In recent years, the Reservoir Area has continuously strengthened environmental protection and ecological construction, and actively carried out comprehensive ecological environment
governance projects, built four new nature reserves, and managed an area of more than 10,000km2 of soil and water erosion, and the forest coverage and urban greening rate have been increased to a certain extent, and the ecological environment has been improved to a certain extent. However, the deterioration of the ecological environment of the reservoir area has not been effectively controlled, environmental protection work is still facing several major problems.
1.1 Serious water pollution
In 1999, the reservoir area wastewater emissions **** 1.01 billion t, COD emissions totaled 278,000 t, of which 710 million t of industrial wastewater, nearly one-third of the industrial wastewater is not up to the standards of discharge; living sewage 300 million t, centralized treatment rate of only 7.7%. According to the results of the comprehensive evaluation of the water quality of the Yangtze River in 1999, among the 17 monitoring sections of the Chongqing section of the Yangtze River, only 5.9% of the water bodies of the second category, 17.6% of the third category, 70.6% of the fourth category, and 5.9% of the fifth category were in the water bodies. Yangtze River, Jialing River, Wujiang River "three rivers" Chongqing section of coliform bacteria, non-ionic ammonia, COD and other 10 indicators exceeded the standard. Reservoir secondary river pollution is more serious, 56% of the cross-section of the water quality can not meet the functional requirements of the waters.
The entire Three Gorges reservoir area urban river section, water quality affected by sewage river section total length of 28.97km, width of 2 ~ 150m, the Chongqing river section of the longest pollution zone, 5.73 km, accounting for 74.7% of the total length of the pollution zone in the reservoir area.
1.2 Large amount of domestic waste
The annual generation of industrial solid waste in the reservoir area is 7,436,200t, hazardous waste is 395,000t, and the amount of industrial solid waste stockpiled over the years reaches more than 30 milliont, and the comprehensive utilization rate is about 43%. According to the urban non-agricultural population per capita generation of domestic garbage amount 1kg / d calculation, the Three Gorges reservoir area of urban domestic garbage total of 1.78 million t / a. At present, only the basic do transported out of the city for simple treatment, the harmless rate of only 7.1%. All kinds of waste scattered piles, some even directly along the coast dumping, in the rain soaked and flooding, a large number of pollutants into the river, resulting in the Three Gorges Reservoir serious water pollution, is one of the main causes of the Three Gorges Reservoir area water coliform exceeded the standard and the water quality of the main stream of the water quality deterioration during the period of abundance of water.
1.3 Ship pollution is becoming more and more serious
The annual production of domestic garbage from ships in the reservoir area is about 30,000t, of which about 8,000t enter into the river, and the amount of domestic sewage produced by ships is about 18,000,000t, of which nearly 400,000t is oil-containing sewage, with the discharge of COD of about 600t and more than 100t of petroleums, etc. The pesticide and chemical fertilizer pollution in the reservoir area, the water surface concentrated aquaculture pollution, and pollution from the township and township enterprises are also more prominent. More prominent, in 1999 the reservoir area pesticide use amounted to 1160.6t, of which organophosphorus pesticides accounted for more than half of the share.
1.4 Low forest coverage, urban green space per capita less
Many years of destructive land reclamation, the disorderly development of township and village enterprises and the development and construction of new towns, the original forest vegetation damage is quite serious, resulting in the reservoir area of the forest coverage has been greatly reduced, only 22.3%. Most of the districts and counties on both sides of the reservoir area have a forest cover of only 7.5% to 13.6%, with an average of less than 10%. And the structure of forest species is not reasonable, the proportion of mature forests, special forests and economic forests is low, and the proportion of young and medium-sized forests is very large, and the proportion of young and medium-sized forests in Fuling, Fengdu, Fengjie, etc. is even as high as more than 90%, and there are basically no mature forests. The structure of forest communities in the reservoir area is simple and dysfunctional, and the vegetation is in reverse succession, with forests degrading in the direction of scrub - grassy slopes - bare rocks.
The greening level of cities and towns at all levels in the reservoir area is on the low side. The per capita green space in the main urban area of Chongqing is only 2.08m2, equivalent to only 39.2% of the national per capita green space of 5.3m2, which is at the bottom of the list of 3.5 cities with more than one million inhabitants in the country.
Other counties and cities have even less. Other counties and cities have even less, for example, the per capita public **** green space in Wanxian City is only 1.8m2, and Fengjie County City is only 0.3m2.
1.5 Serious ecological imbalance
Biodiversity is an important indicator of ecological balance and an important element of ecological construction. According to statistics, there are about 6500 kinds of animal and plant resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, accounting for about 20% of the total number of animal and plant species in the country, and there are 8 and 6 kinds of plants and animals under the first
level protection of the state, and 35 and 22 kinds of plants and animals under the second level protection, respectively.
The Three Gorges Reservoir Area is also rich in the Tertiary relics of plants. However, due to the biological populations rely on the survival of the forest
forest coverage is very low, the elevation of 1000m below the few remnants of the original forest, resulting in forest musk, leopard cat
and the number of raptors declined significantly, the tiger and leopard in the reservoir area has been on the verge of extinction. Some aquatic species, such as albacore dolphin, white sturgeon, Chinese sturgeon and Yangtze sturgeon, etc., and porpoises and coelacanths, etc., are facing the severe situation of ecological structure change and environmental damage caused by the Three Gorges Reservoir after the completion of the Three Gorges Reservoir. This situation directly threatens their survival and accelerates the endangerment.
The momentum of ecological deterioration, if not effectively curbed, is likely to cause irreversible species extinction.
1.6 Serious soil erosion
The Three Gorges Reservoir area, with its steep slopes and complex geological structure, is one of the regions in China where serious geological disasters occur. According to the review data of the immigration department in 2000, there are more than 20,000 large and small geologic disaster spots in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, among which there are 1,302 avalanches and landslides with the leading edge below 175m of the submerged line, with the volume of 333,400,000m3, and there are 1,133 areas with different degrees of danger and potential danger, accounting for 87% of the total number of avalanches and landslides. There are 405 villages and 60 towns that have been decided to be relocated due to the impact of landslides.
The Three Gorges Reservoir area has serious soil erosion, which accounts for 62% of the total land area, amounting to 5,025,500 mu, and the total amount of sediment flowing into the river annually reaches more than 100 million tons, which is bound to aggravate the content of sediment in the water body of the Three Gorges Reservoir. Although the Three Gorges Dam is designed with sand discharge holes, it is impossible to solve the sand discharge problem of the 600km river in the reservoir area, and the only way to solve the problem is to strengthen the ecological construction and maintain the soil and water.
1.7 ecological pollution has been from the city to
The rapid expansion of rural urbanization process and the acceleration of township and village enterprises blossomed, disorderly development, exacerbated the spread of environmental pollution from the city to the countryside. The scope of acid rain is obviously expanding to the far suburban counties, the pH value of 4.5 contour area has almost covered the entire reservoir area. More than 90% of the area is acidic precipitation area, and the frequency of acid rain is 60% to 90% for many years, and the average value of pH value of acid rain is about 4.3 for many years. The annual direct economic losses caused by air pollution in the reservoir area amount to 2 billion yuan.
The root causes of the above problems are: irrational industrial layout, serious shortage of urban infrastructure, the ecological environment deterioration of the crude growth mode, the unreasonable structure of energy consumption, environmental protection investment is seriously insufficient, weak environmental management and so on. These problems are with the western development, ecological construction of the prologue opened and gradually solve. For example, the Yangtze River Basin (focusing on the Three Gorges Reservoir area and its upper reaches) and the Yellow River Basin (focusing on Xiaolangdi and above) are included in the "Tenth Five-Year Plan" as the focus of water pollution control; the implementation of the protection of natural forests and resources, the return of farmland to forests and grasses, and the control of sand and soil erosion projects; the implementation of the "Green Mountains and Green Waters" project in Chongqing Municipality, with the Three Gorges Reservoir area as the focus. Green mountains and green water" project and the main city as the focus of the "landscape garden city" project; since 1990 foreign experts, scholars and representatives of international organizations and government agencies more than 6,000 times to Chongqing Municipality for environmental protection visits and exchanges, Chongqing Municipality has been listed as a model city for China's environmental cooperation and has received environmental protection loans from the World Bank. Access to the World Bank environmental protection loans.
2 Countermeasures for solving ecological and environmental problems in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area
As early as 1994, the Chinese government promulgated "China's Agenda 21", which explicitly took the strategy of sustainable development as an important guideline for the medium- and long-term plan of national economic and social development. The key to sustainable development in the reservoir area lies in protecting the ecological environment and improving the carrying capacity of nature and the environment. The ecological environment of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area is directly related to the realization of the benefits of the Three Gorges Project, and directly affects the economic development of the entire upper reaches of the Yangtze River, and at the same time plays a decisive role in the urban water use, farmland irrigation, flood control, and the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, thus making the sustainable development of the Reservoir Area a national and even a world concern. According to the current situation of the ecological environment of the reservoir area, in accordance with the conditions of the reservoir area, to coordinate the relationship between economic development and ecological environmental protection, the following aspects of countermeasures.
2.1 Integrated planning, integrated decision-making
To ecological environmental protection and construction as one of the major decisions of economic and social development, as the fundamental and entry point of the western development. In the regional development, resource development and industrial structure and productivity layout adjustment, we must adhere to the unity of economic development and environmental protection, rational use of natural resources, ecological construction to ensure the sustainable development of the economy, economic development to further promote the construction of ecological environment. Advocating the sustainable development principle of "development in protection, protection in development, prevention first, protection first".
In addition, because the environmental protection and ecological construction of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area has a special status and significant impact on the sustainable development of the entire Yangtze River Basin Economic Zone, so it is recommended that the state will be included in the environmental protection and ecological construction of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area in the National Priority and Priority Governance Program, in accordance with the "Three Rivers and Three Lakes," as the national economy and social development planning, in the project funding Therefore, it is recommended that the State should include environmental protection and ecological construction in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area in the national priority and key management plan, and incorporate them into the national economic and social development plan in the same way as the "Three Rivers and Three Lakes", and give them priority, inclination and support in terms of project funding, financial input, bank credit and utilization of foreign capital. At the same time to strengthen the ecological environment related to the construction of a variety of special funds for the collection, management and use, to ensure that the investment.
2.2 Combined with industrial restructuring, increase the treatment of pollution sources
Combined with industrial restructuring and technological progress, take measures to control the total amount of pollutant emissions and concentration of enterprises, and accelerate the progress of limited-term treatment of industrial pollution sources. By outlawing and shutting down heavy pollution sources, eliminating equipment and processes banned by the state, and promoting clean production; enterprises with low technological content and serious pollution are prohibited from entering the reservoir area to prevent new pollution. At the same time, the total amount of regional pollutants and concentration control can also be implemented, and the monitoring results of each control cross-section are regularly announced, and their target assessment is strictly carried out. Secondly, strengthen the management of surface source pollution. Surface source pollution in the reservoir area mainly originates from pesticides, fertilizers and livestock and poultry fecal water pollution accounts for 40% of the total water pollution. The key to controlling surface pollution is to control soil erosion, improve the quality and utilization of pesticides and fertilizers, and vigorously develop green food.
2.3 Strengthen urban planning, rational layout of the new county
Three Gorges reservoir area full relocation of the county has five: yunyang, kaixian, fengjie, fengdu in Chongqing city and zigui in Hubei. In the city construction must be combined with the relocation of immigrants, scientific planning, rational layout.
First, from the point of view of protecting the environment, the layout of the city should take into account the impact of topography, meteorology and hydrology on the environment. Serious pollution areas of urban industry, must be arranged in the downwind direction, but also pay close attention to the direction of the river, flow, sediment flow patterns and self-purification ability of the river, so that urban planning and watershed planning combined to strengthen the upstream and downstream protection of water resources in the whole basin; Secondly, the layout of the city's internal layout should also be conducive to the protection of the environment. For example, single-center concentric circles, outward dispersion of the city layout form, so that the city center and the surrounding natural environment farther and farther apart, fresh air is difficult to
to enter, dirty air emissions are blocked, is not conducive to the natural regulation of air. And take the multi-center group
cluster belt structure, the city is divided into a number of areas, the interval separated by green belts, can alleviate the city
city atmosphere, noise, heat pollution and so on play a positive role. At the same time should also be supporting the construction of urban sewage
treatment system and garbage harmless treatment system, reasonable distribution of urban public **** green space, the construction of new towns with
reservoir area landscape features.
2.4 Relying on scientific and technological progress to enhance environmental protection and ecological construction in the reservoir area First of all, in view of the current situation and development trend of domestic sewage and industrial wastewater in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, the study of preferred sewage treatment process suitable for the environmental requirements and economic capacity. The construction of sewage treatment facilities in towns and cities at all levels in the reservoir area should adhere to the combination of large, medium, small and micro, and adopt mature and reliable technologies and scientific and reasonable treatment methods. The treatment process should be based on the scale of treatment, water quality characteristics, the environmental function of the receiving water body and the actual situation of the locality, and should be preferably determined after a comprehensive technical and economic comparison. Secondly, the treatment of domestic garbage should also adhere to the principles of local conditions, technological feasibility, reliable equipment, moderate scale, and the combination of treatment and utilization, and reasonably select garbage treatment technologies such as sanitary landfill, incineration, composting, recycling, etc., as well as recycle and comprehensively utilize the construction wastes in the flooded area. Thirdly, ecological construction should also continuously increase the content of science and technology to ensure the quality and effectiveness of ecological construction. First, we should study the ecological adaptability, so that the right place, the right tree and the right grass. Counties (cities) should be based on the local forest and grass vegetation zone distribution laws and conditions, study the appropriate type of forest and grass vegetation construction, suitable scale and reasonable structure and layout, to determine the scientific structure of forest and grass vegetation and the corresponding technical support measures, and the ecological reconstruction of barren areas of scientific and technological research. Fourth, establish and improve the ecological environment prevention and monitoring system. Around the reservoir area ecological environment construction and soil and water conservation of key areas, the use of modern information technology, the establishment of comprehensive environmental monitoring center and
network system. It can first build four key monitoring networks in Fuling, Wanzhou, Wushan and Qianjiang, so that the water quality of the reservoir
area, the ecology of the watershed, major meteorological disasters and geological disasters can be effectively monitored, and on the basis of which
the corresponding preventive and curative measures can be taken.
2.5 Implementation of institutional innovation, the implementation of paid use of environmental resources
The root cause of environmental problems lies in the economic externality, the use of economic policy, through the market mechanism, the economic externality due to the inconsistency of material interests, internalized at all levels of economic analysis and the decision-making process, and through the ex post facto increase in the cost of pollution by way of pollution abatement. Thus can effectively constrain the polluter's emissions behavior, to ensure that the "polluter's burden", but also for the government to carry out the centralized management of the environment of the reservoir area to raise funds, or will be used for the research and development of cleaner production technology, etc.. The reason why the reservoir area environmental pollution is very serious, to a large extent is because of the failure to implement the paid use of environmental resources. For example, the enterprise sewage fee standard is too low, the urban and rural residents of the domestic sewage discharge and the discharge of domestic garbage is basically no charge, the polluters caused by the economic externalities are not reflected in the cost of production through the market, directly exacerbate the waste of resources and environmental degradation. Therefore, the implementation of paid use of environmental resources is the fundamental idea of controlling environmental pollution in the reservoir area. For example, it is possible to implement a policy of charging for water resources up to the standard in the downstream basin of the reservoir area, and in February 2001 there was a precedent of purchasing water resources in China. In addition, we should also improve the mechanism of paid use of natural resources and environmental economic policy, and strengthen the sewage, garbage and other pollutants treatment fee system.
2.6 Vigorously develop environmental protection industry
Three Gorges Reservoir area is currently serious environmental pollution, the need to build infrastructure and key projects, environmental protection market capacity, for the development of environmental protection industry provides favorable conditions. The development of environmental protection industry is the objective need for sustainable economic and social development, but also to enhance the comprehensive economic strength and competitiveness of the Three Gorges Reservoir area is an inevitable choice, but also for the transformation of environmental protection science and technology into productivity to provide industrial support. Therefore, the environmental protection industry should be prioritized as a field of development, and strive to become a pillar industry in the new century and a new point of economic growth.
2.7 Strengthen the environmental legal system, protect and build the ecological environment in accordance with the law
One is to strictly carry out the implementation of the relevant environmental protection laws and regulations promulgated by the state, and urgently formulate and improve the Three Gorges Reservoir Area targeted regulations and technical provisions. Secondly, it is necessary to establish and improve systems related to environmental protection and ecological construction, such as the sewage declaration and registration system, the sewage charging system, and the environmental impact assessment system for construction projects. Thirdly, acts of ecological destruction and environmental pollution should be seriously investigated and dealt with, and publicity and education on environmental protection laws and regulations should be strengthened to raise the awareness of society as a whole in protecting the ecological environment.2.8 Actively carry out exchanges and cooperation, and improve the scientific and technological level of ecological environmental protection in the Three Gorges Reservoir AreaThrough a variety of international academic exchanges, technology fairs, and exhibitions, we can learn about the latest development of environmental protection science and technology in the world, and learn about the management of large rivers, river basins, and large scale water basins in advanced countries. Through various international academic exchanges and technology fairs and exhibitions, we will learn about the latest development of environmental protection technology in the world and learn from the mature experience and methods of advanced countries in managing large rivers, watersheds and large reservoirs. Through the introduction, digestion and localization of advanced technologies such as large-scale urban waste and sewage treatment equipment and ecosystem restoration, the gap with developed countries will be shortened. At the same time, it is also necessary to actively carry out cooperation between the east and the west. East in China's reform and opening up has been one step ahead of the economic strength and environmental protection technology level is far above the west, through the development and standardization of the two courses, has accumulated a considerable wealth of experience and lessons learned, therefore, should be widely carried out east-west cooperation and international exchanges, the introduction of advanced technology, projects and high-quality personnel, and strive to make the reservoir area of ecological and environmental research level and application of technology to reach the international advanced level at an early date.