system is conducive to optimizing the energy structure, promote energy complementary, improve energy efficiency. Requirements within the core area of 455km2 within the third ring of Shenyang city, in line with the application of groundwater heat pump technology within 409km2 of buildings, in principle, are to use groundwater heat pump technology planning and construction.
4. Ground source heat pump-related academic exchanges
In recent years, the academic stream about ground source heat pump, is also gradually warming up. From the geothermal applications, heat pump technology development and clean energy utilization and other multiple perspectives on ground source heat pump development and application of the conference is increasing.
1978 ~ 2005, the Chinese Refrigeration Society, the second professional committee hosted 12 sessions of the "National Waste Heat Refrigeration and Heat Pump Technology Conference". 1988, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Energy Research Institute hosted the "heat pump in China's application and development of the issue of expert seminars In 1988, Guangzhou Energy Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences organized "Expert Seminar on Heat Pump Application and Development in China". Since the 1990s, the Architectural Society of China HVAC Committee, the Chinese Institute of Refrigeration organized by the National HVACR Annual Meeting specifically set up a "heat pump" special exchange. 1994 September 6, China Energy Research Institute Geothermal Professional Committee held in Beijing, "the fourth national Geothermal energy development and utilization seminar".
June 19, 2000 ~ 23, the Ministry of Science and Technology, high-tech development and industrialization of the Department of Beijing held a "China and the United States of America ground source heat pump technology exchanges," the meeting introduced the ground source heat pump technology, the application of foreign countries and the promotion of China, the theme of the meeting is ". Provide the use of ground heat pump technology for residential or public buildings heating and cooling, significant cooling and low operating costs of energy-saving solutions.
On the morning of May 20, 2002, the seventh session of the International Energy Agency (LEA) was held at the Beijing International Convention Center, which was the first time that the organization held such a meeting in China as well as the first time that such a meeting was held in a non-organized member country, and the purpose of the meeting was to promote the exchange and application of heat pump technology in the world, especially in China. FULDA, the leading company in the domestic industry, became the only sponsor.
On March 17, 2003, the Ground Source Heat Pump Research Institute of Shandong University of Architecture and Engineering and the Thermal Energy Power Committee of Shandong Architectural Society jointly held the "International Ground Source Heat Pump New Technology Reporting Conference" in Shandong University of Architecture and Engineering.
In order to implement the concepts of "Science and Technology Olympics" and "Green Olympics", and to provide feasible clean energy construction solutions for the construction of Olympic stadiums, a seminar on clean energy construction solutions for stadium projects was held on July 7, 2004, which was organized by the Beijing Institute of Technology and the Engineering Construction and Design Magazine. Organized by Beijing Institute of Technology and Engineering Construction and Design Magazine, the Seminar on Clean Energy Construction Solutions for Stadium Projects was held from July 6 to 8, 2004 in Beijing. The meeting invited experts from home and abroad to discuss the possible application of clean energy construction schemes for stadiums based on ground source heat pump technology, which will provide a basis for finalizing the energy schemes for stadiums of the 2008 Olympic Games. Beijing Olympic Organizing Committee, Beijing Development and Reform Commission, Beijing Science and Technology Commission and other relevant units, domestic and foreign academic and design authorities, as well as representatives of 28 Olympic stadium owners and related enterprises attended the meeting.
In September 2005, the 39th Council of the International Geothermal Association (IGA) was held in Beijing, and Mr. Lund, the chairman of the meeting, and the participating directors were invited to attend the National Academic Symposium on Sustainable Development of Geothermal Industry.
On September 23, 2005, the China Clean Energy Action Promotion Conference, co-organized by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Representative Office in China, the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) and the State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA)***, was held in Beijing, with mayors, environmental protection bureaus, and other delegates from more than 40 cities in China attending the conference. The conference was aimed at promoting the achievements and experiences of the four-year project entitled "Capacity Building for Reducing Urban Air Pollution through the Use of Clean Energy and Clean Energy Technologies" established by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) and the State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA)***.
On January 27, 2007, the China Geological Survey (CGS) Shallow Geothermal Energy Research and Promotion Center was established at the Beijing Municipal Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources Exploration and Development. The center specializes in national shallow geothermal energy research and promotion work. January 29-30, 2007, sponsored by the Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing Municipal Bureau of Land and Resources, Beijing Geological and Mineral Exploration and Development Bureau of the national geothermal (shallow geothermal energy) development and utilization of the site experience exchange meeting was held at the Friendship Hotel in Beijing. More than 400 representatives from the country inspected the demonstration project and fully exchanged views on the domestic and foreign shallow geothermal energy resources exploration and evaluation, development and utilization, the current situation of heat pump utilization and its development prospects, examples of shallow geothermal energy utilization, policies and technical regulations, etc. The meeting called on geoscientific and technological personnel to carry out in-depth basic research on the shallow geothermal energy resources endowment, sources, transportation laws, etc., so as to provide a large-scale scientific and reasonable development and utilization of shallow geothermal energy for the country. The conference called on geoscientists to carry out in-depth basic research on the existence of shallow geothermal energy resources, sources and transportation laws, so as to lay a solid foundation for the large-scale scientific and reasonable development and utilization of shallow geothermal energy resources in China. The conference published the Proceedings of the National Conference on the Exchange of Field Experiences in the Development and Utilization of Geothermal (Shallow Geothermal Energy).
In December 2007, the National Advanced Training Workshop on the Development and Utilization of Shallow Geothermal Energy Resources organized by the Shallow Geothermal Energy Research and Promotion Center of the China Geological Survey was held in Beijing, in which many experts and scholars in the field of the development and utilization of shallow geothermal energy resources introduced in detail the theories, core technologies and practical experiences of the shallow geothermal energy resources from the exploration and evaluation to the development and utilization of shallow geothermal energy resources from the theoretical and practical perspectives. The conference encourages the scientific and rational development and utilization of shallow geothermal energy resources, and contributes to the realization of national energy conservation and emission reduction goals.
While increasing the exchanges in the conference, publications related to ground source heat pumps are also coming out. 1988 by the China Construction Industry Press published the textbook "Heat Pump" written by Prof. Xu Bangyu and others. The Mechanical Industry Press published "Heat Pump Principles and Applications" edited by Prof. Yu Yongzhang in 1993, and "Heat Pump Technology and Applications for Air" edited by Prof. Jiang Nengzhao in 1997. "Design and Innovation of Heat Pump Air Conditioning System" by Zuyi Zheng was published by Huazhong University of Science and Technology Press in 1994, and "Heat Pump Technology in Air Conditioning" by Dr. Zuyi Zheng was published in 1998.
In 2001, the book "Ground Source Heat Pump Engineering Technical Guide" translated by Xu Wei and others from the Air Conditioning Institute of the China Academy of Building Research was published to provide reference for domestic ground source heat pump engineering design and construction personnel. Ground Source Heat Pump Engineering Guide was originally published by the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. Department of Defense, Natural Resources Canada and other seven units of support, the American ASHRAE Institute of Ground Source Heat Pump technology professional book, the book is divided into the principle of the chapter, the design chapter, the installation of the chapter and energy saving chapter. Contents include: introduction to the classification of ground source heat pump system, working principle, system composition, and comparison with conventional system; how to carry out on-site geological investigation and experiment; geothermal heat exchanger, groundwater heat exchanger and surface water heat exchanger system design; transmission and distribution system and indoor air-conditioning system design; installation, commissioning and inspection of the ground source heat pump system; energy-saving measures and energy-saving design calculations of the ground source heat pump system, and provides the soil and rock characterization data, antifreeze characterization data, and plastic pipe and fitting characterization data.
In 2004, Harbin Institute of Technology, Professor Ma most Liang and others wrote the "water ring heat pump air conditioning system design" published, which is a more comprehensive description of the theoretical basis of the application of water ring heat pump air conditioning system and practice of the monograph. The book for the first time summarized the renewable energy water ring heat pump air conditioning system designation, the concept of this concept will inject new vitality into the water ring heat pump system, so that the application of its system is more extensive, more reasonable, more economical. Therefore, this renewable energy water loop heat pump system will have good application prospects, and will have a longer-term strategic significance in solving the energy and environmental problems of HVAC.
The publication of these textbooks, books and translations has promoted the popularization and promotion of heat pump air conditioning technology in China.
At the same time, the domestic scientific and technical journals on ground source heat pump technology has also increased dramatically. HVAC, refrigeration and air conditioning magazines have opened a special topic for discussion. Engineering Construction and Design" magazine published a special issue of ground-source heat pumps, while carrying out the "domestic ground (water) source heat pump application survey", the fourth issue of 2004, according to the investigation of the formation of the "domestic ground-source heat pump application survey report" for the first time to show a comprehensive application of ground-source heat pumps in the country.