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Overclocking a computer is the process of artificially increasing the operating frequency of a CPU, graphics card, or other hardware to a higher frequency than its rated operating frequency, allowing them to work stably at a higher frequency than their rated state. The Intel P4C 2.4GHz CPU, for example, is rated at 2.4GHz. If you increase the operating frequency to 2.6GHz, and the system still runs stably, the overclocking will be successful.
The main purpose of CPU overclocking is to increase the CPU's operating frequency, which is the main frequency of the CPU. The main frequency of the CPU is the product of the external frequency and the multiplier. For example, if a CPU has an external frequency of 100MHz and a multiplier of 8.5, you can calculate its main frequency = external frequency × multiplier = 100MHz × 8.5 = 850MHz.
Elevating the CPU's main frequency can be accomplished by changing the multiplier or external frequency of the CPU. However, if you are using an Intel CPU, you can ignore the multiplier, because Intel CPUs use a special manufacturing process to prevent modification of the multiplier.AMD CPUs can modify the multiplier, but modification of the multiplier is not as good as the external frequency to improve the performance of the CPU.
And the speed of the external frequency is usually closely related to the speed of the front side bus and memory. So when you boost the CPU's external frequency, the performance of the CPU, system, and memory improves at the same time.
There are two main ways to overclock a CPU:
One is a hardware setting and the other is a software setting. The hardware setting is more commonly used, and it is divided into two types: jumper setting and BIOS setting.
1. Jumper settings for overclocking
Most early motherboards used jumper or DIP switch settings for overclocking. Near these jumpers and DIP switches, there were often tables printed on the motherboard that documented the functions defined by the combination of jumpers and DIP switches. With the computer turned off, you can then set the frequency according to the table. After rebooting, if the computer boots up normally and runs stably that means we've overclocked successfully.
For example, an Intel 845D chipset motherboard used in conjunction with Celeron 1.7GHz uses a jumper overclock. Underneath the inductor coil, we can see the jumper description table, when the jumper is set to the 1-2 way the external frequency is 100MHz, and when it is changed to the 2-3 way, the external frequency is raised to 133MHz. and the default external frequency of Celeron 1.7GHz is 100MHz, we just need to raise the external frequency to 133MHz, the original Celeron 1.7GHz will be overclocked to work on 2.2GHz, isn't it very simple :).
Another VIA KT266 chipset motherboard used with AMD CPUs uses a DIP switch setting to set the CPU's multiplier frequency. Most AMD multipliers are not locked, so you can overclock by modifying the multiplier. This is a five-group DIP switch, which can be combined to form a dozen modes through the different on/off states of each serial number switch. An explanatory table printed on the upper right of the DIP switches explains the different frequency changes brought about by the DIP switches in different combinations.
For example, if we are overclocking an AMD 1800+, we need to know that the main frequency of the Athlon XP 1800+ is equal to the 133MHz external frequency x 11.5 multiplier. If we increase the multiplier to 12.5, the CPU frequency will become 133MHz x 12.5 ≈ 1.6GHz, equivalent to Athlon XP 2000+. If we increase the multiplier to 13.5, the CPU frequency becomes 1.8GHz, which overclocks the Athlon XP 1800+ to Athlon XP2200+, a simple operation for a big performance boost, very interesting, right?
2. BIOS settings for overclocking
Nowadays, mainstream motherboards have basically abandoned the jumper settings and DIP switch settings to change the CPU multiplier or external frequency, and instead use the more convenient BIOS settings.
For example, Abit's SoftMenu III and EPOX's PowerBIOS are BIOS overclocking methods that allow you to set the CPU multiplier and external frequency in the CPU parameter settings. If you encounter a situation where your PC won't boot up properly after overclocking, just power off and hold down the INS or HOME key, then reboot your PC and it will automatically return to its default CPU state, so it's better to overclock your PC in BIOS.
Here is a combination of the Ascend NF7 motherboard and the Athlon XP 1800+ CPU to realize this overclocking battle. There are two main brands of BIOS on the market today, one is PHOENIX-Award BIOS and the other is AMI BIOS, and here we take Award BIOS as an example.
First, boot up your computer and press DEL to enter your motherboard's BIOS setup screen. Select Soft Menu III Setup from the BIOS, which is the SoftMenu overclocking function of the Ascend motherboard.
After entering this function, we can see that the system automatically recognizes the CPU as 1800+. We need to enter here to change the default recognized model to User Define mode. After setting it to manual mode, the grayed out unselectable CPU external and multiplier frequencies are now selectable.
If you need to overclock by boosting the external frequency, enter here External Clock: 133MHz. There are a number of external frequencies to adjust here, and you can crank it up to 150MHz or higher frequency options. Since raising the external frequency will increase the system bus frequency and affect the stability of other devices, be sure to use the method of locking the PCI frequency.
Multiplier Factor is where you adjust the CPU multiplier, enter the options area, and select a multiplier frequency of 12.5, 13.5, or higher depending on the actual CPU.
Rookie: If the system fails to boot up properly or works erratically after the CPU is overclocked, I've heard that this can be solved by increasing the core voltage of the CPU, is there any truth to this?
Ameng: Yeah. The reason is that when the CPU is overclocked, the power consumption is also increased. If the supply current remains the same, some CPUs will not work properly and stably due to insufficient power consumption. And after boosting the voltage, the CPU gains more power, making overclocking easier to succeed and more stable.
The core voltage of the CPU can be set and adjusted in the BIOS (see Figure 7). The Default state can be selected under normal circumstances. If the system is not stable after CPU overclocking, you can add voltage to the CPU core. But the side effects of adding voltage is very big, first of all, the CPU heat will increase, and secondly, the voltage is too high to easily burn the CPU, so be careful when adding voltage, generally 0.025V, 0.05V or 0.1V step up to add on it.
3. Overclocking with software
As the name suggests, overclocking is done through software. This overclocking is more simple, it is characterized by the set frequency in the shutdown or restart the computer will be restored, the rookie if you do not dare to realize the hardware setup overclocking, you can first use the software overclocking test overclocking effect. The most common overclocking software includes SoftFSB and the software developed by each motherboard manufacturer. The main reason for this is the fact that it is not possible to use the same software to overclock the system, but it is possible to use the same software to overclock the system.
SoftFSB is a versatile software that supports dozens of clock generators. After selecting the clock generator model on your motherboard and clicking GET FSB to gain control of the clock generator, you can set the overclocking frequency via the frequency pull-down bar, and then press Save to start the CPU working at the newly set frequency. The downside of software overclocking, however, is that when you set a frequency that is too much for the CPU to handle, it can cause a crash or system breakdown the moment you hit save.
CPU overclocking tips:
1. CPU overclocking and the CPU itself is related to the "body"
Many friends said that their CPU is still unstable after the overclocking of the pressurized, which is the "body" problem. The problem is that the CPU is not as stable as it used to be. For the same model of CPU, the overclockability varies from cycle to cycle, and this can be reflected in the processor number.
2. The low frequency CPU is good for super
We all know that increasing the CPU frequency is faster than increasing the CPU multiplier performance, and if the CPU is not locked, the masters will use the method of increasing the external frequency to reduce the multiplier frequency to achieve a better result, which means the low frequency CPU has an inherent advantage. For example, the AMD Athlon XP1700+/1800+ and Intel Celeron 2.0GHz overclockers.
3. The more advanced the manufacturing process, the better the overclocking
The more advanced the manufacturing process, the higher the frequency the CPU can reach when overclocking. For example, Intel's new Intel Celeron D processor, which has won widespread attention, uses a 90-nanometer manufacturing process and a Prescott core. There has been a fast 2.53GHz Celeron D to 4.4GHz.
4. Temperature has a decisive impact on overclocking
We all know that after overclocking, the temperature of the CPU will be greatly increased, equipped with a good cooling system is a must. This doesn't just mean a CPU fan, but a case fan as well. It is also important to apply a thin layer of silicone grease to the CPU core to help dissipate the heat well.
5. Motherboards are a great tool for overclocking
A motherboard that can support overclocking well generally has the following advantages: (1) support for high external frequencies. (2) A good power supply. If you use a three-phase power supply motherboard or a CPU single-channel single-item power supply motherboard. (3) motherboard with special protection. Such as the CPU fan can immediately cut off the power when it stops, part of the motherboard it is called "burning technology". (4) BIOS with special overclocking settings in the motherboard. (5) Excellent workmanship, preferably with 6 layers of PCBs.
Nine possibilities for high CPU utilization?
1, anti-virus software cause failure?
Since the new version of KV, Kingsoft, Rising Star have added random monitoring of web pages, plug-ins, e-mail, undoubtedly increasing the burden on the system. How to deal with it:There is basically no reasonable way to deal with it, try to use the least monitoring service possible, or, upgrade your hardware equipment.
2. The driver is not certified, resulting in 100% CPU resource usage?
A large number of beta drivers are flooding the Internet, causing causes of failure that are difficult to detect.
Data Ready
Data Ready is a video ready to go.
3, virus, Trojan horse caused?
A large number of worms are rapidly replicating within the system, causing the CPU to occupy a high percentage of resources. Solution: Use reliable antivirus software to thoroughly clean up the system memory and local hard disk, and open the system setup software to see if there is any abnormal startup program. The newest addition to the list is the newest addition to the list, the newest addition to the list, the newest addition to the list.
4, Control Panel - Administrative Tools - Services - RISING REALTIME MONITOR SERVICE point the right mouse button, change to manual.
5, Start->; Run->; msconfig->; Startup, close unnecessary startup items, restart.?
6, check the "svchost" process.?
svchost.exe is a core process in Windows XP. svchost.exe is not only found in Windows XP, but also in Windows systems that use the NT kernel. Typically in Windows 2000 the number of svchost.exe processes is two, while in Windows XP the number of svchost.exe processes rises to four and more.?
7. Check the network connection. Mainly the network card.?
8, check the network connection?
When a computer with Windows XP installed as a server receives connection requests on port 445, it allocates memory and a small amount of CPU resources to service these connections. When the load is too heavy, the CPU usage may be too high because of the inherent trade-off between the number of work items and responsiveness. You want to determine the appropriate MaxWorkItems setting to improve system responsiveness. If the value is set incorrectly, the responsiveness of the server may suffer or a particular user may monopolize too many system resources.?
To solve this problem, we can modify the registry to solve the problem:Expand the [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\ CurrentControlSet\Services\lanmanserver ] branch of the registry editor, and then create a new file in the right window named In the right window, create a new DWORD value named "maxworkitems". Then double-click the value, type the following value in the window that opens and save to exit:?
Type "1024" if the computer has more than 512 MB of memory, or "256" if the computer has less than 512 MB.?
9, to see if it is Windows XP using the right mouse button caused by 100% CPU usage?
Not long ago, the report said that the use of the right mouse button inside the Explorer will lead to 100% CPU resources occupied, let's see how it is?
Signs:?
When you right-click on a directory or a file inside Explorer, you will likely experience the problems listed below:?
Any file copy operation will likely stop at that time accordingly?
Internet connection speed will be significantly reduced?
All streaming input/output operations such as listening to music using Windows Media Player may be the cause of music distortion:?
When you right-click on a file or directory in Explorer, the CPU usage will increase to 100% when the shortcut menu is displayed, and return to normal when you close the shortcut menu.
Solution:?
Method 1: Turn off "Use transition effects for menus and tooltips"?
1, click "Start" - "Control Panel"?
2, in the "Control Panel" inside double-click "Display"?
3, in the "display" properties click "appearance" tab?
4. In the "Appearance" tab, click on "Effects"?
5, in the "Effects" dialog box, clear the check box in front of "Use transition effects for menus and tooltips" and then click the "OK" button twice.
Method 2: Use the right mouse button to click on a file or directory and then use the left mouse button to select your target file or directory. Then use the right mouse button to bring up the shortcut menu.
Generally, if the CPU is 100%, our computer will always be slowed down, and many times we can solve the problem by doing a little bit of modification, without having to ask those prawns.
When the machine slowed down, the first thing we think of course is the task manager, to see which program accounted for the proportion of the more screwed up, if it is a large program that can be forgiven, as long as the CPU is normal after the closure of the program that is not a problem; if not, then you have to look at the program is what, when you can not find out what the process is when you go to Google or baidu search. Sometimes only the end is useless, in xp we can combine msconfig in the startup items, some do not need to turn off the items. In 2000, you can go to winpatrol and use it.
Some commonly used software, such as browsers take up a lot of CPU, then we need to upgrade the software or simply use other similar software instead, sometimes the software and the system will be a little incompatible, of course, we can try to xp system under the compatibility of the item given to us, right-click on the .exe file and select compatibility.
svchost.exe is sometimes a headache, when you see one of your svchost.exe occupy a lot of CPU you can go to the next aports or fport to check the corresponding program path, that is, what things in the drop with this svchost.exe, if it is not c:\Windows\\system32(xp), then you can try the svchost.exe. system32(xp) or c:\winnt\ system32(2000), then it is suspicious. Upgrade your antivirus program to kill the virus, right?
Right-clicking on a file results in 100% CPU usage, which we also encounter, and sometimes right-click stutters may be the problem. The official explanation:first left click to select, then right click (not very understandable). Unofficially: by right-clicking on the desktop - Properties - Appearance - Effects, cancel the "menu and tooltips for the use of the following excessive effects (U)" to solve the problem. The same is true for the monitoring of web pages, plug-ins, and email.
Some drivers may also be affected, so it's best to choose a Microsoft-certified or official driver to install, and sometimes you can upgrade the driver appropriately, but remember that the newest one is not the best one.
CPU cooling software, as the software will use so CPU idle time to cool down when running, but Windows can't tell the difference between normal CPU occupancy and cooling software's cooling instructions, so the CPU always shows 100%, this is no need to worry about it, it doesn't affect normal system operation.?
When dealing with larger word files, the word's spelling and grammar checking will make the CPU tired, just open the word's Tools - Options - Spelling and Grammar to "check spelling and check grammar" to remove the hook.
High CPU usage after clicking on an avi video file is because the system has to scan the file first and check all parts of the file and create an index; solution: right-click on the folder where the video file is saved-Properties-General-Advanced, remove the check to allow the indexing service to index the folder for fast searching
The part of a computer that performs a variety of arithmetic and logical operations. components of a computer. The basic operations of an operator include the four operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, the logical operations of and, or, not, and different or, and the operations of shifting, comparing, and transmitting, also known as an arithmetic-logic unit (ALU). When the computer is running, the operations of the operators and the types of operations are determined by the controller. The data processed by the operator comes from memory; the resultant data of the processing is usually sent back to memory or temporarily hosted in the operator.
Data The object of the operator is data, so the length of the data and the computer data representation, the performance of the operator is greatly affected. microprocessors in the 1970s often use 1, 4, 8, 16 binary bits as the basic unit of data processing. Most general-purpose computers use 16, 32, and 64 bits as the length of data processed by the operator. An operator that can process all the bits of a piece of data at the same time is called a parallel operator. If only one bit is processed at a time, it is called a serial operator. Some operators can process several bits at a time (usually 6 or 8 bits), and a complete piece of data divided into several segments for computation is called a serial operator. Parallel operators. Operators tend to handle only one length of data. Some can also handle several different lengths of data, such as half-word-length operations, double-word-length operations, quadruple-word-length operations, and so on. Some data lengths can be specified during the operation and are called variable word length operations.
According to the different representations of data, there can be binary operators, decimal operators, hexadecimal operators, fixed-point integer operators, fixed-point decimal operators, floating-point operators, and so on. According to the nature of the data, there are address operators and character operators etc.
Operations The number of operations an operator can perform and the speed at which they are performed signify the strength of the operator's capabilities, and even the capabilities of the computer itself. The most basic operation of an operator is addition. Adding a number to zero is the same as simply transferring the number. Complementing the code of one number and adding it to another is equivalent to subtracting the former number from the latter. Subtracting two numbers allows you to compare their sizes.
Shifting left and right is a basic operation of an operator. In signed numbers, leaving the sign untouched and shifting only the data bits is called an arithmetic shift. If the data is shifted along with all the bits of the sign, it is called logical shift. If the highest and lowest bits of data are linked for logical shift, it is called circular shift.
The logical operations of an operator can be used to compare two pieces of data bit-wise in terms of their sums, ors, or isos ors, as well as to make each bit of a piece of data non-trivial. Some operators are also capable of performing 16 logical operations in binary code.
Multiplication and division operations are more complex. Many computers have operators that perform these operations directly. Multiplication operation is based on the addition operation, by multiplying one or more bits of the decoder control to produce part of the product one at a time, part of the product is added to the product. Division is often based on multiplication, i.e., a number of factors are selected and multiplied by the divisor to approximate 1, and these factors are multiplied by the divisor to obtain the quotient. Computers that do not have the hardware to perform multiplication and division can programmatically implement multiplication and division, but much more slowly. Some operators can also perform complex operations such as finding the largest number in a batch, performing the same operation on a batch of data in succession, and finding the square root.
Operation method To realize the operation of the operator, especially the four operations, you must choose a reasonable operation method. It directly affects the performance of the operator, but also relates to the structure and cost of the operator. In addition, in the numerical calculation, the result of the effective number of digits may be long, must intercept a certain number of effective digits, which results in the lowest effective number of rounding problems. The rounding rules chosen also affect the accuracy of the results.
Architecture An operator consists of three parts: a register, an actuator, and a control circuit.
There are three registers in a typical operator: the receive register, which receives and holds an operand; the accumulate register, which holds another operand and the result of the operation; and the multiply-quotient register, which holds the multiplier or quotient when multiplying or dividing. The execution components include an adder and various types of input and output gate circuits. The control circuit sends out different control signals in a certain time sequence so that the data passes through the corresponding gate circuits into the register or adder to complete the specified operation.
In order to minimize access to memory, many computer operators have a large number of registers that hold the results of intermediate calculations so that they can be used directly as operands in later operations.
To increase the speed of operations, some large computers have multiple operators. They can be different types of operators, such as fixed-point adders, floating-point adders, multipliers, etc., or they can be the same type of operator.
The operator
Consisting of an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), an accumulation register, a data buffer register, and a status condition register, it is a data processing and handling component. Relative to the controller, the operator accepts the controller's command and carries out the action, that is, all the operations carried out by the operator are commanded by the control signals issued by the controller, so it is an executive component.
Main functions:
Execute all arithmetic operations;?
Executes all logical operations and performs logical tests such as zero value test or comparison of two values.
Operator: is the component that performs arithmetic operations, the main functions are arithmetic and logical operations.
Controller
controller
An instrument or set of devices that produces control information for a predetermined purpose. Automatic control system to realize the core part of the control. Controller in the closed-loop control system to accept measurement signals from the controlled object, in accordance with certain control laws to produce control signals to promote the work of the actuator to complete the closed-loop control, known as the regulator; used in the open-loop control system controller known as the sequential controller, it is in accordance with the predetermined time sequence or logical conditions to promote the order of the actuator to achieve open-loop control. Controllers are divided into analog regulators and digital controllers according to the form of signals used. Digital controllers are further divided into sequential controllers and digital regulators. People also refer to manual control mechanisms as controllers . The application of controllers is not limited to the production process, in daily life is also widely used controllers, such as neon lights, timing switches, washing machine and fan timer, etc., all belong to the sequential controller.
Controller
By the program counter, instruction register, instruction decoder, timing generator and operation controller, it is the "decision-making body" to issue orders, that is, to complete the coordination and command of the operation of the entire computer system.
Main functions:
Taking out an instruction from memory and indicating the location of the next instruction in memory
Decoding or testing the instruction and generating the corresponding operation control signals in order to initiate the specified action;
Commanding and controlling the direction of the flow of data between the CPU, the memory, and the input/output devices.
Controller: sends out control information based on pre-given commands, so that the entire process of executing computer commands is carried out step by step, and is the nerve center of the computer.