4. The water consumption structure in Beijing is changing year by year, and the trend is that the proportion of industrial and agricultural water is decreasing and the proportion of domestic water is increasing. On the one hand, Beijing's industrial water consumption is decreasing year by year because of the adjustment of urban industrial structure, reducing some industrial projects with high energy consumption and high water consumption; On the other hand, due to the industrial recession in recent years, some factories have reduced production or stopped production; The reason for the decrease of agricultural water consumption in Beijing year by year is the decrease of farmland area and the implementation of water-saving measures such as drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation. The reason for the increase of domestic water consumption year after year is the increase of urban population and the improvement of living environment quality. In addition, judging from the geographical distribution of water consumption in Beijing in recent years, industrial water consumption and domestic water consumption are mainly in the suburbs of the city. The proportion of water consumption in suburbs is increasing: 1995 accounts for 43 15%, and 1997 accounts for 50%.
According to Xinhua News Agency, a number of listed companies are setting off an upsurge of investing in China's water market. According to the statistics of the Ministry of Water Resources, since 2003, nearly 10 listed companies such as Capital Corporation, Suzhou Hi-Tech, Chongqing Industry, Tianjin TEDA and Seabird Development have invested heavily in China Water, and many companies have changed their raised funds to enter the water market on a large scale. In 2003, the biggest investment case in China water market came from the Joint Venture Contract of Shenzhen Water (Group) Co., Ltd. signed by Capital Micro Water Investment Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Investment Management Company and French General Water Company (Veolia Water Parent Company) in Shenzhen. Capital Weishui invested 2.94 billion yuan in Shenzhen Water (Group) Co., Ltd., holding 40% of its shares.
6. Qian Yi, member of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress and academician of China Academy of Engineering, believes that the new strategy of Beijing's water resources management needs three aspects: controlling demand and giving priority to water conservation; Reduce water pollution; Attach importance to the utilization of non-traditional water resources. She said that at present, the urban sewage treatment rate in Beijing has reached 46%, which is advanced in the country, but there is still a big gap compared with 80% in developed cities.
Wang Jianting, an expert at Beijing Hydrological Station, said that Beijing is a city lacking in water resources. In recent years, during the dry season in Beijing, the phenomenon of "water bloom" appeared in urban rivers and lakes. At present, more than 56% of the river sections monitored by surface water in Beijing are polluted to varying degrees. Li Bengao, director of the Water Treatment Center of the Research Institute of Petrochemical Technology and a professor-level senior engineer, said in an interview that with the continuous development of sewage reuse technology, the cost of reclaimed water has been continuously reduced and the water quality has been continuously improved, and sewage reuse has gradually become the main means to alleviate the shortage of water resources. As early as 1950s, China began to try to irrigate farmland with sewage, and in 1980s, it began to reuse sewage for life and industry. Later, with the frequent occurrence of water crisis in most cities in China, the research and development of sewage reuse technology was promoted.
7. Some experts believe that saving water is an important aspect of solving the Beijing problem. We should do the following related work well: First, people's awareness of water crisis and water saving needs to be further improved. Some industries have weak water-saving management, low water use efficiency and low water reuse rate. Second, the basic work of water-saving management is weak. The comprehensiveness and accuracy of water metering statistics are not enough. Advanced water-saving technology and water-saving products have not been widely promoted. Third, the market incentive mechanism of water saving is not perfect. The measures of "saving prizes and punishing waste" have not been fully implemented, the ladder water price has not been fully implemented, and the enthusiasm and initiative of the whole society to save water have not been fully mobilized. Fourth, the water consumption structure does not adapt to the shortage of water resources, the comprehensive water-saving production and lifestyle has not yet been established, and there is still a big gap between water use efficiency and developed countries or regions. Fifth, the implementation of water-saving measures is not enough. The popularity of water-saving appliances in families is only 40%; The utilization of reclaimed water and rainwater is still not great. These problems are the potential of water saving. Beijing has a long way to go to build a water-saving society in an all-round way. 8. Bi Xiaogang, deputy director of Beijing Municipal Water Resources Bureau, said on 2 1 that in the face of the severe situation of water shortage in the capital, Beijing will pay attention to the construction of emergency water source projects and water transfer in other river basins. It is predicted that the water shortage in the capital of 20 10 will be fundamentally alleviated. Bi Xiaogang said at the symposium of Beijing Science and Technology Academic Month "Water and Olympics" held here that the construction of emergency water source project in Beijing has been fully started. Huairou water source project has been completed, with a daily water supply of 330,000 cubic meters. Pinggu water source project started at the end of this year 10, and will be connected with water in July next year. After the completion of the two projects, 240 million cubic meters of water can be supplied to the city every year.
9. Some scholars pointed out that management is the core of water resources problems. In fact, in the final analysis, management problems are restricted by institutional problems: no matter how advanced management is, no suitable soil can be found. Over the years, our management measures have emerged one after another, from policy formulation to legislation, but the effect is always unsatisfactory. Why? Nothing more than the system is not smooth. The management of urban water resources is compartmentalized, and the departments are divided into different parts: "multi-dragon water control, Yi Long water control, multi-door access". Water conservancy, environmental protection, urban construction, municipal administration and other departments manage all aspects of water resources cycle. This decentralized management system of "multi-dragon water control" directly leads to water management regardless of water source, water supply, drainage, pollution control and daily use, and no department is really responsible for urban water problems. It is difficult to implement water conservation, planned water use, quota management and water price increase. Therefore, if this backward system is not thoroughly reformed, there will be no effective management at all. In addition, the industrialization of the whole country makes it necessary for local governments to set up local industrial enterprises according to their own needs. Local protectionism, whether explicit or implicit, will also affect the management system reform and urban water problems.
10. Stop rainwater and build a "water bank". Rainwater is a very valuable water resource. There is little rainfall in Beijing and its distribution is uneven. It is necessary to intercept and utilize precious rainwater in both rural and urban areas. There are rainwater reservoirs on the roofs of Japanese buildings or cellars in yards to collect rainwater. There are also rain pits in the ecological demonstration area of Hebei Province, and this method should be vigorously promoted. There is a saying in California that "every drop of water in the sky should be preserved". Southern California is located in arid and semi-arid areas, with less annual precipitation than Beijing. In recent years, the country has implemented the "water bank" project, which injects surface water into the ground through the seepage layer in rainy season and wet year, just like storing a lot of money and drawing it out for use in dry season or water shortage year, which is not expensive. Moreover, through the underground soil layer with good permeability, the quality of wastewater is improved, and even the surface of seepage pit is used to plant crops, creating economic benefits. Farmers in California have the right to use water. Every year, according to the land situation, they make annual water consumption, extract it from the "water bank" and use it quantitatively. Using "water bank" to manage water resources, the supply and demand of water resources in California are basically balanced from 1995, and even can supply water to Los Angeles.
1 1. The Standing Committee of Beijing Municipal People's Congress deliberated the draft measures for the new implementation of the water law in this Municipality. Seven measures to protect water resources and ten measures to save water are put forward. The protection measures for water resources mainly include the closed management of Miyun Reservoir, Huairou Reservoir and Jingmi Diversion Canal, and strengthening the protection of suburban water sources and urban self-provided wells; Clean up the hidden dangers of pollution in Miyun Reservoir; Returning farmland to forests and grasslands, and strengthening the control of soil erosion in the upper reaches; Adopt various measures to repair water bodies; Closely monitor the water quality of two reservoirs and one canal; Restore the drinking water function of Guanting Reservoir; Harness rivers and lakes and improve the water environment. Strict implementation of planned water use and quota management in water-saving measures, and progressive price increase over plan and quota; Strengthen industrial water saving, focusing on improving the reuse rate of cooling water and wastewater recovery rate; Strengthen the adjustment of agricultural structure and water management to improve the level of agricultural water saving; Promote the use of water-saving appliances in the whole society; Strictly manage the special water industry; Increase the development and utilization of rainwater and reclaimed water; Raise water price and use economic lever to promote water saving; Strengthen the market access system, stop approving high-water consumption projects, and establish standards for new building water-saving appliances, reclaimed water utilization and rain and sewage diversion facilities; Strengthen the construction of water-saving laws and regulations and strengthen water-saving law enforcement; Increase water-saving publicity and raise the awareness of the whole people. This is the first time that Beijing has incorporated water conservation into the legal system and used legal means to ensure the smooth implementation of water conservation. 12. Experts pointed out that from the perspective of water resources carrying capacity, Beijing's suitable population size is 8 million to100000, but now Beijing's actual population exceeds140000, and the city scale is too large, and the demand for water resources exceeds its due carrying capacity. In addition, the annual water volume of Guanting and Miyun Reservoir, the main water sources of urban water supply, has dropped from more than 2 billion cubic meters in the 1970s to an average of 780 million cubic meters in recent years. Therefore, proper population control is one of the solutions.