First, how to establish multi-users.
Remind everyone, don't always use root user, because root user has supreme power in the system, and it may destroy the system if you are not careful. For example, we want to delete files in the /temp directory, but we accidentally entered the command? Rm/temp (in？ /? There are extra spaces behind)? , then it is very likely that all files in the root directory will be deleted. Besides,? Is Linux a true multi-tasking and multi-user system? It would be a pity not to experience the characteristics of Linux. In order to facilitate the use of yourself and others, build more users under Linux system.
Input? adduser newuser？ , enter, the screen doesn't respond to the command, wrong? No, actually, the system has accepted new users. Should you continue to enter commands? passwd newuser？ The screen will prompt for the password, and then enter it again to confirm that the new user was added successfully. It is really simple. Try logging in now.
Linux provides six virtual hosts, which can be switched by ALT+F 1~F6 (by CRTL+ALT+F 1~F6 in X-window). Each console can log in with different users and run different programs. Quickly establish a user for family and friends.
Secondly, run it in turn under the Linx command line:
cd/
tar xzvf RMP-2 . 3 . 1 1 . tar . gz
cd rpm-2.3. 1 1
. /configuration
manufacture
Carry out installation
mkdir/var/local/var/local/lib/var/local/lib/rpm/var/lib/rpm
In this way, you have completed the installation of RPM, and you can look for the RPM installation version of the software on the Internet or on CD-ROM in the future. Then install it with RPM, and the use of RPM is simple:
1. Install the software package with RPM: rpm -ivh software file name.
For example, rpm-IVH FVWM 95-2.0.43a Chinese-1.i386.rpm will output the name of the software package and the installed progress bar:
fvwm95 ############
Go to the end of the progress bar, install Chinese fvwm95 (an X-Window interface), and then run X-Window. Ah, the Chinese fvwm95 is right in front of my eyes.
2. Use RPM to uninstall the software package: rpm -e software name.
For example: rpm -e fvwm95.
3. Upgrade the software package with RPM: rpm -Uvh software upgrade file name.
For example: RPM-uvh fvwm95-2.1.0a.chinese-1.i386.rpm, rpm automatically uninstalls the original old version and installs the upgraded software into the system. Well, it's not difficult!
Third, how to install Linux application software
For ordinary users, installing or upgrading software can use the software package installation management tool RPM of Red Hat Company. After use, you can easily install software, upgrade software, uninstall software and query software information.
If you install Red Hat Linux, then you can use RPM. If not, you can install RPM first. The method is as follows:
1. Download the RPM package: FTP://ftp.redhat.com/pub/code/rpm/rpm-2.3.11.tar.gz.
Fourth, how to view Linux files under Windows system?
By using the mount command, we can easily consult and use Windows files in Linux. As the saying goes, give and take. Of course, we also want to see Linux files in Windows. But Windows is not as friendly as Linux, and there is no communication tool with Linux. What do we do? Don't worry, there is a small tool on the network called Linuxdos, which is less than 500K K, running under Windows and dedicated to viewing Linux files. After running, you can select the drive, and then it will list Linux file systems like an explorer.
Five, how to Chinese Linux
Linux's native language is English, so it's all over the screen? English mouse? It is inconvenient to use, especially when you want to input Chinese. However, there are so many talented software personnel in China, who provide a comprehensive solution for the localization of Linux.
1. China analog terminal
First of all, Linux must be able to display Chinese! Chdrv is a Chinese analog terminal under the command line, that is, as long as you install it, you can display and input Chinese characters in the command line state of Linux. After chdrv is started, a virtual terminal is established in tty7 (using Ctrl+Alt+F7), and users can use the Chinese support provided by tty7 after logging in. Tty 1 to Tty6 will not be affected by it.
If you can find the installation package in RPM format, you can easily install it using the RPM installer. In addition, you can go to ftp://ftp.ihep.ac.cn/pub/chinese/system to get the compiled chdrvbin-0.23.gb.tar.gz of chdrv and the font file chdrvfont.tar.gz. Then log in as root and execute the following commands in turn:
Tarxvzf chdrvbin-0.23.gb.tar.gz unzips the compiled chdrv into the chdrv-0.23.gb directory.
MV chdrvfont.tar.gz chdrv-0.23.gb/ moved the font file to the chdrv-0.23.gb directory.
Cd chdrv-0.23.gb into this directory.
. /installbin runs the installation file.
2. Chinese input server xcin
If you often use Linux in X-Window, you must try to use XCIN to solve the problem of Chinese input. XCIN is the abbreviation of Xwindow Chinese input, which is a Chinese input system running in X Window mode. After installation, all terminals of X-Window will provide Chinese services.
You can get the XCIN package with GB code from ftp://ftp.ihep.ac.cn/pub/chinese/system/xcingb-2.2.tar.gz..
Log in as root and execute the following commands in turn:
Xcingb-2.2.tar.gz decompression
Cd xcingb-2.2 entry directory
. /configure to modify the installation options.
Compile
Carry out installation
Similarly, if you can find the RPM installed version of the software, you can install it with RPM.
So far, we have introduced the method of using Chinese in command line and X-Window. But in the text editing software, only Chinese can be displayed, and Chinese characters cannot be entered. To solve this problem, you must modify two places yourself:
1) is used for different shell settings.
If using Bash Shell: add the following in /etc/profile:
stty cs8 -istrip
stty pass8
Export language =C
Export LC_CTYPE=iso-8859- 1
If using Tcsh Shell: add the following settings in /etc/csh.login or /etc/csh.cshrc:
stty cs8 -istrip
stty pass8
Setenv language c
setenv LC_CTYPE iso-8859- 1
2) Add the following to. Enter a file in your home directory:
Set the converter to off
Set the output element to ON.
3. Chinese window manager C-fvwm95
Fvwm95 is just like Linux English Win95. Linux users in China have been expecting to use the Chinese version of Linux one day. This wish has finally come true now. Mr. Yu Mingjian, the computing center of Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, has sinicized FWM 95, and we can finally change those annoying English on FWM 95 into Chinese characters! You can download the source code of Chinese fvwm95 from ftp.ihep.ac.cn/pub/chinese/packages/., and its font can also be obtained in ftp.ihep.ac.cn/pub/chinese/fonts/pcf/.. Installation instructions are attached to the download file.
4. Download Blue Point Linux Star Preview (Blue Point Preview).
The blue dot preview version is based on the red hat and includes: Chinese kernel; Chinese display/input on the console; Chinese Xserver(CXWIN 0.6), Chinese display/input of x; Chinese information and corresponding library documents, NLS information and library documents after China culture and localization.
A. China kernel
1. Excellent performance, Chinese kernel support, less resources, extremely fast.
2. Multilingual support, displaying multiple internal codes (GB/BIG5) on the same screen.
3. Excellent compatibility, the kernel is compatible with the upper application, and the solution is the most thorough.
4. Supporting high resolution depends entirely on the user's own hardware limitations.
5. Support all kinds of fonts, simple and complex fonts *** 14.
6. Hotkey switches the language environment (GB/BIG5/EN).
B. Chinese server
1. has good compatibility, and at least 95% of pure western language applications can support Chinese processing.
2. Built-in input and display support, easy to use, no need to install additional input modules.
3.TTF font support.
4. Support GB/BIG5 internal code.
C. Chinese information and corresponding library files
1. Prompts are in Chinese, and message prompts for startup, shutdown and common software are displayed in Chinese.
If you need to install Chinese xwindow and input method, you need to download star-cxwin.tar.gz. If you need to install Chinese console and language environment, you need to download star-zhcon.tar.gz. If you need to use the 24-dot matrix Chinese character library on the console, please download star-font24.tar.gz Note: Don't forget to download the installation script! Please read the readme file and frequently asked questions carefully before installation!
method of erection
1) Create a directory and put all downloaded files in it.
2) Execute the installation script as root: # bash Install
3) The installation script will first check the configuration of the system, and will also automatically search TTF fonts, and then back up the old configuration files. Finally,
Start the installation.
4) Complete the installation. If the Chinese console environment is installed, it needs to be restarted.
Six, how to set up the sound card
Needless to say, this is a very important job! But if you install red hat Linux, the work will be simple!
Log in to the system as root and run /usr/sbin/sndconfig. The screen for selecting the sound card type appears. Sound blaster can choose a general sound card.
Please select a sound card before setting related resources. Use the TAB key and the arrow keys to make a selection, and then press OK. If you hear Linus (the founder of Linux) talking, it means that the sound card is set successfully. It's really like the sound card settings of old DOS games.
Seven, how to set up the graphics card?
To set up your graphics card, first of all, you need to know the model of your graphics card, what company made it, what model of graphics card, how much MB of memory, what type of display chip, ALG2302, SIS6326, nature 3d, etc. Then you can run the user-friendly Xconfigurator tool with superuser privileges. Remember that the x here must be capitalized, and it should not be difficult to follow the instructions step by step. When choosing the clock of your graphics card chip, you don't need to choose, let the test program check it automatically. Finally,
Also know the type of monitor, whether it is VGA or s VGA, and the horizontal and vertical resolution. You can also run xfree86 with an unfriendly interface. If you are proficient in Linux, X Windows configured with xfree86 command is much better than Xconfigurator. The friendliest interface is the xf86 setup tool. If you have installed this tool, you might as well use this tool to set up your graphics card.
Eight, how to set up the network card
Nine, how to play CD music
When installing a sound card, you can insert the CD into the CD drive, load the CD with the mount command, and then enter the cdp command to play it. On the screen, you can see the track list of the CD. 9 on the keyboard means to play, 7 means to stop, 6 means to advance to the next track, 4 means to return to the previous track, 0 means to quit the playback program, 2 means to eject the CD, and 8 means to pause. If you are in the X-Window, you can play the CD with xplaycd, which is a player with a graphical interface. Keys and functions are clear at a glance, so I won't say much here.
10, how to play VCD DVD?
1 1. How to dial up the Internet?
12, can I play games under Linux?
There is a bsd-games-2. 1-3.src.RPM file package in the CD. Install with rpm command, and then look for the game in the installation directory. However, these games are not exquisite enough. If you want to play well, you need to enter the X-Window. acm is an air combat simulation game, paradise and xpilot are networked combat games, xdemineur is a mining machine (accident), xjewel is Tetris, xboard is a chess game, xpat2 is a poker game, xboing is a pinball game, and Doom is a famous first-person shooter game! Some of these games can be directly called up, and some need to be installed with RPM commands. All RPM packages are in the srpms directory on the installation CD. Go and see for yourself.
Adjust your monitor with xvidtune.
You will find that a good monitor used under windows after installing linux sometimes goes into xwindows of linux and then dies. After adjustment, the windows desktop is also adjusted outside after returning to windows. It is troublesome to adjust the system every time. Here's a way to do it once and for all. J enters linux and starts X to execute xvidtune in xterm. The software window will pop up. Click Auto, then click left and right to adjust your monitor to the best position, and then click the Show button on the interface to get an output similar to the following:
" 1 152 x864 " 12 1.50 152 1232 1360 1568 864 865 868 9 1 1+hsync-vsync
Then exit the software and modify the file/etc/x11/xf86config-4 in.
"Monitor" section
Identifier "AS 786T"
Supplier name "unknown"
Model name "unknown"
Horizontal synchronization 30-87
VertRefresh 50 - 160
Option "dpms"
Terminal part
With the output just now, mine is:
"Monitor" section
Identifier "AS 786T"
Supplier name "unknown"
Model name "unknown"
Horizontal synchronization 30-87
VertRefresh 50 - 160
modeline " 1 152 x864 " 12 1.50 1 152 1232 1360 1568 864 865 868 9 1 1+hsync-vsync
Option "dpms"
Terminal part
Save it and try again.
XI。 Q: My machine is a dual system of windows and linux. How to change the system that grub starts by default?
A: This needs to be modified/boot//boot /boot/grub/grub.conf Give an example and you will understand. Suppose your /boot/grub/grub.conf looks like this:
Default value =0
Timeout = 10
splashimage=(hd0，7)/grub/splash.xpm.gz
Red hat Linux (2.4. 18- 14)
Root (hd0,7)
kernel/vmlinuz-2 . 4 . 18- 14 ro root = LABEL =/
initrd/initrd-2 . 4 . 18- 14 . img
Title DOS
rootnoverify (hd0，0)
Chain loader+arrived? 1
Then your grub will start Red Hat Linux (2.4. 18- 14) system by default, and change default=0 to default= 1, then grub will start DOS system by default. Note that the main point here is: if you want to start the system mentioned in the nth title by default, then the default should be equal to n- 1.
12. Q: Why does my text console always appear garbled?
A: This is because you have installed Chinese support. The solution is to install a zhcon (a fast plug-in CJK (Chinese/Japanese/Korean) multi-internal code platform), which I put in the attachment for everyone to download. For more information about zhcon, you can go to zhcon.gnuchina.org, his official homepage. Please refer to this connection/service/prompt/zhcon _ manual.html for installation and use.
Zhcon download connection:/vbbfor ... s =&; postid=86299
16. Q: How to use windows partition in linux?
A: Let me say a little background knowledge first. Linux supports many file systems, including fat32 and ntfs of windows. The support for fat32 is very good and can be used directly, but the support for ntfs is not very good. Reading and writing are extremely dangerous, and support for ntfs is not the default. In other words, if you want to use ntfs, you need to recompile the kernel. In view of the complexity of reprogramming the kernel by novices, here is only the use of fat32 partition. In view of the above problems, the following two solutions are given: 1. When installing the system (linux), you can create several mount points, such as /mnt/c, /mnt/d, etc. , then select your windows fat32 partition and mount them to the previously established mount points. (Note, as mentioned earlier, you can't mount ntfs partition to the mount point here, because ntfs is not supported by default. ) So you can use your windows fat32 partition directly after installing the system. For example, if you mount the C disk of windows (/dev/hda 1 of linux) to /mnt/c, then you can find all the data of your C disk in the /mnt/c directory. 2. If you didn't mount your fat32 partition when installing the system, it doesn't matter, you can still solve this problem conveniently. First, open /etc/fstab with a text editor (such as vi) and add the following lines at the end of the file:/dev/hda1/mnt/cvfatdefault000. All you need to do is change /dev/hda 1 to the device number of the fat32 partition you want to mount on linux, and change /mnt to. Note that the mount point is a directory and should be established in advance. For example, I have three fat32 partitions, which are drive C, drive D and drive E in windows, and the device numbers in linux are /dev/hda 1, /dev/hda5 and /dev/hda6 respectively. Then I will first set three mount points, such as /mnt/c, /mnt/d, /mnt/e, and then add these lines to /etc/fstab:
/dev/hda 1 /mnt/c vfat default value 0 0
The default value of /dev/hda5 /mnt/d vfat is 0 0.
The default value of /dev/hda6 /mnt/e vfat is 0 0.
Save it and exit the editor. So you can restart it later? You can directly use three windows partitions C, D, e D and E in fat32 format after the computer.
17. Q: After my machine was reinstalled with windows, I started it and went directly into windows, but the original linux couldn't get in. What should I do?
A: This is due to the hegemony of windows. After reinstalling windows, windows will rewrite your mbr and overwrite grub. solution
It's simple: use your first linux installation disk to boot into Linux rescue mode (how to get in? Pay attention to the prompt information of the system.
Just execute the following two commands: chroot /mnt/sysimage # Change your root grb-Install/dev/hda # Install grub to mbr.
18. Q: My linux boot directly enters the text interface. How can I make it enter the graphical interface by default?
A: Modify the /etc/inittab file, in which there is a line id:3:initdefault, which means starting the default run level 3 (multi-user text interface), and change it to id:5:initdefault, which means starting the default run level 5 (multi-user graphical interface). That's enough.
Nineteen, how to start multiple X at the same time
I guess many people haven't read the previous posts, so I posted them to review X-Windows in linux. With its unique features and powerful functions, it attracts many people who are not interested in Linux, especially KDE and GNOME. And they bring a lot of great software, and the interface is very friendly, which is very suitable for novices.
Here's a hint to start six x's at the same time:
Add the following lines to ~/. bashrc:
Alias x = startx-bpp32-quiet &;
Alias x1= startx-:1-bpp32-quiet &
Alias x2 = startx-:2-bpp32-quiet &;
Alias X3=startx-:3 -bpp 32.
alias X4 = startx-:4-bpp 32-quiet & amp；
Alias X5 = startx-:5-bpp32-quiet &;
Where 32 is the color depth of the monitor, you should set it according to your actual situation.
Run after that
# bash
For the changes to take effect, you can start six X-Windows by running X, X 1, X2, X3, X4 and X5 in turn.
20. Start after installing postgresql with rpm.
/etc/init.d/postgresql start cannot support the tcp/ip connection of postgresql, so type /etc/init.d/postgresql to su-l postgres-s/bin/sh-c "/usr/bin/pg _ CTL-d $ pgdata-p/usr/bin/post. /dev/null 2 & gt； & amp 1 " & lt； /dev/null changed to:
su-l postgres-s/bin/sh-c "/usr/bin/pg _ CTL-o-o-F-I-w-D $ pg data-/usr/bin/post master start & gt； /dev/null 2 & gt； & amp 1 " & lt； /dev/null
So you can start the tcp/ip link of the database.
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