1, synthetic type. Refers to the different components (parts) synthesized or assembled into a product, that is, the nature of processing and assembly production, such as machinery manufacturing plants, textile mills, etc.;
2, decomposition type. Refers to the decomposition of raw materials into a variety of products after processing, that is, the chemical nature of the production, such as oil refineries, coking plants, etc.;
3, mediation. Refers to the production of products made by changing the shape or properties of the processed object, such as iron and steel mills, rubber factories, etc.;
4, extraction type. Refers to the production of products extracted from the underground, the sea, such as coal mines, oil fields, etc..
The production process of an enterprise may use a variety of production methods, the above several types of production can co-exist at the same time. Such as machinery manufacturing enterprises belong to and molding, but both mediation type, such as casting and forging, heat treatment, electroplating and so on.
According to the continuous degree of production
1, continuous production. It is a long period of continuous production of one or very few products. Production of products, processes and the use of production equipment are fixed, standardized, there is no work in progress storage between processes. For example, oil field oil extraction operations;
2, intermittent production. Input to the production process is intermittent input of various elements. Production equipment and transportation devices must be suitable for a variety of product processing needs, between processes require a certain in-process inventory. For example, machine tool manufacturers, locomotive manufacturers, light machinery factories.
Divided by the source of the production plan
1, order production mode. It is based on the specific order requirements put forward by the user before starting to organize production, design, supply, manufacturing, factory and other work. Produced finished products in the variety of specifications, quantity, quality and delivery are different, and according to the contract on time delivery to the user, the finished product inventory is very small. Therefore, the focus of production management is to grasp the "delivery date", according to the "period" of the organization of the production process in all aspects of the articulation of the balance, to ensure that the realization of the schedule;
2, inventory production mode. It is on the basis of forecasting market demand, planned production, product inventory. In order to prevent inventory backlogs and off-sales, production management focuses on the supply, production and marketing convergence, according to the "amount" of organization of the balance between the various aspects of the production process, to ensure the full completion of the planned tasks.
Divided by product variety and production volume
Divided by the number of product varieties is also known as the degree of specialization according to the work of the division of production types. In general, the greater the output of products produced by the enterprise, the fewer varieties of products, the higher the degree of specialization of production, and the greater the stability and repeatability of production. On the contrary, the smaller the output of products produced by the enterprise, the more varieties of products, the lower the degree of production specialization, and production stability and repeatability is also smaller. It can be seen that the type of production output, product variety and degree of specialization has an intrinsic link, and thus the enterprise technology, organization and economy have different impact and requirements.
Question 2: What are the categories of productive enterprises? Production-oriented enterprise categories are:
1, synthetic. Refers to the different components (parts) synthesized or assembled into a product, that is, the nature of processing and assembly production, such as machinery manufacturers, textile mills, etc.;
2, decomposition type. Refers to the decomposition of raw materials into a variety of products after processing, that is, the nature of the production of the FWB, such as oil refineries, coking plants, etc.;
3, mediation type. Refers to the production of products made by changing the shape or properties of the processed object, such as iron and steel mills, rubber factories, etc.;
4, extraction type. Refers to the production of products extracted from the underground, the sea, such as coal mines, oil fields, etc..
The production process of an enterprise may use a variety of production methods, and several of the above types of production can co-exist at the same time.
Question 3: What are the classifications of production lines? Production line refers to the route through which the production process of a product passes, that is, starting from the raw materials into the production site, after processing, transportation, assembly, inspection and a series of production activities constitute the route.
The types of production lines, according to the scope of the size is divided into product production lines and parts production lines, according to the pace of fast and slow is divided into running production lines and non-running production lines, according to the degree of automation, is divided into automated production lines and non-automated production lines.
Question 4: What are the types of enterprises, in addition to the production of manufacturing enterprises A product industry division of the first part:
Pillar industries
1, electronic information: semiconductors, computers, software, communications, digital home appliances
2, chemical: fine chemicals
3, automotive: automotive parts and components
Part II: Equipment Industry
1, machinery industry: machine tools, environmental protection machinery, medical instrumentation, engineering machinery, lifting and transportation machinery, semiconductor equipment, textile machinery
2, instrumentation
3, power generation and transmission equipment
Third part: emerging industries
1, biotechnology
2, pharmaceutical
3, New Materials
4, Optoelectronics
5, Nano
6, New Energy
7, Environmental Protection
Part IV: Urban Industries
1, Food and Agricultural Products Finishing
2, Printing and Packaging
3, Diamonds and Jewelry
4, Cosmetics and Detergents
5, clothing and apparel
6, textile: apparel fabrics, knitwear, bedding, etc.
7, light industry: furniture, leather products, cultural goods, etc.
Second, the division of the service industry
1, commercial retailing: food retailing, retailing of department stores, retailing of automobile parts, retailing of home appliances, specialized retailing of pharmaceuticals and medical equipment, chain industry
2, logistics: transportation, warehousing
3, the exhibition industry: exhibition companies
4, the financial industry: financial leasing, pawnbroking, investment management, auctions, financing agents
5, catering: fast food services, other catering services
6, the tourism industry: hotels, hotels, travel agencies
7, real estate industry: real estate Development and operation, property management, real estate agency services, decoration
8, advertising: advertising companies, media companies
9, information and consulting services: information intermediary, market research, management consulting
Question 5: What are the classifications of manufacturers? OEM (Original Equipment Manufacture) original equipment manufacturer it refers to a "OEM" approach, which means that companies do not directly produce products, but the use of their own mastery of the "key core technology". ", responsible for the design and development, control of sales "channels", the specific processing tasks to other manufacturers to do the way, when the manufacturer is only responsible for the production part. This way is in the electronics industry after the development of a large number of gradual generation of a common phenomenon in the world, Microsoft, IBM and other major international enterprises are used in this way. The simplest example in the notebook business is Foxconn's OEM for Dell. Another example is the production of dehumidifiers, air fresheners, and electric fans for Panasonic by Limin Industrial (Hong Kong stock exchange code 0229).
ODM (Original Design Manufacture) OEM, as it is known in the industry, mainly refers to manufacturing in accordance with the enterprise's design. With the processing manufacturers gradually master the core technology, began to appear independent intellectual property rights of product design, so the manufacturer is responsible for the design and production of ODM into the people's field of vision. OEM's popularity and the rise of ODM, reflecting the process of development of the domestic manufacturing industry. For example, some Japanese brand notebook computers are actually produced by Taiwanese manufacturers. After the fact, Taiwan laptop makers can mass-produce them under their own brand names by modifying certain design details and accessories. The reason is that they do ODM rather than OEM for these Japanese brands. Of course, we can say that they are all produced from the same production line.
OBM (Original Brand Manufacture) Original Brand Manufacturer creates its own brand, i.e., the foundry operates its own brand. Because the OEM factory to do OBM to have a perfect marketing network as a support, channel construction costs a lot of money, the effort spent is far higher than to do OEM and ODM, and often with their own OEM, ODM customers have a conflict, so in order to ensure that the interests of large customers, the OEM factory is usually very little fanfare to do OBM .
Question 6: What are the types of factory enterprises I. State-owned enterprises: refers to all the assets of the enterprise owned by the state, and in accordance with the "People's Republic of China * * * and the State Enterprise Legal Person Registration Regulations" provisions of the registration of the non-corporate economic organizations. It does not include wholly state-owned companies in limited liability companies. Collective enterprises: economic organizations whose assets are collectively owned and registered in accordance with the Regulations of the People's Republic of China on the Registration and Administration of Enterprise Legal Persons. Third, private enterprises: refers to the establishment of investment by natural persons or controlled by natural persons, based on wage labor for-profit economic organizations. They include private limited liability companies, private joint-stock companies, partnerships and sole proprietorships. (From January 1, 2000, partnerships and sole proprietorships are subject to individual income tax and no longer subject to enterprise income tax.) Joint venture: refers to an economic organization formed by two or more enterprise legal persons or institutional legal persons of the same or different ownership nature, on the basis of the principles of voluntariness, equality and mutual benefit, and **** with investment. V. Limited liability company: refers to an economic organization registered in accordance with the "Regulations of the People's Republic of China on the Registration and Administration of Enterprise Legal Persons", which is composed of more than two and less than fifty shareholders*** with the same capital contribution, and each of the shareholders bears limited liability to the company with the amount of capital contribution they have subscribed, and the company bears the liability for its liabilities with all its assets. Including wholly state-owned companies and other limited liability companies. Sixth, joint-stock limited company: refers to the "Chinese people's *** and the State Company Registration Regulations" provisions of registration, its entire registered capital consists of equal shares and through the issuance of shares to raise capital, the shareholders to subscribe to the shares of the company with limited liability, the company with all of its assets to be liable for its debts of the economic organization. VII. Joint-stock cooperative enterprise: a collective economic organization based on the cooperative system, funded by enterprise workers*** and absorbing a certain proportion of social assets to set up, practicing self-management, self-supporting, **** the same labor, democratic management, and combining the distribution of dividends according to work and shares. Eight, there are production and management income and other income of other organizations: refers to the relevant state departments approved by the law, registered, registered institutions, social groups, private non-enterprise units and other organizations.
Question 7: There are several types of machinery manufacturing production types Production types can generally be divided into single-piece production, into mass production, mass production of three kinds of speculation
It can also be divided into incoming material processing, OEM, ODM and machine manufacturing
Question 8: What are the classifications of the manufacturing industry production operations and management? What are the management characteristics of different types of production (a) the characteristics of large quantities of large-scale production operation type 1. large quantities of large-scale production operation type of advantages: design, process, production organization, production management 2. large quantities of large-scale production can be brought to the enterprise's benefits. Business Administration Professional Knowledge and Practice Lecture Notes on Business Administration for the Economist Exam Production operations management is the management of the design, operation and maintenance process of production operations systems, which includes planning, work organization and control of production operations activities. Operations management is increasingly developing into a strategic, integrated management. The development of the enterprise depends on the market competitiveness of its products, and the competitiveness of the products plays a decisive role in the results of production operation management. Because of this, the production operation and production operation management as a new competitive advantage of the strategic weapon and increasingly emphasized. The establishment and development of production operation management theory and method system for multi-species and small-lot production mode. The traditional low-mix, high-volume production mode is gradually being replaced by a multi-mix, low-volume production mode. Production operation and management integration pattern is further strengthened. Management from the production and operation activities separated from the role as an independent function, which is a progress in the history of human development. Establishment and development of production operation guidelines guided by market and social marketing concepts. The market marketing concept and social marketing concept emphasizes the market as the beginning and end of the enterprise production and management activities, operation management of the actual situation of enterprises, to meet the needs of users and social interests of the three aspects of unity, reflecting the idea of sustainable development. Second, the development trend of production and operation management 1, production action strategy In the past, people think that the production action is only the implementation of the company's strategy, no production strategy. With the acceleration of economic globalization, production action strategy is not only recognized, but also mentioned in an important position. In the situation of economic globalization, production action management is to optimize the allocation of resources on a global scale, to manufacture personalized products and provide personalized services at the lowest possible cost and the fastest possible response speed. Without the successful implementation of the production action strategy, the overall strategy of the enterprise can not be realized. 2, business process reorganization Business reorganization is essentially to improve the efficiency of service to customers and service quality, in order to achieve competitive advantage. Adam Smith's theory of the division of labor emphasizes the importance of the division of labor. Smith's theory of division of labor emphasizes the improvement of efficiency within the enterprise and the improved use of internal resources. Obviously, it will not bring competitiveness to the enterprise under the important task of the implemented market. 3, fine production Fine production (Lean production, LP) is the researchers of the International Automotive Program Group of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology John? Klafok to the Japanese automobile industry's production mode station name. The reason for the use of the word "lean" is that, compared with mass production, LP requires only half the staff, half the production site, half the investment, half the time of the program design, half the time of the new product development and much less inventory, you can produce a higher quality, more varieties of products. Lean production is both a philosophy and a new way of production. The English word "lean" originally meant that a person or animal was thin and free of fat. The translation "lean production" reflects the original meaning of "lean" and the essence of lean production. Excess inventory in an enterprise is like excess fat in a human body. Excess inventory takes up floor space, plant, equipment, materials, people, time and money. The meaning of refinement includes quality. A product of high quality provides better functionality, more reliable performance and a longer service life while consuming the same amount of physical and live labor. This is essentially a high utilization of resources. Fine production methods have now been widely used in the manufacturing industry, especially in the automotive industry, and take the most favorable results. 4、Supply Chain Management In an environment of uncertainty, any enterprise can only have an advantage in a certain aspect for a certain period of time. In order to win in the competition, abandon the past from research and development to design and manufacturing to sales, from raw materials to semi-finished products to delivery, are undertaken by themselves or by their own control of the "vertical integration" model, but choose to work with the design process, raw material supply, blank manufacturing, parts processing, product assembly, packaging and transportation, etc., the most advantageous enterprise cooperation. Instead, it chooses to cooperate with the enterprises with the most advantages in various aspects such as design and technology, raw material supply, blank manufacturing, parts processing, product assembly, packaging and transportation, etc., which constitutes the logistics and information network from suppliers, manufacturers, distributors to end-users. The management of the composition and movement of the supply chain is called supply chain management. The supply chain makes the upper enterprises focus on developing their core competitive ability, and each enterprise plays its advantages, ...... >>
Question 9: What are the classifications of business models? Self-production and self-sale. It refers to the private enterprise to sell the products produced by the enterprise. This mode of operation of the enterprise is generally small, mostly some handicraftsmen, such as shoe stores, clothing stores and so on. Most of them are front store and back factory, side production, side sales.
On behalf of the purchase and sale. Refers to the form of contract, commissioned by the person on behalf of the acquisition, sales of a commercial activity. This mode of operation is flexible, the scope of business is relatively wide, mostly agricultural products, the need for a certain business site, the operator from which a certain fee. On behalf of the purchase and sale of the operator to have a reputation.
Processing of materials, sample processing, assembly. Processing is to change the shape of raw materials, semi-finished products, nature, surface condition and use, according to the requirements of processing into products; to sample processing, according to the needs of the order, in accordance with the drawings, orders, design requirements for processing, product molding and supplying the ordering party; to pieces of the assembly is the other side of the parts provided by the contract based on the requirements of the composition of the product. Processing, sample processing, assembly, regardless of the mode of operation, the enterprise must sign a contract with the other party to clarify the rights and obligations of both parties.
Wholesale. Commercial activities in batches, bulk sales of goods, its selling price is not lower than the retail goods, the sales object is the commodity operators, retailers, not directly sold to the final consumer. Wholesale goods need to have certain warehousing equipment, storage and transportation conditions and more money.
Retail. Refers to batches, buy goods in bulk, sporadically dispersed sold, the sales object is mostly for the final consumer repair industry. Will be damaged utensils, facilities, items to repair the original state, or to achieve the original functional purposes.
Transportation. Also divided into passenger and freight transport, due to the use of different means of transportation, and is divided into non-motorized transport or motorized transport, ship transport, railroads, public transport and water transport. Private enterprises do not operate railroad transportation.
Consulting services. Consulting services is a recent industry, the private sector to use the scientific and technological knowledge in a particular field, to provide customers with services, experience, materials, data, design, etc., so that the customer in receiving advice to obtain knowledge and benefits.
Question 10: What are the types and categories of business Types emphasize ****ness, and categories emphasize distinction. Both sometimes refer to one meaning. Sometimes there is a distinction. Depends on the user's habits.
Enterprise type mainly refers to the type of company, is in accordance with the scope of responsibility of shareholders to categorize the company. China's Company Law limits companies to limited liability companies and joint-stock companies, and limited liability companies include wholly state-owned companies. In addition, China's law also provides for partnerships and sole proprietorships of a non-corporate legal person nature. The types of enterprises include: individual, sole proprietorship, partnership (general, special general partnership, limited partnership), company (limited "one person, wholly state-owned", shares), and farmers' professional cooperatives.
According to the national standard "National Economic Industry Classification and Code" (GB / T4754-94) based on the basic classification, with reference to the relevant national departments of the economic management of the customary law, the state-owned capital statistics are divided into seven categories.
(a) According to the division of industrial structure: divided into primary industry, secondary industry, tertiary industry.
(b) According to the role of industry: divided into basic industries, general production and processing industry, trade services and other industries.
(C) according to industrial characteristics: divided into monopoly industries, competitive industries, public welfare and other industries.
(D) divided by industrial management: agriculture, animal husbandry and fisheries, forestry, industry, construction, geological survey and water conservancy, transportation, postal and telecommunication, trade and catering, finance and insurance, real estate and social services. Among them: industrial industry, including: coal industry, petroleum industry, metallurgical industry, building materials industry, chemical industry, forest industry, food industry, tobacco industry, textile industry, petrochemical industry, pharmaceutical industry, machinery industry, military industry, electronics industry, electric power industry, municipal utility industry and other industries; trade and catering industry, including: domestic trade, foreign trade, food, oil, food and beverage.
(E) by specific industry: According to the State Bureau of Technical Supervision issued the national standard "National Economic Industry Classification and Code" (GB/T4754-94) in the large, medium and small class identification division.
(F) divided by economic zone: divided into the eastern coastal areas, central inland areas, western remote areas.
(VII) by administrative region: divided into North China, Northeast China, East China, Central and South China, Southwest China and Northwest China.