1, family first aid knowledge
A, foreign objects in the eyes
First aid: first of all, blink hard and often, with tears will be flushed out of the foreign body. If that doesn't work, pinch your eyelids up and rinse your eyes under the faucet. Be sure to remove your contact lenses.
Absolute prohibition: no rubbing of the eye; a foreign body, no matter how small, can scratch the cornea and cause an infection. If the foreign body enters deeper into the eye, then it is important to seek immediate medical attention from a doctor.
Two, sprains
First aid: Within 24 hours of the sprain, try to use an ice pack every hour for half an hour. Wrap the injured area with an elastic compression bandage and cushion the injured area. 24 hours later, begin to change the affected area to a hot compress to promote blood flow to the injured area.
Absolutely forbidden: You can't move the injured joint freely, otherwise it will be easy to cause ligament tear, and it will be relatively difficult to recover.
Three, nosebleeds
First aid: lean forward slightly and pinch the cartilage area below the bridge of the nose with your fingers for about 5-15 minutes.
If available, put a small ice pack on the bridge of the nose also has the effect of quickly stopping the bleeding.
Absolutely forbidden: Tilting your head back will cause the nosebleed to flow into your mouth, and some of the blood will inevitably be sucked into your lungs in a panic, which is neither safe nor hygienic.
Four, scalded
Scalded is divided into three levels: one scalded will cause the skin to redden and stinging; two scalded after the occurrence of visible blisters; three scalded will lead to the skin breakout black.
First aid: once the scald, immediately placed in the scalded parts of the flow of water under the rinse or cold towel cold compresses, if the scalded area is large, the injured person should be immersed in the whole body in the bathtub filled with cold water. Gauze or a bandage can be wrapped loosely around the burn to protect the wound.
Absolutely forbidden: Ice should not be used to treat burns, as it can damage already broken skin and cause the wound to worsen. Don't break the blisters or you'll be left with a scar. And don't just put antibiotic ointment or grease on the wound, as these slimy substances can easily get dirty.
Five, choking
Real choking rarely happens in real life, choking on water or choking on food is generally not considered choking. When choking occurs, the patient will not have a strong cough, cannot speak or breathe, and his face will turn red or blue-purple for a short period of time.
First aid: First, call an ambulance. While waiting for the ambulance, you need to take the following measures: let the patient's body lean forward, and use the palm of your hand to pat the patient's back in the middle of the shoulders. If that doesn't work, then you need to stand behind the patient, put your fist against the patient's abdominal back, hold that fist with your other hand, push up and down hard to push out five times to help the patient breathe.
Self-help measures taken by the patient: press his or her abdomen against a hard object, such as a kitchen countertop, and then squeeze the abdomen hard enough to make whatever is stuck in the throat pop out.
Absolute no-no: Don't give water or other food to a person who is coughing.
VI. Poisoning
Poisoning in the home is usually due to accidental ingestion of cleaning and washing products, carbon monoxide inhalation or insecticide ingestion.
First aid: If the patient is already confused or has difficulty breathing, you should quickly call an ambulance and be prepared to answer the following questions: what substance was ingested or inhaled, what was the amount, the patient's weight, age and the time of the poisoning.
ABSOLUTELY PROHIBITED: Not calling an ambulance until symptoms appear often delays treatment. While waiting for help, don't give the patient anything to eat or drink, and don't attempt to help the patient induce vomiting, as some toxic substances may injure other organs of the patient in the process of being spit out.
Seven, head "attack"
The skull itself is very hard, so the general external force will rarely cause skull damage. If the external force is too strong, the neck, back, head of the fragile blood vessels have become "victims".
First aid: If you have a bag on your head, apply an ice pack to the affected area to reduce edema. If the head after being smashed began to bleed, the disposal of the same way and was cut in the same way, that is, with a clean towel to press the wound to stop the bleeding, and then go to the hospital to sew up the wound, and check whether there is internal injuries. If the smashed person faints, then you need to call an ambulance to take him to the hospital quickly, without a moment's delay.
Absolute prohibition: do not let the injured person sleep alone. Within 24 hours of being smashed, someone must be with the injured person. If the injured person falls asleep, then the injured person should be woken up every three hours and asked to answer a few simple questions to make sure that the injured person is not in a coma and does not have an intracranial injury, such as a concussion.
Bright Alert: When the injured person experiences convulsions, dizziness, vomiting, nausea, or noticeable abnormal behavior, he or she needs to be admitted to the hospital immediately.
Eight, fried
1, if fried eyes, do not go rubbing and messy rinse, up to the appropriate amount of anti-inflammatory eye drops into the eye, and lie down, call 120 or rushed to a hospital with conditions.
2, such as the hands or feet by firecrackers and other blast injuries bleeding, should be quickly with both hands for the top of the bleeding parts of the card, such as Yunnan Baiyao powder or panax ginseng powder can be sprinkled to stop bleeding. If the bleeding is not only a large amount, the application of rubber bands or coarse cloth tied above the bleeding site, elevate the affected limb, and urgently sent to the hospital for trauma treatment. But the bandage should be loosened every 15 minutes to avoid ischemic necrosis of the affected area.
Nine, finger cuts
1, if the bleeding is small and the injury is not serious, can be cleaned after the band-aid over the wound. Do not advocate in the wound on the application of red potion or bleeding powder and other drugs, as long as the wound can be kept clean.
2. If the wound is large and bleeding, you should stop the bleeding first and then rush to the hospital immediately. Specific methods to stop the bleeding is: the wound with a clean gauze bandage, pinch both sides of the root of the finger and raised over the heart, because the blood vessels are distributed in the left and right sides, to take this gesture can effectively stop the bleeding. The use of rubber tourniquet will be more effective, but be careful, every 20-30 minutes must be relaxed tourniquet a few minutes, otherwise easy to cause finger ischemic necrosis.
Ten, cerebral hemorrhage
First aid mnemonic: head to the side
Typical symptoms: a history of high blood pressure, due to the sudden drop in temperature or emotional excitement, suddenly slurred speech or even coma.
1, family members should restrain their feelings, do not in order to wake up the patient and shouting or violently shaking the coma, otherwise it will only make the condition deteriorate rapidly.
2, the patient lying flat on the bed, due to elevated brain pressure, such patients are very prone to projectile vomiting, such as not timely removal of vomit, may lead to cerebral hemorrhage coma due to vomit blockage of the airway suffocation and death. Therefore, the patient's head must be turned to the side so that the vomit can flow out of the mouth.
3, family members can use ice packs or cold towels on the patient's forehead to help stop bleeding and reduce brain pressure.
Eleven, alcohol poisoning
Alcohol poisoning is due to excessive intake of ethanol (alcohol) drinks caused by the central nervous system after the inhibition of excitation disorder. Generally can be self-cured, very few serious cases can be due to respiratory and circulatory failure and death.
Endangered state coma, frequent convulsions, shallow and slow respiration, slow heart rate, heartbeat weakness, blood pressure drop. Irregular respiratory heartbeat to the point of respiratory cardiac arrest.
First-aid measures:
First of all, the mildly poisoned, first of all, to stop him from continuing to drink; secondly, you can find some pears, horseshoes, watermelon and other fruits to give him alcohol; you can also stimulate the throat (such as chopsticks, etc.) to cause vomiting reflexes, will be as soon as possible, such as wine and other gastric contents of the vomit out (for the patients who have already appeared to be drowsy is not suitable for this method), and then to arrange for him to bed rest, pay attention to warmth, pay attention to avoid vomiting. Pay attention to keep warm, pay attention to avoid vomit obstruction of the respiratory tract; observation of respiration and pulse, such as no special, a wake up can be self recovery. If the patient after bed rest, there is a rapid pulse, slow breathing, cold, wet skin, the phenomenon of irritability, should be immediately sent to the hospital for treatment.
Severe acute alcohol poisoning, there will be irritability, lethargy, dehydration, convulsions, shock, weak breathing and other symptoms, should be sent to the hospital quickly emergency.
Note: Coffee and strong tea are not suitable for alcohol
XII, hemorrhagic shock
First aid mnemonic: close observation, to prevent blood loss.
Typical symptoms: massive blood loss due to accidents, blood pressure is zero.
1, for the shock patient must pay attention to, in the stretcher to the rescue place, the patient's head should be close to the back of the stretcher lifting people, so as to facilitate the shock people at any time close observation, in order to cope with the deterioration of the condition.
2, in the patient to the hospital on the way, the patient's head should be facing the opposite direction of the transportation (ambulance, aircraft, etc.), so as to avoid the acceleration of the patient's brain caused by further blood loss.
3, such as shock is a big month pregnant women, should let her take the side position, otherwise the fetus and the huge uterus will compress blood vessels, resulting in a decrease in the amount of return blood, aggravate shock.
Thirteen, scalded
1, with cold water local cooling 10 minutes.
2. Cover with a clean, moist dressing.
3, when the injury is swollen, remove the watch, bracelet, ring, etc., the dressing gently fixed bandage, be careful not to be too tight.
4, on the opposite side of the injury tied to the bandage.
Fourteen, burn treatment
1, if the burn skin is still intact, should be localized as soon as possible to reduce the temperature. If it will be placed under the faucet rinse for about 10 minutes. This will take away local tissue heat and reduce one step of damage.
2. Wrap the injury with a loose, moist, preferably sterilized pad. Be careful not to make it too tight.
3. If the skin has been burned, cover it with a clean pad to protect the injury and reduce the risk of infection.
Fifteen, stomach perforation
First aid mnemonic: lying towards the left side.
Typical symptoms: gastric ulcer patients, sudden onset of intolerable severe abdominal pain, and abdominal hardness and swelling, that is very likely to sudden gastric perforation.
Gastric ulcer patients are susceptible to gastric perforation due to emotional fluctuations or after overeating during the Chinese New Year, and the possibility of gastric perforation should be taken into account as soon as the above symptoms occur. Before the ambulance arrives, you should do the following:
1, don't cover your stomach and roll around, you should lie on the left side of the bed. The reason is that most of the perforation sites are located on the right side of the stomach. Lying on the left side of the bed can effectively prevent stomach acid and food from flowing further into the abdominal cavity and exacerbating the condition.
2, if the paramedics can not arrive in time, but the scene and some simple medical equipment, the patient can be inserted into the stomach tube. Specific method: Insert the tube into the nostril, to the throat, and swallow hard while breathing, to swallow the tube into the stomach. Then use a syringe to draw out the contents of the stomach, which can reduce the degree of infection in the abdominal cavity, for the patient to win the treatment time, remember that at this time the patient must also be lying on the left side.
Sixteen, fishbone stuck in the voice
1, the implementation of abdominal compression (if the patient is pregnant or obese, then the implementation of chest compression). If the patient can't stand up, put him/her on a solid surface, sit across the patient's legs and push the abdomen five times, and then check whether the foreign matter has been coughed up or not.
2. When digging out a foreign body with your fingers, do so only when you can see the foreign body and not blindly.
Seventeen, gas poisoning
Mild poisoning, the patient felt dizzy, tired, nausea, vomiting, pale. Severe poisoning, there will be breathing difficulties, convulsions, coma.
First aid: immediately open the door and windows, move the patient to the air circulation, unbutton the patient's clothes to make breathing fluent, pay attention to keep warm to prevent the formation of pneumonia. Mild poisoning, you can give him hot tea, for deep breathing, quickly sent to the hospital rescue.
Eighteen, wood thorns
Note that there is no wood thorns remaining in the wound, due to wood thorns and other residual may make the wound pus, the wound is often deep and narrow, more conducive to the invasion of tetanus bacteria reproduction and infection, so it is necessary to take out the foreign body, to eliminate the potential for trouble.
After the finger is stuck into the wooden splinter, if the splinter is indeed pulled out completely, you can gently squeeze the wound again to squeeze out the stasis in the wound to reduce the chance of wound infection. Then iodine disinfect the surrounding area of the wound once, and then rub it with alcohol 2 times, and wrap it with sterilized gauze. If there is a splinter in the wound, after disinfecting the area around the wound, the splinter can be removed completely with forceps sterilized by burning or rubbing with alcohol. If the exposed part of the splinter is very short and the tweezers can't hold it, a sterilized needle can be used to pick open the outer skin of the wound, expand the wound appropriately, so that the splinter can be exposed as much as possible, and then the splinter can be gently pulled out with tweezers, and the wound can be sterilized once again and then bandaged with clean gauze, in order to prevent the wound from becoming inflamed, it is best to take 2 tablets of Neurontin 2 times a day, for 3-5 days. If the splinter goes into the nail, you should go to the hospital and have the physician cut the nail into a V-shape before pulling out the splinter.
Remember! Deep splinters should be injected with tetanus antitoxin (TAT) as a precautionary measure.
Nineteen, nail frustration
1, the nail is squeezed off, the most important thing is to prevent bacterial infection. Emergency treatment, first squeeze off the nail fingers, gauze, bandage fixed, and then cold bag cold compress. Then elevate the injured limb and go to the hospital immediately.
2, nail crack bleeding, available honey to half of warm water, stir, wipe several times a day, can gradually cure. If the nail rupture is a ball player, during the treatment period, if you need to continue to play, before playing, be sure to use a rubber bandage will be the end of the finger wrapped 2-3 layers, to protect, and immediately removed after playing, so as not to cause infection.
3, if due to trauma caused by bleeding under the nail bed, the blood did not flow out, so that the root of the nail bed bulging, the pain is unbearable can not sleep, can be near the root of the nail with a red-hot sewing needle a small hole, the blood will be discharged, disinfected pressure bandage nails.
Twenty, cardiac arrest
Cardiac arrest suggests that the heart suddenly stops beating, the aortic pulsation and heart sound disappears, vital organs such as the brain severe ischemia, hypoxia, resulting in the termination of life. This unexpected and sudden death is also known as sudden death in medicine.
The most common cause of cardiac arrest is ventricular fibrillation. If the patient does not respond to the call, the pressure on the supraorbital and infraorbital unresponsive, you can determine that the patient has been in a coma. Then pay attention to observe the patient's chest and abdomen with or without undulation breathing movement. If you touch the carotid artery and femoral artery without pulsation, the precordial area can not hear the heartbeat, can be determined that the patient has a cardiac arrest.
2, family first aid precautions
A, panic: panic, not helpful. If you panic and pull the electrocuted person, only even their own electrocution. At this time should first cut off the power supply, with wooden sticks and other insulators to make the patient out of the power before rescuing.
Second, because of small losses: encountered a critical patient, first look at the patient's heartbeat breathing, pupils and mental condition. If the heartbeat has stopped breathing, should immediately do mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration and chest compressions, and can not be rushed to bandage bleeding (the patient is dead, bleeding what use).
Three, randomly moving: in case of accidents, family members are often nervous, screaming patients, pushing and shaking the patient, moving and dragging. In fact, the best in situ treatment, do not move at will, especially cerebral hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, acute myocardial infarction, bone fracture patients avoid moving.
Four, the proximity of distant: first aid, time is life, should be sent to the nearest hospital, especially the patient's respiratory heartbeat is on the verge of stopping, more should not be sent to the farther away from the big hospitals, we must believe that the small hospitals have the ability to carry out the initial first aid, first aid, the condition of the relative stability of the hospital and then sent to the higher level.
Fifth, indiscriminate use of drugs: many families have medicines, but the knowledge of the use of drugs is limited, do not use indiscriminately. Such as acute abdominal pain, overdose of painkillers will cover up the condition, hindering the correct diagnosis.
Six, indiscriminate access to beverages: many people mistakenly think that the patient drink some hot tea and hot water will relieve the condition, in fact, unnecessary. Burns patients should not drink boiled water, acute necrotizing pancreatitis should be banned from food and water, especially confused patients, more can not be hard to pour drinks, it is easy to pour into the bronchial tube caused by choking, choking.
Seven, all lying: not all acute patients have to lie down, such as unconscious patients should be allowed to lie down, head to the side; cardiac asthma patients let them take a sitting position, legs down, slightly ambush in the back of the chair better; acute abdominal pain let them bend their knees to reduce pain; pleural effusion patients to take a half-sitting position.
Eight, self-assertive treatment: usually pay attention to learn some basic knowledge of rescue, emergency situation should not be taken for granted.
In fact, daily life, there are many situations are more urgent, after all, people from asphyxiation to death, generally not more than 5 minutes, so in this 5 minutes, we should think of all kinds of ways to carry out first aid, so the family first aid knowledge is very important, perhaps at some point, can save a person's life, so we all need to look at.