Wei Wudi
Name: Cao Cao
Temple number: Taizu
posthumous title: Mausoleum of Emperor Wu
Gaoling
Regime: Cao Wei
Life: 155-22
Life
Cao Cao was born in a prominent eunuch family. Cao Cao's grandfather, Cao Teng, was one of the ten regular attendants of the eunuch group in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. Father Cao Song is Cao Teng's adopted son. Cao Song's birth was not clear at that time, so Chen Shou called him "Don't judge his birth", but some people thought he was the son of Xiahou. He has served as a captain of Sili, a senior farmer, Qiu and other officials.
Cao Cao is the eldest son of Cao Song. He is "less alert and has the right to count". Since childhood, he has read widely, is good at poetry and is familiar with ancient studies. Cao Cao also has extraordinary martial arts. Cao Cao's "Ren Xia is dissolute and does not cure the industry" has not been valued by the people of the time, but Qiu Qiaoxuan, who is known for his world, was greatly surprised when he saw Cao Cao, saying, "The world will be in chaos, and those who are not destined for life can't help, and those who can be safe are in your hands!" Subsequently, Qiao Xuan asked Cao Cao to visit Xu Shao, a famous person who presided over the "Yuedan Review" at the end of the Han Dynasty. Xu Shao commented on Cao Cao and said: "The son can rule the world and be a traitor in troubled times." As a result, Cao Cao gradually became famous in the world.
In the third year of Emperor Xi Ping's reign (174), Cao Cao, who was twenty years old, was promoted to filial piety and became a lang in Luoyang. Soon, he was appointed as the northern commander of Luoyang. Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, is a place where royalty and power live together and it is difficult to govern. As soon as Cao Cao arrived at his post, he declared the prohibition and serious law and discipline, and made more than ten five-color sticks hanging around the yamen. "Anyone who breaks the prohibition will be killed with a stick." Jian Shuo's uncle, the eunuch favored by the emperor, was forbidden to go at night, but Cao Cao showed no mercy and immediately put him to death. As a result, "the capital has disappeared, and no one dares to commit crimes."
In 184, the Yellow Scarf Uprising broke out in the first year of Emperor Zhongping, and Cao Cao was worshipped as a riding captain. He was ordered to join forces with Lu Zhi and others to attack the Yellow Scarf Army in Yingchuan. As a result, the Yellow Scarf was greatly broken and tens of thousands of people were beheaded. Then moved to Jinan. During Jinan's tenure, Cao Cao managed things as before. There are more than ten counties in Jinan (now Jinan, Shandong Province), and the county officials are attached to your power, taking bribes and perverting the law, and have no scruples. Before Cao Cao, all the countries ignored it. When Cao Cao arrived at his post, he made great efforts to put in order, and eight long officials were dismissed at once. Jinan shook and corrupt officials fled. "politics and religion are big, and one county is clear." At that time, when the politics of the Eastern Han Dynasty was extremely dark, Cao Cao refused to cater to the dignitaries, so he returned to the village on the pretext of illness, studied in spring and summer, hunted in autumn and winter, and temporarily lived in seclusion.
In the fifth year of Zhongping (188), Emperor Ling of the Han Dynasty set up the eighth captain of Xiyuan to consolidate his rule, and Cao Cao was appointed as a captain of the imperial army among the eight captains because of his family background.
in the sixth year of Zhongping (189), Dong Zhuo entered Luoyang, abolished Shaodi, established Xian Di Liu Xie, and later killed the Empress Dowager and Shaodi, claiming to be the prime minister and specializing in state affairs. Seeing Dong Zhuo's perverse behavior, Cao Cao refused to cooperate with him, so he changed his name and escaped from Luoyang (now northeast of Luoyang, Henan Province).
after Cao Cao arrived in Chen Liu, he "scattered his family wealth and joined the righteous soldiers". Organize an army of 5, people to prepare for a crusade against Dong Zhuo.
In the first month of the first year of Chuping in Xian Di (19), the shepherd of Guandong Prefecture set out to crusade against Dong Zhuo, and * * * promoted Yuan Shao as the leader. Cao Cao took part in the fight for Dong Jun as a general who fought bravely. In February, Dong Zhuo coerced Xian Di to move to Chang 'an (now northwest of Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province) and stayed in Luoyang to resist the Kwantung Army. Dong Zhuozhi's Liangzhou army was brave and good at fighting. More than 1, Kwantung troops were stationed in Ziziphus jujuba (now Yanjin North, Henan Province), and no one dared to advance to Luoyang. Cao Cao thought that Dong Zhuo "burned the palace, robbed and moved the emperor, and the sea shook", so he should take the opportunity to fight with him and lead the army westward alone. Cao Cao went to Xingyang Bianshui (now southwest of Xingyang, Henan Province) and met Dong Zhuojun. He was defeated, and most of his soldiers were killed and wounded, and he was also injured by the flow vector. Back in Zizyphus jujuba, Cao Cao suggested that all the armies should take their respective positions, and then divide their troops into Wuguan (now southeast of Danfeng, Shaanxi Province) to besiege Dong Zhuo, but the generals in Kanto refused to follow.
The Kanto armies are called Qiu Dong Zhuo. Actually, they all have ulterior motives, and they intend to wait for an opportunity to develop their power. Before long, the armies clashed with each other.
In the third year of Chuping, Stuart Wang Yun and Lu Bu planned to kill Dong Zhuo in Chang 'an. Dong Zhuo's department captured Chang 'an, killed Wang Yun and attacked Lu Bu, and Guanzhong was also in war. At that time, the prefectures and counties were divided according to each other, forming a situation of vassal separatism.
In the third year of Chu Ping, the Qingzhou Yellow Scarf Army made great progress, even breaking Yanzhou counties and destroying Yanzhou secretariat Liu Dai. Jibei Xiang Bao Xin and others welcomed Cao Cao as Yanzhou shepherd. Cao Cao and Bao Xin joined forces to attack the Yellow Scarf. Bao Xin died in battle. Cao Cao "set up a strange ambush and fight day and night" and finally defeated the Yellow Scarf. More than 3, people were killed, with a population of more than one million. Cao Cao took his elite and formed an army, named Qingzhou soldier.
In the autumn of 193, the fourth year of Xian Di Chuping, Cao Cao invaded Xuzhou (now Tancheng, Shandong Province) and expanded his power to the southeast. Xuzhou pastured Tao Qian and retreated to Tan County. Soon Cao Cao's rations will be exhausted and he will retreat to the army. The following summer, Cao Cao levied Xuzhou again, slightly to the East China Sea. During Cao Cao's expedition to Xuzhou, he suffered a lot of killings, and along the way, "chickens and dogs were exhausted, and there were no pedestrians in the market."
Chen Liu, the prefect who fought for Dong Zhuo, and Cao Cao's department Chen Gong were dissatisfied with Cao Cao, so they rebelled against Cao Cao and welcomed Lu Bu as a shepherd in Yanzhou. Lu Bu was a famous soldier at that time, first Dong Zhuo's department, and once plotted with Wang Yun to kill Dong Zhuo.
At that time, only Juancheng (now belonging to Shandong), Fan (now southeast of Fan County, Shandong Province) and Dong 'e (now northeast of Yanggu Valley, Shandong Province) were still under Cao Cao's control, and Sima Xun Yu, Shou Zhangling, Cheng Yu, and Xiahou Dun, the prefect of Dong County, respectively, held fast to the situation, which was extremely critical. Cao Cao rushed back from Xuzhou and heard that Lu Bu was in Puyang, so he marched into Puyang and besieged it. After more than a hundred days of stalemate between the two armies, the plague of locusts rose sharply, the two sides stopped fighting, and Cao Caojun returned to Juancheng.
in the summer of 195, the second year of Xingping, Cao Cao's whole army fought against Lu Bu again, and defeated Lu Bu's army in Juye (now south of Juye, Shandong Province), and Lu Bu fled to Xuzhou to take refuge in Liu Bei.
Cao Cao drove Lu Bu and Zhang Miao out of Yanzhou in the second year from Chen Liu to Xingping. After six years of operation, he finally had his own base area. At the beginning of Cao Cao's army, there were only a few thousand people. Before and after he became the prefect of the East County, he successively recruited some powerful landlords with clans, sects and other domestic soldiers to join him, then defeated the Qingzhou Yellow Scarf Army and collected its elite to form the "Qingzhou Soldiers". In this way, Cao Cao has a very effective army. The base area and the army are the basic conditions for Cao Cao to succeed.
Liu Xie, Xian Di, has been in exile since it was robbed by Dong Zhuo to Chang 'an. In July of the first year of Jian 'an, Xian Di finally returned to Luoyang, which was in ruins after Dong Zhuo's rebellion. Baiguan has no place to live, "covered with thorns, depending on the hills and walls", and Luoyang has no food. "Each county has Qiang Bing, but the Committee can't lose, and the group is hungry, and Shang Shulang is self-sufficient or starving to death."
As early as the third year of Chuping (192), Mao Jie, Cao Cao's counselor, put forward a strategic proposal to Cao Cao, which was deeply thought by Cao Cao. In August of the first year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao went to Luoyang to appear before Xian Di. Immediately, the Emperor Han was held hostage and moved to Xuchang. Since then, Cao Cao has gained the advantage of relying on the emperor to make the princes. This is a great political success of Cao Cao.
during the Han and Wei dynasties, social production suffered serious damage and there was a great famine. During this period, food supply became the biggest problem for all military groups, and countless people were invincible because of the lack of military food.
in the first year of Jian' an, Cao Cao took the advice of his subordinates, such as Zao Zhi and others, and made a promise to raise people to settle the field by using the materials captured by breaking the Yellow Scarf. That year, he achieved great results and won millions of dollars. So Cao Cao ordered the establishment of field officers in various counties and counties to set up wasteland. Reclaiming farmland effectively solved the grain problem of Cao Cao Group, so Cao Cao said: "Later, it will be a big field, which will enrich the country's use, destroy the rebellion and conquer the world."
At the same time, Cao Cao took various measures to support the yeoman economy. In view of the loss of population and barren fields at that time, Cao Cao successively adopted measures such as recruiting refugees, migrating people, persuading farmers and mulberry, building water conservancy projects, and checking household registration to enrich the number of households and restore agricultural production. In addition, Cao Cao also issued decrees one after another to restore the normal rent adjustment system and prevent the strongmen from annexing small farmers. In the fifth year of Jian 'an (2 years), Cao Cao promulgated a new collection system. By the ninth year of Jian 'an, it was clear: "His land is rented for four liters, and the household pays two silks and only two pounds. He must not be good at it." This series of measures implemented before and after Cao Cao made the yeoman economy on the verge of collapse recover and develop continuously. This has become the solid economic foundation of Cao Cao Group.
through the above two measures, the agricultural production in Cao Cao's ruling area recovered rapidly. This is a great economic success for Cao Cao.
welcoming Xian Di, moving the capital to Xu and resuming agricultural production are two important conditions for Cao Cao's success.
from the second year of Jian' an, Cao Cao took advantage of his political advantage of "relying on the emperor to make the princes" to explore the east and the west, and began his war to annihilate the heroes and unify the north.
At that time, in the north of Cao Cao, it was Yuan Shao who occupied Hebei, Hebei, Youqing and Qinghai. To the south, it is Yuan Shu, which occupies Yangzhou; In the southeast, it is Lu Bu who occupies Xuzhou; Due south is Liu Biao, who occupies Jingzhou; To the west, are the generals of Guanzhong. In addition, after Zhang Xiu, the nephew of Zhang Ji, surrendered to Liu Biao, Dong Zhuo stationed in Wanxian County (now Nanyang, Henan Province), posing a threat to Xu Du.
in September of the third year of Jian' an (198), Cao Cao invaded Xuzhou and attacked Lu Bu, who had been his enemy for a long time. Under Cao Jun's offensive, Lu Bu's army went up and down. In December, Lu Bu surrendered Hou Cheng, Song Xian and other Lu Bu counselors to Cao Cao. When Lu Bu saw that the tide was gone, he surrendered to the lower city. Cao Cao executed Lu Bu and Chen Gong, and took over Lu Bu, Cang Ba and Sun Guan, and initially took control of Xuzhou.
at that time, Yuan Shao was the strongest among the pack. Cao Cao pre-arranged, and ordered Cang Ba and others who had potential influence in Qingzhou to attack Qingzhou and occupy Qi (now Linzi, Shandong Province), Beihai (now southeast of Shouguang, Shandong Province) and other places to consolidate the right wing; He also ordered a general to guard Yuan Jun on the south bank of the Yellow River. Soon, Zhang Xiu obeyed Jia Xu, the counselor, surrendered to Cao Cao, who was overjoyed and worshipped Zhang Xiu as General Yang Wu, thus relieved his worries. In December of this year, Cao Cao led his army to Guandu (now Zhongmou North, Henan Province) and prepared to meet Yuan Shao.
after Tao Qian died, Liu Bei once worked as a shepherd in Xuzhou. Later, Xuzhou was captured by Lu Bu, and Liu Bei defected to Cao Cao. Cao Cao thought that Liu Bei was a hero, and named him Yu Zhou Mu and Zuo General successively. Shortly after Cao Cao captured Xuzhou, Yuan Shu in Huainan was ready to flee to Qingzhou for Yuan Shao, and Cao Cao sent Liu Bei to intercept. In the first month of the fifth year of Jian 'an, Dong Cheng and others conspired against Cao Cao and were killed by Cao Cao. Liu Bei then attacked and killed Che Zhou, the secretariat of Xuzhou, and occupied Xuzhou.
Cao Cao decided to wipe out Liu Bei, who had a shaky foothold in Xuzhou, in order to avoid being attacked before and after fighting Yuan Shao in the future. At that time, all the generals were afraid that Yuan Shao would take the opportunity to attack Xudu. Cao Cao had a good idea about this and said, "Liu Bei is an outstanding man. If you don't attack him today, there will be future trouble. Although Yuan Shao is ambitious, he will not move when he sees things late. " Then he marched in, breaking Liu Bei with lightning speed, and Liu Bei fled to Yuan Shao.
Yuan Shao was the most powerful force in the north at that time and the most powerful enemy of Cao Cao's unification of the north. Since Yuan Shao's great-grandfather Yuan An, Yuan Yuan's family has been in three positions for four generations, and one's intimate disciples and followers are all over the world, which is already very powerful. After Yuan Shao acquired the land of Hebei, Hebei, Youqing and Qinghai, his strength increased greatly, with hundreds of thousands of troops. Yuan Shao, with his eldest son Tan, his second son Xi and his nephew Gao Qian, was divided into three states: green, secluded and peaceful, with a solid rear and well-fed soldiers, and paid no attention to Cao Cao at all. He selected 1, elite soldiers and 1, war horses, aiming at destroying Cao Cao in one fell swoop. In February of the fifth year of Jian 'an, Yuan Shao ordered general Yan Liang and others to invade Baima (now north of hua county, Henan Province), and led his army into Liyang (now east of Xun County, Henan Province) to attack Cao Cao.
Cao Cao is much weaker than Yuan Shao. The area to the south of the big river occupied by Cao Cao is small and a place of four wars. It is dilapidated and has not fully recovered, and its materials are not as rich as Yuan Shao's. Cao Cao's troops are far less than Yuan Shao's, and its total strength is only tens of thousands. According to the "Emperor Wu Ji", "the number of soldiers is less than 1,, and the wounded are twelve or thirteen". Liu Song and Pei Songzhi thought this number was inaccurate, and Cao Cao's troops would not be so few, but there was no problem that Cao Cao's troops were far less than Yuan Shao's. When Yuan Shao's army came to attack, many people shook. Cao Cao comforted the generals and said, "I know Shao as a man, with great ambition but little wisdom, strong color and weak courage, avoiding grams but little power, having too many soldiers and unclear plans, being arrogant and making different orders. Although the land is vast and the food is abundant, it is enough to serve me." Cao Cao had a deep understanding of Yuan Shao, and he dared to pull out and attack Liu Bei when Yuan Shao was about to be besieged by a large army. It was based on this understanding.
In February of the fifth year of Jian 'an, Yuan Jun, Yan Liang and others besieged Baima, which started the great war. In April, Cao Cao personally led his troops to the north to solve the siege of Baima. He adopted the plan of Xun You, an adviser, and advanced the army to Yanjin (now north of Yanjin, Henan Province, west of Baima), making a gesture of crossing the river to attack Yuan Jun, attracting Yuan Jun to divide his troops to the west, and then suddenly turned to hardships to save Baima. Cao Caojun was suddenly killed, Yuan Jun was caught off guard, Yan Liang was killed by Cao Jun, Yuan Jun was defeated, and the siege of the White Horse was solved. Cao Cao rescued the white horse soldiers and civilians and withdrew west along the Yellow River. When Yuan Shao heard this, he immediately crossed the river and chased Cao Cao. Seeing that the pursuers were approaching, Cao Cao ordered the sergeant to untie his saddle and release his horse, and put the trench on the road. Yuan Jun pursued his troops, fighting for the trench, and the formation was chaotic. Cao Cao led the only cavalry to fight out suddenly, and defeated the pursuer, attacking Wen Chou, another general of Yuan Shao. Yan Liang and Wen Chou were famous generals of Yuan Jun, who were killed in World War II respectively, and Yuan Jun was greatly shocked. Cao Cao won the first battle, took the initiative to withdraw, and continued to guard Guandu.
in August, Yuan Shao's army marched into Guandu, covering dozens of miles from east to west, relying on sand piles as a chariot. Cao Cao divided his forces and held fast to the camp, waiting for an opportunity. Yuan Jun stormed Cao Cao's camp. First, he rowed a high oar, raised a mound of earth, shot an arrow at Cao Cao from above, and then dug a tunnel to attack Cao Cao from underground, all of which were broken by Cao Cao in corresponding ways. The two armies fought for nearly two months. After a long battle, Cao Cao was in an extremely difficult situation.
In October, Yuan Shao brought more than 1, wagons of grain and grass from Hebei, and sent general Chunyu Qiong and others with more than 1, people to guard them. They camped in Wuchao, 4 miles away from Yuan Shao's camp. Just then, Yuan Shao's counselor Xu You came to vote for Cao Cao, offering a plan to let Cao Cao sneak into the nest. Cao Cao was overjoyed. He rode five thousand men with an elite head, and sneaked into Wu's nest from the path at night. Cao Caojun went to Wu's nest and ordered a fire on all sides. Yuan Jun was in chaos, and Chunyu Qiong refused to defend his camp. When Yuan Shao heard this, he rushed to send troops to rescue him. Cao Cao saw around him, "The thief is riding a little closer, so please divide your troops and refuse." Cao Cao said angrily,' It's white to have a thief behind your back!' All the foot soldiers fought to the death, so they broke it, cut Joan, etc., and burned their food and grass. " When Yuan Shao heard that Cao Cao had attacked Wu Chao, he thought it was a good opportunity to attack Cao Cao's camp, so he sent few reinforcements and besieged Cao Cao's camp with heavy troops. However, before Cao Cao's camp was broken, the news of Wu Chao's defeat came, Yuan Jun was scattered, and General Zhang He and others surrendered to Cao Cao. Yuan Shao abandoned the army and fled back to the north of the Yellow River. So Cao Jun won a great victory, beheaded more than 7, levels, and won Yuan Jun's book treasures. Cao Cao counted Yuan Shao's letters and got letters from his subordinates to Yuan Shao. He burned them and said, "When Shao is strong, loneliness can't protect itself, but what about everyone?"
speaking from the objective conditions, Cao Cao was at a disadvantage, but because he could correctly analyze the objective conditions and be good at listening to the correct opinions of others, he was able to make full use of his strengths and avoid weaknesses, adopt correct strategies and tactics, and transform the war to his own advantage, and finally won the victory through his own subjective efforts.
In the battle of Guandu, Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao, the biggest enemy, and it is the general trend for him to unify the north.
In the seventh year of Jian 'an, Yuan Shao died of illness. Yuan Shao's two sons, Yuan Tan and Yuan Shang, were at odds and conflicted. Yuan Tan lost to Yuan Shang and begged Cao Cao to surrender.
in February of the ninth year of Jian' an, Cao Cao took advantage of Yuan Shang's invasion of Yuan Tan.