China is a large agricultural country, with 800 million of its 1.3 billion people living in rural areas, and rural social security is an extremely important part of China's social security system. Due to the influence of the traditional urban-rural dual structure model, China's urban and rural development is extremely unbalanced, in the urban social security system is basically established at the same time, the rural social security but there is a low level of protection, the degree of socialization is low, the government's support for the small, narrow coverage, the lack of a legal system, and many other problems. The timely establishment of a sound rural social security system is conducive to the realization of social equity, maintaining social stability, and promote urban-rural integration and *** with the development of the implementation of the scientific outlook on development, the construction of a harmonious socialist society, and the full realization of the goal of building a moderately affluent society is an inevitable requirement and an important embodiment.
China's current mode of social security in rural areas
China's current mode of social security in rural areas of the specific types and ways of relief can be summarized as follows:
1. Five guarantees of sustenance system. Rural five guarantees of support, refers to in accordance with the provisions of the State "rural five guarantees of support work regulations", in terms of food, clothing, housing, medical care and burial to give villagers living care and material help. China's five guarantees system was first established in the 1950s. According to the latest Regulations on the Five Guarantees of Subsistence in Rural Areas, published by the State Council in January 2006, villagers who are elderly, disabled, or under 16 years of age, and who are unable to work, have no source of livelihood, and have no legal obligor for maintenance, fostering, or support, or whose legal obligor for maintenance, fostering, or support is incapable of doing so, shall be entitled to the Five Guarantees of Subsistence in Rural Areas. For those who have not yet reached the age of 16, or who have reached the age of 16 and are still receiving compulsory education, the expenses necessary for them to receive compulsory education in accordance with the law are guaranteed. There are two main forms of support: centralized support at local rural five-guarantee support service institutions and decentralized support at home, with support recipients able to choose their own form of support. The funds required for the five guarantees' support are arranged in the budgets of the local people's governments, with the central government providing appropriate financial subsidies for the five guarantees' support in rural areas with financial difficulties.
2. Family support: "Raising children for old age" is an idea of family security that has been passed down by Chinese peasants for thousands of years, and family support has always been the main form of old-age security in rural China. The most important form of family support is child support.
3. Land security. For Chinese farmers, especially those in the backward areas of central and western China, land is their "lifeblood". In recent years, with the implementation of the national rural tax and fee reform policy, agricultural tax and special property tax have been gradually canceled, and farmers have gained more income from the land than before.
4. Preferential pension security. This is a relatively special kind of security, whose targets are the old Red Army, demobilized soldiers, martyred military families, disabled soldiers and so on.
5. Rural Social Pension Insurance: In January 1992, the Ministry of Civil Affairs issued the "Basic Program for Rural Social Pension Insurance at County Level (Trial)", which, in accordance with the financing principle of "individual contributions as the mainstay, collective subsidies as a supplement, and the State's support for policies", and the accumulation of individual accounts as the mainstay of the rural pension insurance, began to be implemented on a county-by-county basis in all areas. Between 1995 and 1998, the years when rural pension insurance was at its hottest were characterized by a high level of enthusiasm among farmers, but in 2000 the number of insured persons fell sharply. In addition to the fact that the funds for rural insurance were not well managed, and that governments at all levels did not pay enough attention to the work of rural social security, this was mainly due to the fact that in 1999 the relevant departments of the State Council issued a document stating that the conditions for the universal promotion of rural old-age insurance were not yet in place, which led to a significant decline in the work of rural social security. The main reason for this was also the neglect and trivialization of farmers and their interests; in November 2002, the Sixteenth Party Congress proposed exploring the establishment of a rural pension insurance system in places where conditions existed, and this work has been gradually developed again. According to the white paper "China's Social Security Situation and Policies," released in 2004, by the end of 2003, 1,870 counties (cities and districts) in China had, to varying degrees, carried out rural social old-age pension insurance, ****54.28 million people had participated in the insurance program, and a fund of 25.9 billion yuan had been accumulated, with 1.98 million peasants receiving pensions.
6. The new rural cooperative medical system. The cooperative medical system was once the basic medical system in rural China, and at the peak of its development in the era of the people's commune, thanks to the support of the collective economy, it once covered 90% of rural production brigades and 95% of the rural population. in the early 1980s, the system was dismantled along with the disintegration of the traditional collective economy of the countryside. In order to solve the problem of farmers being "impoverished due to illness and returning to poverty because of illness" and to safeguard the basic medical needs of farmers, in 2002 China began to implement a new type of rural cooperative medical care system, that is, a system of mutual medical assistance among farmers that is organized, guided, and supported by the government, in which farmers participate voluntarily, and which is financed by the government, the collective, and the individual, and which is based on a comprehensive system of medical care for major illnesses***. system. From 2003 onwards, the central financial administration, through special transfers, has arranged subsidies of 10 yuan per capita per year for farmers participating in the new type of cooperative medical care in the central and western regions, with the exception of urban areas. Local financial subsidies for farmers participating in cooperative medical care are no less than 10 yuan per capita per year. As of June 2004, the new rural cooperative medical care system covered 95.04 million people in the agricultural population, with an actual participation rate of 68.99 million people; the **** financing amounted to 3.02 billion yuan, of which 1.11 billion yuan was subsidized by local governments at all levels, and 390 million yuan was subsidized by the central government for the central and western regions, thus alleviating to a certain degree the difficulty of farmers in treating their illnesses.
7. Minimum subsistence guarantee system. In recent years, some conditional rural areas have begun to explore the establishment of this system. According to statistics, by the end of 2004, 4,964,000 people were receiving rural low-life security benefits. Nationally, 1.736 billion yuan has been spent on rural minimum-security benefits, with a per capita monthly subsidy of 29.1 yuan.
Difficulties and Challenges Facing Current Rural Social Security
At present, in addition to the continuation of the traditional Five Guarantees system and the disaster relief and assistance system, with the unfolding and gradual advancement of the pilot work of the rural low-income insurance work and the new cooperative medical system, the rural social security has initially formed a tendency of dovetailing into the urban social security system.
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