(2) In order to save the lives of the wounded, emergency and effective first-aid measures should be taken, such as stopping bleeding for the wounded; Another purpose of first aid is to improve the condition of the wounded, such as analgesia, so that the wounded suffer as little as possible and prevent illness. For example, after a fracture, they should be properly fixed to avoid complicated injuries.
(3) The first aid work is only to get the wounded out of danger temporarily, and to send them to the hospital for emergency treatment as soon as possible to save the lives of the wounded.
Second, the basic procedures of self-help and mutual aid at the scene of the accident
(1) cardiopulmonary resuscitation (i.e. cardiac compression and artificial respiration)
When the human body is seriously injured, cardiac arrest may occur. A large number of data show that after the heartbeat stops breathing for 6 minutes, the injured brain cells will be irreversibly damaged and lose the chance of rescue. Therefore, effective cardiac compression and artificial respiration must be performed within 4-5 minutes after cardiac arrest, which is the key to successful rescue. Therefore, when cardiac arrest is found, cardiac resuscitation measures should be taken immediately.
② Hemostasis
When injured, the wounded's large blood vessels, especially arterial blood vessels, will bleed a lot. Massive bleeding makes the wounded lose effective blood volume, resulting in hemorrhagic shock and endangering the lives of the wounded. Therefore, when the wounded are found to have massive bleeding, various effective hemostasis measures should be taken immediately.
(3) Dealing with shock
The occurrence of traumatic shock is related to tissue injury, severe pain and massive blood loss. The occurrence of shock shows that the wounded are in a critical state, and necessary treatment should be given according to local conditions to ensure the safety of the wounded during transportation.
(4) Wound dressing
The local wound of the wounded should be covered and bandaged to protect the wound, prevent further injury and avoid wound pollution. This is especially important for patients with chest, abdomen and craniocerebral injury. When conditions permit, the wound can be disinfected and debrided.
(5) Fracture fixation
When a fracture occurs, if the fracture is not fixed, there may be two hazards: one is painful shock caused by severe pain, and the other is likely to further aggravate the injury, such as spinal cord injury caused by spinal cord injury. Therefore, when the wounded are found to have fractures, they should be simply and reliably fixed before being transported.
(6) transfer the wounded
After the above-mentioned emergency treatment, the injured should be treated as soon as possible in an appropriate way according to their injuries and on-site conditions.
Send it to a medical institution for further rescue and treatment.
Third, the basic methods of accident scene rescue
(A) the method of emergency cardiopulmonary resuscitation
1, chest patting method
When the wounded man's heart stops beating, he should first be patted on the chest to revive him. The method is: the injured person lies on his back, the rescuer clenches his fist with his right hand upward, drops his fist from a height of 20-30cm above the chest wall, and slams the lower and middle sternum 1/3 junction 1-2 times with moderate force (as shown in figure 1). Touch the carotid artery immediately (as shown in Figure 2) and listen to the heart sounds. If there is no carotid pulse and heart sound, chest compressions should be performed immediately.
Be careful not to knock on the door repeatedly to avoid delaying the rescue opportunity.
(2) Chest compression
1, the injured person lies on his back, and his back must be flat and hard on the ground or wooden board to ensure the squeezing effect. Pay attention to the wounded lying on the stretcher or soft bed. At this time, you should remove a board or put it on your back.
2, ambulance personnel standing or squatting on the right side of the wounded, put the root of one hand under the wounded sternum13, fingers slightly lifted out of contact with the chest wall, the other hand superimposed on the back of the hand.
3. Keep your arms straight, lean forward, and press the sternum vertically with elbows and arms rhythmically according to the weight of the rescuer (as shown in Figure 3). Pay attention to moderate force. If it is too light, it will be ineffective. If it is too heavy, it will easily cause rib fracture, and the sternum will sink 3-5 cm.
4. Relax quickly after pressing and restore the sternum to its original position, but don't leave the sternum at the palm root.
5, each press time and relaxation time are roughly equal. Press 60- 100 times per minute.
(3) mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration
1, the injured person lies on his back, first remove the dirt from his mouth, take out his false teeth, and untie his collar, belt, bra, etc.
2. The ambulanceman holds the injured person's back neck with his hands, so that his head leans back and opens the respiratory tract (as shown in Figure 4).
3. The ambulance personnel hold the nostril of the injured person with the other hand, take a deep breath first, and then blow hard into the mouth of the injured person to lift his chest (as shown in Figure 5).
4. Then relax the hand holding the nostril, tilt your face to one side, and let the injured person's chest and lungs naturally retract and discharge gas.
5. Blow once every 5 minutes, that is, breathe mouth to mouth after heart compression.
(4) Chest compressions and mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration are performed at the same time.
1. During rescue, one person performs cardiac compression and one person performs artificial respiration. Two people can count and cooperate. Press the heart five times each time, that is, count to five for artificial respiration 1 time. Pay attention to blowing immediately when you stop pressing your heart (as shown in Figure 6).
2. If there is only one person at the scene, after 15 cardiac compressions, mouth-to-mouth resuscitation can be performed twice in a row. Note that the two blows should be completed within 5-6 minutes, so as not to stop the cardiac compression for too long (Figure 7).
(5) hemostasis and rescue of trauma
Bleeding is common in cuts, stab wounds, object blows and rolling injuries. If the bleeding volume of the injured person reaches more than 1/3 of the whole body blood volume at one time, it will be life-threatening. Therefore, it is necessary and important to stop bleeding in time. Don't panic when you encounter this kind of trauma. You can use towels, gauze, work clothes and other on-site supplies to take immediate hemostasis measures. If there is a foreign body in the wound that is not near the important organs, you can pull it out and handle the wound. If you are not sure, don't just pull out foreign objects. You should send it to the hospital at once. When the doctor checked that the internal organs and larger blood vessels were not injured, the foreign body was pulled out again to avoid massive bleeding.
(6) Emergency treatment of burns
When a burn occurs, the best treatment is to wash it with cold water, or the injured person can soak himself in a nearby pool to prevent the burn area from expanding further. After the initial treatment of burns, the wounded should be sent to the nearest hospital for further treatment in time.
(7) Inhalation of toxic gas for first aid.
When carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, etc. Exceeding the allowable concentration can cause poisoning after inhalation. After someone is found to be poisoned, rescuers must not rush into the scene to rescue, otherwise it will lead to serious consequences of multiple poisoning. In this case, the rescuer must keep a clear head, ventilate the poisoned area first, and then enter the scene for rescue when the harmful gas drops to the allowable concentration. Remember that rescuers must wear gas masks when rescuing. After the poisoned person is carried to a place with fresh air, immediately notify the ambulance to send him to the hospital for treatment.
(8) First aid for hand injury
When hand injury occurs at work, first take measures to stop bleeding and bandage. If you have a broken hand or limb, you should immediately pick it up, wrap it with a clean handkerchief, towel and cloth, put it in a plastic bag or rubber belt without cracks, and tie the bag tightly. Then put ice cubes and ice cream around the pocket to cool down. After the above treatment, rescuers immediately sent the severed limb to the hospital with the wounded, so that doctors could replant the severed limb. Remember not to apply iodine, alcohol or other disinfectants to the broken limb. This will deteriorate tissues and cells, causing serious consequences and making it impossible to replant.
(9) First aid for fracture
(1) If there is bleeding from an open wound, stop bleeding and bandage the wound first, and then fix the fracture.
(2) Don't send the broken bone back to the wound to avoid infection and puncture of blood vessels and nerves.
(3) The fixed action should be brisk, and it is best not to move the injured limb or flip the actor at will, so as not to aggravate the injury and increase the pain.
(4) Splints or simple materials should not be in direct contact with the skin, but should be padded with cotton or substitutes to prevent local oppression.
(5) Handling should be light, steady and fast to avoid shock, and pay attention to the changes of the injured's condition at any time. When there is no support, you can use door panels, chairs, ladders, etc. Make a simple stretcher for transportation.
(10) First aid for eye injury
(1) In the case of minor eye injuries, if a foreign body enters the eye, please ask the on-site companion to open the eyelid and take out the foreign body with a clean handkerchief and gauze. If chemicals spill into your eyes, wash them with clear water in time.
(2) If the eyes are seriously injured, the injured person can lie on his back. The rescuer tried to support his head and keep it as still as possible. Never try to pull out a foreign body inserted into his eye.
(3) When you see something protruding or protruding from the eyeball, don't push it back into the eye, which is very dangerous and may damage the injured eye that can be recovered.
(4) Immediately cover with sterile gauze. If there is no gauze, cover the injured eye with a new towel that has just been washed, and then wrap it with a strip. Don't use force when dressing, and take the principle of no pressure and no eye injury. After the above treatment, immediately sent to the hospital for further treatment.