First, the proposal and development of China's agricultural circular economy
Man and nature are a pair of eternal contradictions. With the increasing ability of human beings to transform and dominate nature, especially the traditional crude economic growth mode and predatory resource development, etc., which directly lead to the increasing tension between human beings and nature. In the face of population growth, resource shortages, environmental damage and ecological imbalance of the enormous pressure, through the past development theory and practice of deep reflection, sustainable development strategy has gradually become the global **** the same choice and trend. It is noteworthy that in the late 1990s, the new economic development paradigm - circular economy [3-4], which was firstly put forward and practiced by Germany, Japan, the United States and other countries, has been regarded as an important carrier and the best model for the implementation of sustainable development strategy through the development and evolution in recent years, and also a fundamental means to protect the environment and reduce pollution. The development of a circular economy and the establishment of a recycling-oriented society in some developed countries have been regarded as an important way to achieve the coordinated development of the environment and the economy.
In mainland China, "circular economy" is also being gradually elevated from an unfamiliar term and concept to an important principle and strategy for guiding national and regional socio-economic development and environmental protection, and there has been a great development in terms of both connotation and extension. At present, the mainland has conducted pilot programs in Liaoning, Guiyang, Guigang in Guangxi, Nanhai in Guangdong, Baotou in Inner Mongolia, Shihezi in Xinjiang, and Changsha in Hunan. However, from a general point of view, even in the industrial system, the circular economy has just begun, and in agriculture, which is a weak link, it is even more difficult. But this does not mean that the circular economy in agriculture is difficult to make progress, on the contrary, agriculture also need to vigorously develop the circular economy. What's more, compared with the general circular economy, due to the uniqueness of agriculture itself and its industrial structure, the development of circular economy in agriculture also has many inherent advantages!
Inspired by the ideas and methods of circular economy, on the basis of many years of fruitful exploration of China's eco-agriculture and other sustainable agricultural theories and practices, people further realize that only from the perspective of circular economy to guide and pull, in order to coordinate the various systems and levels of modern agriculture, as well as the relationship between agricultural production and resource allocation, and ultimately achieve the full realization of the ecological quality, biological production and economic income of the virtuous cycle between the three. The virtuous circle between ecological quality, biological yield and economic income can be fully realized. Thus, people try to reconstruct agricultural production and ecosystems by simulating and following the laws of material cycle and energy flow of natural ecosystems, and then gradually develop a new agricultural development model - circular agriculture, so that the agricultural system can be more harmoniously integrated into the material cycle and energy cycle of natural ecosystems [ 5]. 5].
From a general point of view, in China's officially published literature, the earliest reference to the circular economy in agriculture belongs to Wu Tianma (2002), "Circular Economy and Sustainable Agricultural Development" [5], the earliest appearance of the term "circular agriculture" or "circular agriculture", belongs to Wu Tianma (2002), the earliest appearance of the term "circular agriculture" or "circular agriculture", belongs to the term "circular agriculture" or "circular agriculture". The earliest appearance of the term "circular agriculture" or "circular agriculture", when it belongs to the Chen Demin and Wang Literature (2002) **** with the writing of the "circular agriculture - China's future agricultural development model" article [6]. However, in 2003, the country up and down the academic research in this area is still quite small; until 2004, there are some literature on this discussion; just past 2005, the development of agricultural circular economy around the theoretical research, is showing a thriving good momentum.
Second, the development status and trend of circular agriculture in mainland China
(I) About the development mode
Although the circular economy was proposed in China only in recent years, China has actually had the practice of circular economy for a long time, such as eco-agriculture, eco-industry, etc., and quite a number of cases have been summarized (Xie Zhenhua ②, 2003). From a realistic point of view, some local colorful agricultural circular economy practice has walked in front of the theoretical research, emerged such as Henan Tianguan Enterprise Group, Guangxi Gui sugar, Beijing Crab Island Green Ecological Resort, Shanghai Chongming Qianwei village model, and Liaoning Province, "four-in-one" day light greenhouse ecological agriculture demonstration area and other advanced models. Among them, Liaoning farmers pioneered biotechnology as the main body, biogas as a link to the "four-in-one" solar greenhouse energy ecological projects, in essence, is based on the circular economy of agriculture, is the embodiment of the new route of agricultural modernization.
In addition, Fujian Shengnong Group Co., Ltd. through the main grasp of the main chain of broiler industry, bio-engineering side chain and organic fertilizer side chain "a main two" industry chain ③, in recent years, also walked out of a "resource - product In recent years, the city of Suqian in Jiangsu Province has also come out with a "resource-product-renewable resource" recycling agriculture development road; Suqian City, Jiangsu Province, according to the advantages of the development of recycling agriculture and the factors affecting the development of seven models suitable for the local development: "eco-home" recycling model, edible fungi bio-chain recycling model, organic agriculture development model, facility-based agriculture model, and organic agriculture development model.
At the same time, Liu Hui'e et al. (2005) put forward a series of agricultural high-tech through the use of energy saving, environmental protection, green, clean production, and other agricultural high-tech, to build the ecological agriculture as the core of the "low consumption - no pollution - high output - reuse - good benefits" of the agricultural recycling economy model; Liu Zhi (2005), Liu Zhi (2005) and Wang Luming et al. (2005) summarized some typical models of local agricultural circular economy development and their technical support system according to the actual situation in Shaanxi and Qingdao, Shandong, respectively, and some typical models have been developed in Heilongjiang and some other nationalities (Chen Qing, 2005; Li Yuming, 2005; Yuan Jiuhe, 2005). Li Shumin et al. (2005) explored the main technical routes to realize the three-stage recycling of crop residues and two-stage utilization of livestock and poultry wastes with animal husbandry as the core; Wang Huaijian (2005) explored a number of agro-ecological engineering models suitable for the development of circular economy in agriculture; Wang Kuiqi et al. (2005) put forward the "social macro-circulation" and "enterprise macro-circulation" for the implementation of the circular economy in China's aquaculture industry; Wang Kuiqi et al. (2005) proposed the "social macro-circulation" and "enterprise macro-circulation" for the implementation of circular economy in China's aquaculture industry. Wang Kuiqi et al. (2005) put forward the implementation of circular economy in China's aquaculture industry, "social cycle", "inter-enterprise cycle", "intra-enterprise cycle" three alternative basic models, and so on.
But the above models do not represent the whole of China's circular agriculture, research, design and specific development mode, should also be from the local reality, both can be used in a model, but also a variety of models and use. And no matter what model, must strictly follow the objective laws of ecology, rational use of natural resources and environmental capacity, so that the economy is harmoniously integrated into the natural ecological material cycle. Limited to space and realistic conditions, we can not carry out systematic analysis and categorization of the flourishing development of recycling agriculture, but Huang Xianjin et al. (2004) have comprehensively summarized the development of recycling agriculture can be adopted by the model: regional recycling model, comprehensive utilization of energy model, ecological farming model, comprehensive utilization of agricultural wastes model, as well as the green and organic agriculture model, and that each of the above types of model contains some specific practices. Model and contains some specific forms of practice, such as: ecological farming model, it includes based on the combination of agriculture and animal husbandry livestock and poultry breeding model, rice field ecological farming model, efficient intensive farming and healthy farming model [7].
(II) On the direction of development
For how to develop China's circular agriculture, Wu Tianma earlier put forward two modes (paths) for the sustainable development of agriculture oriented to the circular economy: one is the gradual circular economy development mode based on the construction of eco-agriculture, and the other is the leapfrog circular economy development mode based on the construction of organic agriculture; and believes that the former has a more extensive adaptability and practical significance, and should be vigorously advocated, while the latter provides a more direct way to realize the fundamental coordination of the relationship between human beings and nature, and promotes the sustainable development of human beings [5]. Chen Demin et al. also believe that in order to achieve the unity of the economic and environmental benefits of agriculture as well as the optimization of social benefits, it is necessary to implement the cleaner production of agriculture, and based on China's ecological agriculture, the development of China's recycling agriculture [6].
In October 2005, in the "Economic Daily" organized by the "Circular Economy Development Strategy High-level Seminar", Yang Chaofei, director of the State Environmental Protection Administration of the Department of policies and regulations for China's agricultural products are too serious a variety of pollution, the export of more and more difficult reality, that eco-agriculture is the direction of agricultural development in the future, and the circular economy of ecological agriculture should be the direction of agricultural development. Eco-agriculture under the circular economy should be the ultimate direction of agricultural development. In this regard, Ji Kunsen (2005) also pointed out that: the general view that the application of circular economy in agriculture is eco-agriculture; in fact, the use of circular economy in agriculture has a broader field, the essence is the principle of circular economy in the development of eco-agriculture on the use of the circular economy can be called circular economy-based eco-agriculture.
(C) on the development strategy
Compared with Germany and other advanced countries, China, whether in the theoretical study of the circular economy or in practice, there is a large gap. From a general point of view, originating from the reflection on the environmental consequences of traditional agriculture and inspired by the idea of circular economy and put forward "China's circular agriculture", there is not even a clear, unified definition, the country on the development of agricultural research on the circular economy, basically in the understanding of the conceptual initial stage of development, especially for the material cycle and the value of the increase in value, and the development of the circular economy. In particular, the quantitative research and systematic analysis that reveals the most essential contents of the agricultural circular economy, such as material circulation and value increment, is even more rare, and there are still many theoretical, technological, policy, and legal and regulatory issues that need to be resolved by the academic research community. production material recycling (large-scale pig farming, etc.), the optimal allocation of factors such as land, technology, capital and labor (leisure and tourism agriculture), the mode of linking the industrial chain of primary, secondary and tertiary industries in agriculture (new agricultural industrialization), as well as the development and utilization of bio-energy (a new field of recycling agriculture), etc., to carry out more systematic and in-depth analysis and research (mainly material metabolism analysis and economic benefits). accounting, etc., focusing on three aspects of the cyclic process and benefit evaluation and ecology in the case), and strive to not only summarize the experience (echoing with the theoretical research), but also try to find out the shortcomings and put forward the improvement suggestions or measures, which is also very urgent and useful; Thirdly, before the country has not yet introduced the unified and standard evaluation index system of recycling agriculture, it is important to carry out an all-directional exploration of the recycling agriculture and a multi-perspective Thirdly, before the country has introduced a unified and standardized evaluation index system for circular agriculture, it is also a realistic topic for academics to study vigorously; fourthly, people should also start from the endowment of resources and environment of different places and the actual development of circular agriculture, and selectively analyze and compare the general experience and lessons of the development of circular agriculture in the relevant countries or advanced regions in China (including Taiwan).
Third, the synergistic development of recycling agriculture across the Taiwan Strait
(a) The current situation and trend of the development of recycling agriculture in Taiwan
Although there are few references to "recycling agriculture" in Taiwan, Taiwan Province of China has made a lot of progress in the development, research and development, and development strategy of sustainable agriculture, accumulating a lot of useful information. Although there are few references to "recycled agriculture" in Taiwan, Taiwan Province of China has made great progress in the development of sustainable agriculture, research and development, and development strategies. On the other hand, we have also noticed that Taiwan is one of the more economically and socially developed regions in the world. Especially in recent decades, the rapid economic growth in Taiwan has resulted in serious industrial and agricultural pollution, and the health of the people and their living environment have been increasingly threatened. On the one hand, people's demand for quality of life continues to improve, especially for dietary safety, green (organic) fruits and vegetables are widely favored by consumers; on the other hand, human activities have caused harm to the environment and long-term adverse consequences, and gradually deteriorating, spreading, and is on its own living environment and social development to bring about negative effects. Thus, in the face of the arrival of the era of circular economy, people on both sides of the Taiwan Strait should re-explore from a higher level what and how human beings should produce, how to produce, how to consume, and how to live ......
For example, pig farming has always been the most important animal husbandry in Taiwan, and its output value has ranked high as the top of the Taiwan's single agricultural product for many years. How to reduce the pollution of wastewater produced by pig farming is one of the primary factors that directly affect and determine the development of this industry. It is reported that in 2004, the daily production of waste water BOD in Taiwan was 4,223 tons, of which 673 tons were livestock wastewater. In order to effectively control the pollution of wastewater from pig raising, the environmental protection department formulated a specific "water discharge standard" according to the "Water Pollution Prevention and Control Act". In order to meet the above control standards, they began to counsel the industry to set up wastewater treatment equipment in 1990. At present, Taiwan pig farms mainly use the "three-stage wastewater treatment system" which includes solid-liquid separation, anaerobic treatment and aerobic treatment. However, in general, the pig farming industry is still facing the dilemma of industrial development and environmental protection, and its technical efficiency must be further improved (Hsiao et al., 2006).
Taking another example of the problem of waste (residue) treatment of shiitake mushroom production on the island, the total production of shiitake mushrooms in Taiwan in 2004 was 4,866 tons, of which 4,714 tons of shiitake mushrooms were bag-planted, which accounted for about 97% of the total production. In addition to wood chips and other residues, bag-planted shiitake mushrooms also produce a large amount of plastic waste. Obviously, in the face of such a large amount of waste, the township garbage disposal site can not be dealt with, and such a large amount of waste is not the traditional method of burial and incineration can not solve the problem. For this reason, some scholars have proposed "source reduction" and "resource recovery and regeneration" through legislation and private assistance to reduce the cost of waste cleanup and avoid environmental problems arising from waste cleanup; furthermore, they have proposed "taxation" based on the economic incentive mechanism. Further, they proposed the "two policy tools" of "taxation" and "subsidization" based on economic incentives (Wei Qiancheng et al., 2006).
And then take the more familiar tea as an example, Taiwan's semi-fermented tea manufacturing technology is known as the world's leading, its varieties, cultivation techniques, garden facilities, etc. are ahead of the mainland; and Taiwan Province of the introduction of the concept of organic agriculture since 1987, since 1995, trial, up to 1998, there have been 35 households **** 22 hectares into the ranks of the organic tea production, and the scale of production of organic tea is still growing in . The scale of production is still growing in the ......
As Chen Qijun, Executive Secretary of the Taiwan Organic Agriculture Development Association, said: The only way for mankind to get back to the origin of "living with nature***" is to obtain safe food, which is the only way for the environment and mankind to survive forever. This is the only way for the environment and human beings to survive forever. To a certain extent, all this is precisely what the Motherland, with its rapid industrialization and urbanization, needs to further face and properly address. In this sense, the development of recycling agriculture on both sides of the Taiwan Strait are in the initial stage of development, and there is an urgent need to further promote the development of recycling agriculture and sustainable agriculture, and its development prospects are promising.
(II) Strategic choices for the synergistic development of cross-strait recycling-based agriculture
In order to promote the synergistic development of cross-strait recycling-based agriculture, and in light of the current status and trend of recycling-based agriculture, it is recommended that institutional arrangements for cross-strait recycling-based agriculture exchanges and cooperation be studied and established as soon as possible.
First, we should make full use of the existing cross-strait scientific and technological cooperation policies and channels for personnel exchanges, and actively carry out cross-strait cyclic agriculture researchers' mutual visits to give lectures, mutual appointment of guest researchers, and exchange of postgraduates, etc., so as to drive the development of inter-industry exchanges and cooperation through personnel exchanges. The second is to organize, through the consultation and discussion of the cross-strait scientific and technological exchange organizations, one comprehensive seminar on the development of recycling agriculture theory and practice on both sides of the Taiwan Strait every year, to provide a new platform for information exchange and achievement **** enjoyment. From a general point of view, Fujian Province has a certain location advantage in this regard, it is recommended that the Fujian-Taiwan Science and Technology Exchange Association to take the lead in organizing and mobilizing the relevant scientific research and teaching units across the Taiwan Strait engaged in recycling-oriented agricultural research and practice staff to actively participate in the first to hold a cross-strait academic seminar on the theory and practice of development of recycling-oriented agriculture;
Thirdly, in-depth research, to explore cross-strait recycling-oriented agricultural exchanges and cooperation in specific projects and ways and means. Thirdly, we should y study and explore the specific programs and ways and means of cross-strait recycling-oriented agricultural exchange and cooperation. Review of cross-strait agricultural technology cooperation projects in recent years, there is currently no recycling-oriented agricultural projects. Starting from the real needs of cross-strait agricultural resources and integration of science and technology and market, we can consider specific methods and approaches such as ***selecting projects, ***combining research and development, funding separately, and ***sharing the results. And we suggest that, as a national cross-strait agricultural cooperation pilot area, the administrative department of science and technology in Fujian Province should set up a new Fujian-Taiwan (cross-strait) recycling agricultural cooperation demonstration area as soon as possible in the traditional agricultural science and technology cooperation demonstration area in Zhangzhou, Quanzhou, etc.
Fourthly, we should take the cross-strait economic and trade forum as an opportunity to grasp the opportunity to add the new "cross-strait agricultural cooperation pilot area" and "cross-strait agricultural cooperation pilot area" and "cross-strait agricultural cooperation pilot area" and "cross-strait agricultural cooperation pilot area" as an opportunity. The fourth is to take this cross-strait economic and trade forum as an opportunity to grasp the new "cross-strait agricultural cooperation pilot zones" and "Taiwan farmers' entrepreneurship park" construction and management. In particular, we should actively create convenient conditions, welcome Taiwan farmers, agricultural enterprises to the mainland investment, business, and actively seek with Taiwan recycling agricultural experts and investors in various forms of cooperation and *** with the development.
It is certain that through the above efforts and institutional arrangements, it will strongly promote cross-strait peer experts and practical explorers of various forms of exchanges and cooperation. On this basis, we propose to analyze and compare the development status and prospects of cross-strait recycling-based agriculture from the mainland and Taiwan in terms of the proposal and connotation of recycling-based agriculture, the history and effectiveness of development, the progress and achievements of research, the mode and direction of development, the development strategy and goals, as well as the problems and potentials of the development process, and to draw the similarities and differences in the development of recycling-based agriculture across the Taiwan Strait and the possibilities and necessities of cross-strait cooperation. At the same time, we should further study and explore the objectives, modes, ways and supporting measures of cross-strait cooperation in recycling agriculture, and then put forward a framework for cross-strait cooperation in recycling agriculture and the development of strategies and objectives, with a view to promoting the synergistic development of cross-strait recycling agriculture.
IV. Concluding Remarks
Circular economy is a specific practice mode gradually explored and summarized by the international community in the theory and practice research of sustainable development, and agricultural circular economy has also quietly emerged in the world and become one of the focuses of attention of domestic and foreign academic circles in recent years. The article firstly briefly describes the proposal and connotation of China's agricultural circular economy, focuses on the current situation and problems of the development of circular agriculture in mainland China, and preliminarily analyzes and compares the similarities and differences of the development of circular agriculture across the Taiwan Strait, as well as the possibilities and necessities of cross-strait synergistic development. From the above analysis and discussion, it can be seen that both sides of the Taiwan Strait have formed their own characteristics and presented a complementary situation in the process of recycling agriculture development, R&D and management; through cross-strait exchanges and cooperation, both sides of the Taiwan Strait can fully understand the trajectory of the operation and policy measures of agricultural development and sustainable agriculture during the process of industrialization and urbanization in the Taiwan region, and further understand a series of development modes and lessons learned in Taiwan regarding sustainable agriculture; through the cross-strait exchange and cooperation, both sides of the Taiwan Strait can fully understand the operation and policy measures of agricultural development and sustainable agriculture during the process of industrialization and urbanization, and further understand a series of development modes in Taiwan regarding sustainable agriculture Through the comparative analysis of the development of cross-strait recycling-oriented agriculture, it can also propose some development models and countermeasures that can be borrowed from each other, as well as the objectives, models and their supporting measures for the cooperative development of cross-strait recycling-oriented agriculture, so as to achieve the goals of promoting the optimization and ****sharing of cross-strait recycling-oriented agriculture in terms of science and technology, information, resources, environment, etc., and the synergistic development of cross-strait recycling-oriented agriculture, and to provide a good basis for the cross-strait cooperation and cooperation in meeting economic globalization and urbanization. *** together to meet the challenges of economic globalization and regionalization to create new opportunities.