Topic 1: China has undergone tremendous changes since the reform and opening up (32 pages)
Test point 29. Understanding the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was a great historical turning point
1. The time when the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee was held: 1978
2008 is the 30th anniversary of reform and opening up, and also commemorates the 30th anniversary of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee
2. What is the content of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China? (Why is it said to be a great turning point in history?)
①The meeting restored the Marxist line
②Shifted the focus of the work of the party and the country to economic construction
③Deng Xiaoping became the core of the second generation leadership collective of the Communist Party of China
3. What is the significance of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee?
The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee was a great turning point in Chinese history. China has since entered a new era of building socialism with Chinese characteristics. The most distinctive feature of China in the new era is reform and opening up
4. The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee established ① the focus of work: economic construction
② entering a new era: building socialism with Chinese characteristics The new era
③The most distinctive feature of the new era: reform and opening up.
5. The reform first started in rural areas. my country’s rural areas implemented the household contract responsibility system, which is known as the great creation of Chinese farmers. The reform of the urban economic system is also in full swing. The single public ownership economy has been transformed into a public ownership economy with multiple ownership economies developing simultaneously.
6. What is the great creation of Chinese farmers?
The household contract responsibility system is implemented in rural areas
7. What is the role of the household contract responsibility system?
It has greatly stimulated the enthusiasm of farmers for production, promoted the rapid development of agricultural production, and enabled China to quickly solve the problem of food and clothing for a population of 1.2 billion.
8. Opening up will be implemented first in coastal areas. Later, a new pattern of all-round opening up to the outside world was gradually formed
9. What is the purpose and function of opening up to the outside world?
Purpose: To absorb foreign capital in various forms, learn foreign advanced technologies and management methods, and expand foreign trade. (The fundamental purpose is to develop the economy)
Function: ①Accelerate the pace of my country's development ②Promote economic and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries
③Significantly improve people's living standards ④Significantly enhance comprehensive national strength
10. When and what events did reform and opening up begin?
In 1978, the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was held.
11. What is the role (significance) of reform and opening up? (Why is it said to be successful?)
It is the reform and opening up advocated by Deng Xiaoping that has enabled China’s economy to achieve sustained, stable and rapid development, and also enabled the Chinese people’s living standards to achieve unprecedented improvements. National strength has also been significantly enhanced.
12.China's accession to the WTO in 2001 marked a new stage of my country's opening up to the outside world.
13. What are the events that have had a major impact on my country’s opening up to the outside world?
①The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held in 1978 marked the beginning of my country's opening up to the outside world;
②Accession to the WTO in 2001 marked the entry into a new stage of my country's opening up to the outside world.
Test Point 30. Understand that my country pursues an independent foreign policy of peace
1. The foreign policy pursued by China is: an independent foreign policy of peace.
2. What were the times and events that laid the foundation for New China’s diplomatic career?
In 1953, Premier Zhou Enlai proposed the five basic principles of peaceful political affairs.
3. The significance of the Five Principles of Peaceful Foreign Affairs: It laid the foundation for New China’s diplomatic career.
4.In 1971, China resumed its legal seat in the United Nations.
5. When did China’s diplomatic activities enter the most proactive, beneficial and active period since the founding of New China?
After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held in 1978.
6. Since the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, my country’s foreign policy has undergone significant development. It has proposed a new strategy of not forming an alliance with any major power and has given new content to its independent foreign policy.
7. The new content of an independent foreign policy is: a new strategy of not aligning with any major power
8. The significance of the new strategy: giving new content to an independent foreign policy . China's diplomacy has entered the most proactive, beneficial and active period since the founding of New China.
Topic 2. Peaceful development is the theme of the times (34 pages)
1. Peace and development are the themes of today’s world.
2. What is the reason why peace has become one of the themes?
After the end of the Cold War, the world is developing towards multipolarity. The United States has become the only superpower. Most countries are committed to developing their own economies and are generally opposed to the establishment of a unipolar world where one country dominates. The international community's call for peace continues to rise, and the forces for maintaining peace are growing stronger. The fight for world peace is today's One of the themes of the world.
3. The basic situation of today’s world: overall peace, local war
4. Maintaining lasting peace in the world is related to the well-being of people of all countries and is an unstoppable historical trend
5. The unstoppable historical trend: maintaining lasting peace in the world
6. What is the reason why development issues are another theme in today’s world?
Today's international society is still a world with a huge gap between the rich and the poor. Backwardness, poverty, crisis, and debt are troubling the people of developing countries, which account for two-thirds of the world's population.
7. The main factors that threaten world peace: ① Hegemonism, power politics ② Terrorism.
8. The causes of terrorism: the product of the intertwined contradictions of territory, ethnicity, religion, resources, etc.
9. The harm of terrorism: It brings serious threats to the world’s political, economic and security situation.
10. The root cause of instability in today’s world (the most important factor): hegemonism and power politics.
11. What are the new manifestations of hegemonism and power politics?
Relying on their economic, technological, and military advantages, the superpowers advocate "preemptive strike" and "preventive intervention" to compete for and control strategic and resource-rich areas in the world.
12. Development issues are also called North-South issues.
The main cause of development problems in today's world: the unfair and unreasonable old international economic order.
Other reasons: ①Long-term colonial plunder and rule in history (historical reasons)
②War and instability
13. Development issues, highlighted as follows : Relations between developed countries and developing countries
14. The fundamental way (countermeasures) to solve the North-South issue: establish a fair and reasonable new international economic order.
Other approaches (countermeasures): ①Continuously promote North-South dialogue and South-South cooperation
②Maintain a stable international peace environment and maintain domestic social stability.
15. What domestic and foreign policies should our country pursue to build a harmonious world? What is its function?
Domestic: Focus on economic construction and enhance comprehensive national strength.
External affairs: pursue an independent foreign policy of peace, promote North-South dialogue and South-South cooperation, and give full play to the role of the United Nations.
Function: Create a good external environment for my country's modernization drive.
Topic 3. Building a sustainable society (pages 36------38)
Test point 34. Understand my country's population status and its impact on social development, and understand family planning It is our country’s basic national policy
1. Our country’s population status: ① large population, large new population ② low quality of population ③ aging population
2. To this end, we must adhere to the plan Reproductive basic national policy.
3. Specific requirements for family planning: promote late marriage and late childbearing, and promote good health and good education.
4. The purpose of the basic national policy of family planning is to control the population and improve the quality of the population.
5. The primary task of solving the population problem: strictly control the population and reduce the birth rate
6. The key to achieving coordinated development of population, resources, environment, and economy: improving the quality of the population
7. What impact does my country’s current population situation have on social development?
Generally speaking: A large population, low population quality, and an aging population will put heavy pressure on nature, society, and economic development.
Explanation: ①The influence of large population: it reduces the per capita possession of resources, exacerbating the resource crisis and environmental degradation; it increases employment pressure and makes a series of social problems such as transportation, housing, education, etc. more prominent ; Directly affects my country's economic development and the improvement of people's living standards.
②The impact of low population quality: it increases the difficulty of employment; weak environmental awareness not only causes a low degree of resource development and utilization, but also causes certain damage to the environment, affecting the sustainable development of our country's economy.
③ Impact of population aging: Increased economic pressure on pensions, welfare, and social security, increased financial expenditures on medical and health services, etc., putting great pressure on social progress.
8. What significance does the implementation of family planning policy have on the healthy development of our society?
It has reduced the birth rate and slowed down the excessive growth of the population; improved the cultural quality of the population; saved a lot of resources and funds, slowed down the pressure of the population on resources and the environment; alleviated the impact of the excessive growth of the population. The pressure brought by people's food, clothing, housing, transportation, education, employment, medical care, etc. has improved people's quality of life.
Test point 35. Understand my country’s resource status and its impact on social development, and understand measures to solve resource problems
1. What is the country’s resource status? (Except for the abundant total amount, the rest are my country’s resource problems)
① my country’s total amount of natural resources is abundant, but the amount of resources per capita is very small. This is the basic feature of my country’s natural resource national conditions
②The distribution of resources is unbalanced`
③The quality of natural resources is not high
④The resource utilization rate is low, and the damage and waste are serious”
2. What are the basic characteristics of my country’s natural resources?
my country’s total amount of natural resources is abundant, but the amount of resources per capita is very small
3. Characteristics of natural resources: The quantity is limited
4 The harm of various problems in resource utilization: further exacerbating the problem of resource shortages
5. What measures does our country take to deal with resource problems?
③Incorporate the protection of resources into the legal track
6. What does "open source" mean?
"Open source" refers to the continuous increase of proven reserves of resources. Expand the scope of resource development.
7. Saving money: focus on saving water, energy and materials. 8. The key to increasing revenue and reducing expenditure lies in: science and technology. >
9. To solve the resource problem, what is the future development direction of mankind?
Open source (one of the launch purposes of "Chang'e 1" and "Shenzhou 7")
10. Science What is the role of technology in resources?
①Using science and technology, renewable resources can be used to replace non-renewable resources.
②Using science and technology, we can explore new resources and develop new materials. .
③Using science and technology, we can improve the utilization rate of resources and vigorously develop circular economy, etc.
11. What are the harms of resource problems?
The emergence of problems has seriously affected the pace of my country's economic construction.
12. What should young people do when it comes to resource issues?
① Establish a per capita concept and a conservation perspective, cherish and conserve. Resources and reduce waste.
② Comply with relevant laws and regulations on resources and fight against waste of resources in accordance with the law.
③ Save water, electricity and land, do not eat wild animals, do not use disposable chopsticks, etc. (Concrete actions in daily life)
Test point 36. Understand my country’s main environmental problems and their impact on social development, and understand countermeasures to solve environmental problems
(1) Current status of my country’s environmental problems : The relationship between man and the environment is becoming increasingly tense, and environmental problems are becoming increasingly prominent.
1. What two categories can environmental problems be divided into?
Ecological environmental issues and environmental pollution issues.
2. China’s main ecological and environmental problems: soil erosion and desertification
3. China’s main environmental pollution problems: waste gas, waste water and solid waste gas pollution
4. What are the harms of environmental problems to my country’s social development?
The essence of environmental issues is development issues. Ecological damage and environmental pollution have become an important factor that restricts my country's economic development, affects social stability, and endangers people's health, and has become a major issue threatening the survival and development of the Chinese nation.
5. The essence of environmental problems is: development issues
6. my country’s measures to solve environmental problems:
① Protecting the environment is a basic national policy of our country (Status)
②Main measures to protect the environment: Adhere to the policy of giving priority to prevention, combining prevention and control, and comprehensive management (my country's environmental protection policy), and never repeat the practice of "pollution first, treatment later" in Western countries Same mistake.
Specific actions:
In terms of ecological construction: ①In view of the severe wind and sandstorms and serious soil erosion in some areas, carry out large-scale protective forest construction projects based on local conditions
②Incorporate the prevention and control of desertification into the national economic and social development plan, and vigorously carry out desertification control work
③We also implement projects such as closing mountains for afforestation, returning farmland to forests, returning farmland to lakes, and returning farmland to grazing land to restore the original appearance of the natural environment.
In terms of environmental pollution control: ① Focus on controlling water pollution in large rivers
② Control air pollution in heavy industrial areas and cities.
7. What should young people do when it comes to environmental issues?
① Improve environmental awareness and environmental legal awareness, and actively promote environmental protection.
② Actively participate in environmental protection activities and fight against environmental damage in accordance with the law.
③Care for flowers and trees, plant trees and grass, refuse to barbecue on the streets or in the open air, do not burn waste, and do not litter. (How to do it in daily life)
Test point 37. Understand the relationship between population, resources, environment and development, and take the road of sustainable development
1. The relationship between the four PRED : Population, resources, environment and development are an interactive and interdependent whole.
2. In the relationship between population, resources, environment and development (PRED), population factors are: key factors.
The reason why demographic factors are the key factor: With the growth of population and economic development, human demand for natural resources is increasing, resulting in resource shortages; the waste discharged by humans has gradually exceeded the natural environment The self-purification ability has caused environmental pollution and will eventually affect the sustainable development of the economy. It can be seen that changes in population will trigger a series of changes in resources, environment, economic development and social changes.
3. Natural resources are the basic conditions (status and role) for human beings to settle down and live. Human beings and natural resources are in a mutually beneficial relationship. (Relationship)
4. The natural environment is the material basis for human survival and development. (Status, role)
When the relationship between humans and the natural environment is coordinated, the development of the entire ecosystem is balanced, and the environment for human life, survival, and development is superior; otherwise, it will restrict human development. Live, survive and thrive.
5. The concept of sustainable development: development that meets the needs of the present without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to meet their needs
6. In sustainable development, human beings should What is the awareness created? (What are the requirements for human beings?)
Sustainable development requires people to live in harmony with nature, be able to recognize their responsibilities to nature, society and future generations, and requires people to adopt high moral standards , protect the resources and environmental foundation necessary for human survival and development. Human beings should coordinate the relationship between population, resources, environment and development, and pursue development without harming the interests of others and future generations.
7. To achieve sustainable development, three basic principles need to be followed:
① The meaning of the principle of fairness: including between people of the same generation, between generations, and between people and other groups fairness between different countries and regions.
②Sustainability principle Meaning: Human economic activities and social development must be maintained within the carrying capacity of resources and the environment.
③***The meaning of the same-sex principle: Many regional problems are often transformed into global problems, requiring
local decisions and actions should help achieve global goals. Overall coordination.
8. In our country, sustainable development is moving from concept to practice
① The Chinese government promulgated the "China Agenda 21 - White Paper on China's Population, Environment and Development in the 21st Century" ”, which proposed China’s overall strategy for implementing sustainable development.
② Not only actively explore a path of sustainable development with Chinese characteristics, but also actively participate in international cooperation to solve global environmental problems. (The strategy is moving from concept to practice, and my country has made specific efforts in two aspects)
③ In our country, sustainable development is moving from concept to practice. Young people should establish awareness of sustainable development and make their own contributions to building a sustainable society through their own actions.
9. Faced with the national conditions in terms of population, resources, and environment, what should our country do?
① In the entire process of modernization, we must implement a sustainable development strategy and strive to build our country into a resource-saving and environment-friendly society. (Two types of societies constructed)
② Promote the coordination between man and nature, promote the entire society to follow the path of civilized development of production development, affluent life, and good ecology, and promote the construction of ecological civilization.
10. What is the path of civilization development?
A civilized development path of production development, affluent life and good ecology
Topic 4. Socialist market economy and regional economy (40 pages)
Test point 38. Know the "invisible hand" and "visible hand" in the modern market economy
1. The invisible hand refers to the signal transmitted by the market through prices, directing producers and operators and consumers change their plans in a timely manner, and spontaneously regulate the distribution of people, money, and materials within society (i.e., market regulation)
2. The visible finger government regulates the market economy
3. Under market economy conditions, what should we pay attention to when using the "invisible hand"?
Under the conditions of market economy, only by following the laws of market economy and consciously using the "invisible hand" can the economy develop healthily.
4. What is the role of macro-control? (The necessity of macro-control)
Necessary government intervention and macro-control can make up for the shortcomings of market regulation, thereby promoting the healthy development of the economy
5. What is the role of the market mechanism? ?
It can automatically organize and coordinate the economic activities of the whole society, and play a role in optimizing the allocation of resources.
6. What is the status and role of market regulation in resource allocation?
Market regulation plays a fundamental role in resource allocation.
(It spontaneously regulates the distribution of people, money, and materials within society)
Test point 39. Understand the principle of “adapting measures to local conditions and complementing advantages” in regional economic development
1.. my country's principles for developing regional economies: adapt measures to local conditions and complement each other's advantages (between two places)
Adapt measures to local conditions and develop advantageous industries (locally)
2. Why should we develop the economy according to local conditions?
Our country has a vast territory, and the natural environment and resource conditions, social history and cultural backgrounds of different regions vary greatly
3. How to develop regional economy according to local conditions? (What should be done first to develop regional economy?)
To develop regional economy, we should first analyze the conditions, dominant factors and advantageous products of regional development, so that the economy can develop healthily.
4. What is the role of developing regional economy according to local conditions and vigorously carrying out trade activities?
Background: In the modern market economy, each region will have its own resource characteristics and famous and high-quality products. The content of trade is becoming more and more abundant, and the scale of the market is getting larger and larger.
Function: Developing regional economy in response to local conditions and vigorously carrying out trade activities can enable everyone to fully produce their own advantageous industries and enable all regions to enjoy more and richer products.
5. What is the regional distribution of various resources in my country?
①The western region is rich in energy resources and has the advantageous conditions to develop the energy industry;
②The eastern region has a good foundation for industry and transportation, and has abundant talents, technology, and funds, making it the most economically developed region in my country. Developed areas;
③The south has abundant precipitation, humid air, and abundant water resources. Many places are a land of plenty.
④The north has less precipitation, drier air, and less water resources, making it suitable for the development of dry farming.
Topic 5. Living in the International Society
Test Point 40. Understand the three basic characteristics of today’s international society
1. The three basic characteristics of today’s international society What is it?
① Economic globalization ② The international pattern is becoming multi-polar ③ Cultural diversification
2. Globalization is manifested in: globalization of production, circulation and consumption.
3. Cultural diversity: (Meaning) Every nation in the world has its own unique cultural form and cultural personality.
How is the process: The process of globalization must be a process in which different cultures survive together and enjoy cultural achievements.
4. What is the role of cultural diversity?
Cultural diversity is the foundation of cultural communication, the driving force for cultural development, and an important driving force for the world's vitality and continuous progress.
Test point 41. Know my country's world cultural heritage
1. What world cultural heritage does our country have?
Beijing: Forbidden City, Summer Palace, Great Wall, Temple of Heaven, Zhoukoudian "Peking Man" ruins. Shanxi: Pingyao Ancient City, Yungang Grottoes, Chengde Summer Resort and surrounding temples, Lijiang Ancient City in Yunnan, Suzhou Classical Gardens in Jiangsu, Qin Shihuang Mausoleum and Terracotta Warriors and Horses pit in Shaanxi, Dazu Rock Carvings in Chongqing, ancient buildings in Wudang Mountain in Hubei, Potala Palace in Tibet (Dazhao Temple, Norbulingka), Henan Longmen Grottoes, Ming and Qing royal mausoleums (Ming Ming Tomb, Qing Eastern Tomb, Western Qing Tomb, Shengjing Three Tombs, Ming Tombs, Ming Xiaoling), Shandong Qufu Confucius Temple, Confucius Lin and Confucius Mansion, Gansu Mo Gao Grottoes, Qingcheng Mountain-Dujiangyan in Sichuan, ancient villages in Wannan, Anhui, Goguryeo Imperial City, royal tombs and noble tombs in China, Macao Historic City, Yin Ruins in Henan, Kaiping watchtowers and villages in Guangdong.
Test Point 42. Know the roles of the European Union, the World Trade Organization and the United Nations
1. The European Union: It is the most integrated regional political and economic group organization in the world today
Impact: Its rise is conducive to the world moving toward multipolarity
2. United Nations
Definition: It is the largest international organization in the world today and a multipolar world today* **The same place that makes the rules of the world.
In the face of a multi-polar world, the United Nations is the most comprehensive and authoritative in formulating rules of international relations
3. The historical origin of the United Nations:
① The United Nations is the product of the victory of the world people's anti-fascist war.
② In 1945, more than 50 countries, including China, the Soviet Union, the United States, and Britain, held the United Nations Constitutional Conference in San Francisco, USA. The United Nations Charter came into effect on October 24, 1945. This day became the birthday of the United Nations.
To date, there are more than 190 member states.
4. The birthday of the United Nations: October 24, 1945.
5. The purpose of the United Nations: to maintain world peace and security and promote international cooperation and development
6. What are the principles of the United Nations?
All member states are sovereign and equal, fulfill their obligations under the Charter, resolve international disputes by peaceful means, prohibit the threat or use of force against other countries, and collaborate collectively to ensure that non-member states abide by the above principles and do not interfere. Internal affairs of any country, etc.
7. What role does the United Nations play?
Peace aspect: maintain world peace and security, ease international tensions, and resolve regional conflicts.
Development aspect: promote the socio-economic development of various countries
8. China It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council (status). Actively participate in activities of the United Nations and specialized agencies that are conducive to world peace and development, and have made important contributions to the cause of the United Nations. (How China contributes)
9. World Trade Organization
①Definition: "In the face of economic globalization, the "rules of the game" formulated by the World Trade Organization are the current world
p>
The most widely used and authoritative rules in the market
②Some people call the World Trade Organization the Economic United Nations.
③ Its basic functions are: formulation. And supervise the implementation of multilateral trade rules, organize multilateral trade negotiations, and resolve trade disputes among members
④. What is the role of the World Trade Organization?
It has significantly reduced imports from all over the world. The level of tariffs promotes the development of international trade; it stipulates the basic principles of international trade and promotes the orderly conduct of international trade.
10. China joined on December 11, 2001. World Trade Organization.
It marks a new stage of China’s opening up.
11. What impact will joining the WTO have on our country?
It is beneficial to join the WTO. China's economic development also brings major responsibilities and challenges to the Chinese government and people (both advantages and disadvantages)