1. Definition
1.1 Concept and use of the testing machine The testing machine is a precision testing instrument for determining the mechanical properties, process properties, internal defects, and checking the dynamic imbalance of rotating parts and components of metallic materials, non-metallic materials, mechanical parts, engineering structures and so on, under a variety of conditions and environments. In the process of researching and exploring new materials, new techniques, new technologies and new structures, the testing machine is an indispensable and important testing instrument. It is widely used in machinery, metallurgy, petroleum, chemical industry, building materials, construction, aerospace, shipbuilding, transportation, and other industrial sectors, as well as colleges and universities, scientific research institutes and related laboratories. Effective use of materials, improve processes, improve product quality, reduce costs, ensure product safety and reliability have an important role.
1.2 types of testing machines: many types of testing machines, there are a variety of different classification methods. According to the traditional classification can be divided into metal materials testing machine, non-metallic materials testing machine, dynamic balancing test machine, vibration table and non-destructive testing machine and other five categories.
1.2.1 classification of materials testing machine: materials testing machine varieties, many models, their loading methods, structural features, force measurement principle, the use of different ranges
1.2.1.1 according to the use of classification: the determination of mechanical properties with the testing machine and process testing machine
1.2.1.2 according to the loading method: static load testing machine ( static) and dynamic load testing machine
1.2.1.2 according to the loading method: static load testing machine ( static) and dynamic load testing machine, dynamic load testing machine. Static) and dynamic load testing machine (dynamic)
1. 2. 1. 2. 1. 2. 1 static testing machines mainly include:
● universal testing machine: hydraulic universal testing machine and electronic universal testing machine
● pressure testing machine
● tensile testing machine
● torsion testing machine
● creep testing machine
1. 2. 1. 2. 1. 2. 1. 2. 2. 1 dynamic testing machine: the determination of mechanical properties of testing machines and process testing machines
1. 2. 1. 2. 1. 1. 2. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 1.1.5 according to the position of the cylinder classification: the cylinder on the upper and lower cylinder test machine
1.3 material testing
1.3.1 mechanical properties of materials: materials in the role of external forces, the performance of resistance to deformation or destruction of the ability to be called the mechanical properties of materials. Including strength, plasticity, elasticity, brittleness, fracture toughness, hardness and so on.
1. 3. 2. material testing: mechanical properties test, physical experiment, chemical experiment.
1.3.3. mechanical properties of materials test: tensile, compression, bending, shear, torsion, impact, fatigue, creep, persistence, relaxation, wear and tear, hardness and other tests.
1.3.3.1 tensile test: also known as tensile test, is slowly applied at both ends of the specimen load, so that the working part of the specimen is subject to axial tension, caused by the specimen along the axial elongation, generally carried out until the pull off. Through the tensile test can determine the tensile strength of the material and plastic properties, etc..
●The tensile specimen should meet the relevant national and industry standards for different materials tensile test requirements.
●Test equipment: universal testing machine, tensile testing machine.
●Tensile Test Curve Stress-Strain Tensile Curve
●Four Stages of Tensile Curve
●Stage 1(0ab)-Elastic Deformation Stage Point a corresponds to the value of PP, which is called the proportional limit load. Point b corresponds to Pe value called elastic limit load (maximum resistance without permanent deformation) 0-a section ?L is proportional to p Straight line stage a-b section Extremely slight plastic deformation (0.001-0.005%)
●Stage 2 (bcd)-Yield deformation stage Point c The yield point corresponds to the "plateau" of the PS c-d waveform segment
●●Stage 3 (dB)-Uniform Plastic Deformation Stage Point B corresponds to the strength limit load of the material at the Pb value (the maximum load that can be withstood)
●Stage 4 (BK )-Localized concentrated deformation stage (necking) Point K is the fracture point corresponding to the Pk value fracture load.
1.3.3.2 compression test: the opposite of the tensile test, for the determination of the material under static pressure pressure strength, relative shortening rate and section increase rate.
● The basic requirement for compression specimen is the two supporting end surfaces should be parallel to each other.
●Test equipment: universal testing machine, pressure testing machine
1.3.3.3 bending test: for the determination of materials or components such as bending strength limit, modulus of elasticity and maximum deflection.
●Bending test is divided into simple beam bending test and pure bending test
●Testing equipment: universal testing machine, pressure testing machine (equipped with bending accessories)
1.3.3.4 shear test
●For the determination of the material's resistance to shear, generally used to assess the quality of rivets with the wire.
●Shear test is divided into single shear and two-way shear test.
●Test equipment: universal testing machine
1.3.3.5 impact test
The use of pendulum impact specimen before and after the energy difference to determine the specimen's toughness of live brittle. Characterized by large impact force, short action time, rapid change.
1.3.3.6 hardness test
is a rapid, economical mechanical test method, is the determination of the mechanical properties of the material is one of the most widely used method, is the only test does not damage the mechanical properties of the specimen.
1.3.3.7 Other tests
●Twisting test
●Fatigue test
●Creep test
●Relaxation test
●Persistence test
1.4 Test methods for mechanical properties of metals
Room temperature tensile test for metal materials
Materials included in the Types: metallic materials and non-metallic materials, regardless of which material in the role of external forces, the ability to resist deformation or destruction, called the mechanical properties of materials. Mechanical properties include: strength, plasticity, elasticity, brittleness, toughness, fracture toughness, hardness and so on.
1.1 strength: material in the role of external forces (static load), the ability to resist its deformation or destruction is called strength. The greater the ability to resist external forces, the higher the strength, the unit of strength Pa or Mpa (N/mm2 or MN/m2).
According to the role of materials subjected to different forces, strength is divided into tensile strength, compressive strength and flexural strength.
1.2 plasticity: material under the action of external forces, the ability to produce permanent deformation without being destroyed is called plasticity. Material in the action of external forces, the greater the degree of plastic deformation, the better the plasticity.
1.3 elasticity: the material in the action of external forces, deformation, when the external forces canceled, in order to be able to return to the original state called elasticity.
1.4 brittleness: materials in the external force, there is no obvious permanent deformation resistance to fracture is called brittle.
1.5 impact toughness: the material to resist the action of impact without compensating for the destruction of a capacity called impact toughness.
1.6 fracture toughness: the existence of a variety of reasons for the internal existence of the material due to a small crack in the role of external forces, the material to resist the expansion of the ability of the crack, known as fracture toughness.
1.7 hardness: the ability of a material to resist objects harder than it is pressed in without being destroyed, or the ability of a material to resist plastic deformation, elastic deformation is called hardness.
In the material test, especially the static test of metal materials, the most common in the often used in the room temperature conditions of the tensile test. Because the metal tensile test is relatively easy to make, the data obtained can reflect the mechanical characteristics of the material under test, so it has been widely used. As the metal material tensile test of the national standard GB/T228-2002 metal material room temperature tensile test method, specific embodiment of the metal material tensile requirements and regulations.
This standard is the standardization of metal testing in the standardization of large standards, not only because it is widely used, at the same time, many other test standards are cited in this standard, become part of those standards.
3.1The Times Tester Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine Overview
Long history China's largest hydraulic universal testing machine manufacturing base
Complete varieties to meet the needs of users in different fields of materials testing
Leading technology leading China's advanced level of materials testing technology
Jinan, China's largest hydraulic universal testing machine manufacturing base
Since the production of testing machines, after more than 50 years of scientific and technological innovation, Jinan Testing Group Co., Ltd. has developed the hydraulic universal testing machine from the initial one variety, to more than 50 kinds of products of WE, WEW, WAW three technical levels today. As the hydraulic universal testing machine has the remarkable features of impact resistance, strong rigidity, large load, etc., it has obvious advantages in the field of large-load mechanical performance test, especially in metallurgy, building materials, construction, transportation, teaching and research, etc. It is widely used.
After several generations of test gold people's unremitting efforts, the formation of a perfect hydraulic universal testing machine product series:
According to the level of technology is divided into three grades:
a. Hydraulic universal testing machine WE series
b. Microcomputer screen display hydraulic universal testing machine WEW series
c. Microcomputer-controlled electro-hydraulic servo universal testing machine WAW Series
According to the host form is divided into three types
a.WE-***A cylinder upper host (Amsla type)
b.WE-***B cylinder lower sprocket drive host
c.WE-***C cylinder lower worm gear drive host (Shimadzu model)
Hydraulic universal testing machine product specifications:
Basic WE series hydraulic universal testing machine products, including WE-**, WE-**A, WE-**B, WE-**C, WE-**D five models from 50KN to 2000KN***18 kinds of specifications.
WEW series microcomputer screen display hydraulic universal testing machine including WEW-**, WEW-**B, WEW-**C, WEW-**D four models from 50KN to 2000KN **** 16 kinds of specifications;
WAW series of microcomputer screen display hydraulic universal testing machine including WEW-**, WEW-**B, WEW-**C, WEW-**D four models from 50KN to 2000KN *** 16 kinds of specifications;<
WAW series microcomputer control electro-hydraulic servo universal testing machine includes WAW-**, WAW-**C, WAW-E**C, WAW-Y** four models from 50KN to 2000KN *** 18 kinds of specifications.
According to the host form of universal testing machine is divided into manual clamping type, hydraulic clamping type (A), sprocket adjustment cylinder lower type (B), Shimadzu cylinder lower type (C), cylinder lower type construction special type (D).
Different models have different characteristics, the traditional Amsla cylinder upper host tensile space in the host of the lower part of the tensile test operation is convenient, less labor-intensive, especially suitable for metallurgical systems in the production process of iron and steel enterprises to the tensile test of metal materials based on the user, but due to the high height of the entire machine requires that the test room must have enough space.
The sprocket adjusting cylinder lower type (B) and cylinder lower type construction special type (D) hydraulic universal testing machine is designed for highway and railroad construction, supervision design, the model machine height is low, simple structure, low cost, easy to transfer to the field of transportation, for the construction unit favored, but the space adjusting mechanism is complex, the tensile space in the upper part of the cause of the work intensity is greater, the operation is not very convenient.
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Shimadzu cylinder lower (C) type host due to the design of large rigidity, simple transmission structure, worm gear mechanism to adjust the test space is reliable, with a multi-stage adjustment of the test space, clamping servo dual oil source design and other notable features, focusing on the domestic metallurgical research institutes, iron and steel group technology centers, laboratory, universities, teaching and research, the military sector, the national key laboratories and other users of scientific research and technological development. Technology development-oriented users, has been sold in the domestic sales of nearly 1,000 units, returned to Japan more than 500 units.
WE series of hydraulic universal testing machine is reliable, low requirements on the working environment, belong to the popularization of low-cost products, suitable for smelting, rolling, casting, machinery manufacturing and other production sites and highways, railroads, water conservancy and hydropower and other construction sites, raw materials into the field of performance testing.
WEW series of microcomputer screen display hydraulic universal testing machine as WE series of upgraded products, the use of proprietary technology of the test machine test machine special PC card, from 1996 onwards, mass production for many years, advanced technology, stable and reliable performance, suitable for tensile testing of the deformation of the requirements of the higher level of users, mainly for the vast number of economically more developed areas of the user, including the product quality supervision and testing departments, general colleges and universities. It is mainly for the users in the more economically developed areas, including product quality supervision and testing departments, universities and colleges.
WAW series of microcomputer-controlled electro-hydraulic servo universal testing machine is currently with the international advanced level of high-end products, mainly by the WAW-Y** series using the introduction of Japan's Shimadzu company's full set of hosts, control technology, WAW-E**C series of Germany's DOLI EDC120 controller, WAW-**C series of EDC120 controller, WAW-**C series of EDC120 controller, WAW-**C series of EDC120 controller. WAW-**C series adopts Jinan test gold PC machine all-digital control technology production of three technical levels of products. Mainly for materials research, quality inspection centers, university teaching and research, military, aerospace, energy and other high-end users.
3.2 Hydraulic universal testing machine technical parameters and characteristics
4. Hydraulic universal testing machine industry
4.1 China's hydraulic universal testing machine production began in the early 1950s in Changchun, the last century, before the 1990s, Changchun Testing Machine Factory, Gansu Tianshui Hongshan Testing Machine Factory, Jinan Testing Machine Factory, is China's three major testing machine production enterprise Changchun Testing Machine Research Institute is China's test machine industry under the umbrella of the Institute. From the mid-1980s, Jinan test gold successively to help the Zhejiang Jinhua Testing Machine Factory (now a Sino-British joint venture Zhejiang Jingyuan Machinery Equipment Co., Ltd.), Shandong Weihai Testing Machine Factory began production of hydraulic universal testing machine. After the 1990s, there have been Shanghai Hualong Testing Instrument Co., Ltd, Shenzhen New Sansi Materials Testing Co., Ltd, Changchun Kexin Test Instruments Co., Ltd, Zhejiang Shaoxing Kent Machinery & Electronics Co.
4.2 Changchun Institute of Testing Machines is the national testing machine industry, the technical focal point of the Institute, was founded in 1959. Now under the China National Machinery Industry Corporation (SINOMACH). Changchun Science and Technology Commission recognized high-tech enterprises, the first batch into the national instrumentation industry, one of the top 500 enterprises. The National Testing Machine Quality Supervision, Inspection and Test Center, the Secretariat of National Testing Machine Standardization Technical Committee, the Secretariat of Testing Machine Branch of China Instrument Society, and the Secretariat of Testing Instrument Branch of China Instrument Industry Association are all attached to Changchun Institute of Testing Machines. It has comprehensive development, research and manufacturing capabilities. It has four specialized divisions, six laboratories and a manufacturing plant with strong processing and assembly capacity. It has more than 280 employees, including 81 senior engineers (7 researchers). It has more than 140 sets of processing equipments and testing instruments, among which some of the high-precision testing instruments are the benchmark equipments for product testing in the testing machine industry. At present, the institute's main products: electronic universal testing machine, electro-hydraulic servo testing machine, electro-hydraulic universal testing machine, high-frequency fatigue testing machine, large-scale structural testing machine, creep testing machine, persistence testing machine, extensometer, load cell and so on.
4.3 Changchun Kexin Testing Instruments Co., Ltd. is headquartered in Changchun Economic and Technological Development Zone, Jilin Province. Founded in 1998, bringing together a number of professional and technical personnel from the Chinese Academy of Sciences system and Changchun Institute of Testing Machines, Changchun Testing Machines Factory, Changchun Second Testing Machines Factory, the existing staff of 120 people (including 7 researchers, 24 senior engineers, engineers, 32), covers an area of more than 8,000 square meters, more than 4,000 square meters of floor space), the company's predecessor is the Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Kexin Testing Formerly known as Changchun Kexin Testing Instrument Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the company obtained the license certification for manufacturing measuring instruments in 1993 (Ji system 00000105). The products mainly include: various specifications of electronic testing machine, electro-hydraulic testing machine, special testing machine, including dynamic and static material testing system, can be tensile, compression bending, peeling, shear, fatigue, environmental and other mechanical properties of the test.
4.4 Changchun New Testing Machine Co., Ltd (formerly known as: Changchun Testing Machine Factory) was founded in 1949, is China's first production of testing machines and other testing instruments of professional enterprises. Has developed a variety of testing machines and mechanical testing instruments more than 400 kinds, has produced a total of nearly 40,000 units. The products have covered all provinces, cities and autonomous regions in China, and more than 800 sets of products have been exported to more than 30 countries and regions, which has been occupying a dominant and leading position in the domestic manufacturers of the same industry, with an annual production capacity of 1,000 sets of testing machines. However, in recent years, the enterprise operation has been difficult, and has been in a state of semi-suspension for a long time. At present, it has just been restructured into Changchun New Testing Machine Co. The products now have more than twenty series, more than one hundred conventional models, the test force from 5KN to 20000KN a variety of specifications.
4.5 Tianshui Hongshan Testing Machine Co., Ltd. (formerly Tianshui Hongshan Testing Machine Factory) is located in Tianshui City, Gansu Province, the original system in the 1960s by Changchun relocation, was once a large-scale backbone of China's testing machine industry. Since the 1990s, the enterprise talent drain is serious, the production and operation situation is very difficult. At present, the company is undergoing enterprise restructuring. The company has 1680 employees, including more than 300 scientific and technological personnel, covers an area of 196 acres, has assets of 110 million yuan, 575 sets of equipment. The company mainly produces a variety of testing machines, large-scale electronic scales, force standard machines and load cells, general machinery and other five categories of products. The main customers are distributed in aerospace, aviation, navigation, national defense, scientific research and energy, transportation, petrochemical, metallurgy, building materials, construction, water conservancy, colleges and universities, factories and other fields.
4.6 Shanghai Hualong Testing Instrument Co., Ltd. was established on May 8, 1993, located in Shanghai Pudong Chuansha Economic Park, the enterprise covers an area of 35 acres, building area of 14600m2, enterprise assets totaling 96 million yuan, with scientific research office building, electrical debugging building, assembly process building, assembly workshop, machine shop, under the material workshop, cold workshop, measuring room, prototype room and other facilities. Facilities. The annual production capacity of the enterprise can reach 800 sets of testing machines. The enterprise has set up marketing department, manufacturing department, assembly department, electric installation department, quality assurance department, purchasing department, financial department, technical service department, office and R&D center. The products are used in aerospace, national defense industry, machinery manufacturing, vehicles and ships, metallurgy and mining, wire and cable, plastic and rubber, construction and building materials, colleges and universities, scientific research institutes, commodity inspection and quality inspection and other fields. The enterprise has 256 employees, including 117 employees with college degree or above. The leading products are: microcomputer hydraulic universal testing machine, hydraulic pressure testing machine, electronic universal testing machine, special testing machine and so on.
4.7 Sino-British Joint Venture Zhejiang Jingyuan Mechanical Equipment Co., Ltd. is a joint venture between Jinhua Testing Machine Factory and CCE, located in Jinhua City, Zhejiang Province. It has ten large-scale specialized workshops, five branch factories and two Sino-foreign joint venture subsidiaries, including the Institute of Testing Machines, gold cutting, casting, sheet metal forging and welding, assembling, electronics, heat treatment, mechanic, painting, etc. It mainly produces hydraulic pressure testing machines, hydraulic pressure testing machines, hydraulic pressure testing machines and hydraulic pressure testing machines. The company mainly produces hydraulic pressure testing machine, hydraulic universal testing machine, impact testing machine, continuous welding rod machine and medical instruments. The company has an annual output of more than 3,000 sets of various testing machines, welding rod machines and medical instruments. Jinhua Testing Machine Sales Co., Ltd. is located in Zhujitou, Jinhua City. Mainly engaged in Sino-British joint venture Zhejiang Jingyuan Machinery Equipment Co., Ltd, Jinhua Testing Machine General Factory and domestic and foreign famous enterprises well-known brands of testing machines and laboratory equipment for domestic and international sales and technical services. It also engages in the wholesale, retail, import and export business of domestic and foreign mechanical equipment, hardware and electrical appliances, chemical building materials, metal materials, office supplies and daily necessities. Test machine business is mainly oriented to the highway market sales of hydraulic universal testing machine, building materials pressure testing machine.
Longyou Jingyuan Machinery Co., Ltd. was founded in March 2003, is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Zhejiang Jingyuan Machinery Co. The company covers a total area of more than 20,000 square meters, 50 kilometers away from Jinhua city. Ltd. is mainly engaged in the research, development and manufacture of new products of testing machines, especially WAW series of automatic universal testing machines, WEW series of microcomputer digital display universal testing machines, WDW electronic universal testing machines, YAW series of automatic pressure testing machines, etc. The company has a total area of more than 20,000 square meters and is 50 kilometers away from Jinhua city.
4.8 Shenzhen New Sansi Materials Testing Technology Co., Ltd. was founded in 1998, headquartered in Shenzhen Futian District, the existing staff of more than 500 people, with total assets of about 20 million yuan, is the original Tianshui Hongshan Testing Machine Factory part of the personnel of the joint venture established by the joint-stock company. The main products are electronic universal testing machine and special testing machine. There is a hydraulic testing machine branch in Shanghai, with an annual output of about 100 units.
4.9 Weihai Testing Machine Manufacturing Co., Ltd. is located in Weihai City, Qingdao North Road, the existing staff of 200 people, covers an area of 40,000 square meters. In the 1980s, the company began to switch to the production of testing machines, the main products: hydraulic universal testing machine, electronic universal testing machine (single and double space), digital display tensile testing machine, hydraulic pressure testing machine, and so on. Mainly for the highway market sales of hydraulic universal testing machine.
4.10 Shaoxing Kent Mechanical Electronics Co., Ltd. was founded in 1995, is located in Shangyu, Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, Road market town. Existing staff of more than 50 people, an area of 8000 square meters. Initially, it mainly engaged in the production and development of cement pressure testing machine, and in 2004, it started to produce hydraulic universal testing machine, mainly for the highway market. The annual output is about 300 sets.