The types of geological landforms in Lushan Geopark and its surrounding areas include five types: erosion structural landforms, structural erosion denudation landforms, karst erosion structural landforms, glacier landforms and flowing water erosion accumulation landforms.
in the geopark, the combination characteristics of geomorphology form top to bottom are: Zhongshan-low hill-hillock-plain. Because it is a fault-block mountain, there is no low hill-hill unit. The genetic types of landforms are mainly ice erosion landforms, which are the most distinctive, followed by structural landforms and flowing water landforms. Its overall feature is a multi-genetic composite landscape composed of ice erosion landform, structural landform and flowing water landform. Guanyinqiao Scenic Area
Guanyinqiao Scenic Area is located in the National Forest Park at the southern foot of Lushan Mountain, with Wulong Peak, the first peak of Lushan Mountain in the east, Hanyang Peak, the main peak of Lushan Mountain in the west, the magical Taiyi Peak in the north and Poyang Lake in the south. The scenic spot integrates the world cultural heritage, the world geological park and the China natural scenic spot. The whole scenic spot is hidden in the primitive jungle. Guanyin Bridge, a Millennium national treasure known as "the first ancient bridge in the south of the Yangtze River", was built in 114 with a length of 19.4 meters and a width of 4.8 meters. It straddles the Qixian Grand Canyon, the grand canyon of Lushan Mountain, and is a national key cultural relics protection unit. Lu Yu, a famous Cha Sheng in Tang Dynasty, was named the "sixth spring in the world"; Tang Bohu, the first painter of the Ming Dynasty, once painted the famous "Three Gorges Bridge Map" (now Guanyin Bridge) here. In 1961, Premier Zhou Enlai came to Guanyin Bridge and herded the cowherd baby Xiao Zhou Guihua, leaving a touching story. Chiang Kai-shek, the head of the Kuomintang, and his wife praised Guanyin Bridge for its geomantic omen, and established a palace here. The exhibition hall in the current palace showed pictures of the most important people in modern history. Before the palace, there was a "couple tree" cultivated by Jiang Song and his wife. The giant stone carving of General Feng Yuxiang, a patriotic general of Kuomintang, Mozi Pian is one of the largest ground stone carvings in China at present. Qixian Grand Canyon, nicknamed "Three Gorges Stream", is a Quaternary glacier relic formed by geological movement millions of years ago, and the clear spring rapids in the Grand Canyon have washed into twenty-four pools. Such as Yuyuantan, Yuxiantan and Jinjingtan. Guanyin Bridge Scenic Area is also a holy place of Buddhism, with Cihang Temple dedicated to worshipping Guanyin Bodhisattva in the west and Qixian Temple in the north of the bridge, which is one of the five jungles of Lushan Buddhism.
Tiechuan Peak
Tiechuan Peak, commonly known as the "Mast Stone", faces Longshou Cliff across the stream. One day in Jiankang (now Nanjing), Xu Xun and others were invited, which made people dream. I said that my dream was broken last night and asked if it was auspicious. Xu Xun and others knew their intentions, so they interpreted it as "breaking the sky on the wood, which is the word" not ",and the public wanted to use the sword and soldiers, but could not make a move". Wang Dun was displeased after hearing this, and he secretly killed his heart. Xu Xun and others also expected, so they fled by boat. When the boat was sailing in the river, Wang Dun sent troops to chase it. Fortunately, Xu Xun learned magic, called Erlong to fly with the boat under his arm, and warned everyone to keep their eyes closed and not to peep. When the boat flew over the Zixiao Peak in Lushan Mountain, the fog was misty, the bottom of the boat rustled against the treetops, and the boatman looked at it strangely. The Erlong suddenly left, and the boat immediately fell next to the Shimen Cave under Zixiao Peak, becoming the Tiechuan Peak. In 1992, there were static viewing pavilions and stone carvings on the peak of the iron ship.
Overpass Ice Spillway
Overpass Ice Spillway is located between the U-shaped valley of Xigu and the U-shaped valley of Jinxiu Valley Glacier. The ice flow in the West Valley flows into Jinxiu Valley from the ice overflow of Tianqiao. In the late ice age, the flowing water eroded the ice overflow and threatened a natural stone bridge, which collapsed 63 years ago.
Shimenjian ice bank
Shimenjian, which is about 3m long and 2m wide, has a trough-shaped valley and is also glacial valley. At its exit, the bedrock and its overlying ice deposits form a threshold across the valley, forming an ice ridge terrain. Shimenjian, with a rich water system, has a rapid waterfall.
The tail of Bishan Mountain (Xieshan)
An isolated island standing in Poyang Lake, about 9 meters high, is made of limestone, high in the east and low in the west, surrounded by cliffs. The mountain is like a shoe line, as if it were a green satin embroidered shoe lost by Poyang Fairy in the lake, and as if it were the nose of a person lying on his back on the lake. Geologically, this special glacial landform is called the tail of Bishan Mountain.
lulin lake
lulin lake is located in the east valley lulin basin at an altitude of 14 meters, so it is also called east lake. Surrounded by mountains, pines and cypresses, the scenery is beautiful. Here used to be a lulin valley where reeds grow and wild animals haunt, between Yuping and Xingzhou peaks. In 1954, a dam was built between the two peaks to store water, which was completed the following year. The dam is 32 meters high, 12 meters long and 12 meters wide, covering an area of about 9, square meters and storing 1.2 million cubic meters of water. The interior is used as a pumping tower and spillway respectively. The water stored in Lulin Lake is the main water source for 13, residents in Guling Town, Lushan Mountain. From Huanglong Temple, walk along the winding path of stone steps for about 2 minutes, and then you will reach Lulin Bridge. Not far from the northbound Lulin Bridge, you can reach the central small basin of Lushan Mountain, where there are palace-style buildings, Lushan Museum, Lushan Tower with modern equipment and People's Theater.
wulaofeng
wulaofeng is located in the southeast of Lushan mountain. Because the top of the mountain is cut off by a pass, it is divided into five parallel peaks, looking up at the five old people sitting on the floor, so people call the five peaks that originally came from one mountain "wulaofeng". It is rooted in Poyang Lake and its peak touches the sky, with an altitude of 1358 meters. The five old peaks are steep and straight, with steep cliffs in the southeast, while the terrain on the northwest slope is relatively gentle, so visitors can climb along the trail. Li Bai, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, once left an eternal swan song here: Five Old Peaks in the southeast of Lushan Mountain, and Jin Furong was cut out from the blue sky. Climbing to the summit can take the beautiful scenery Jiujiang, I will nest here in yun song.
Xianren Cave
Xianren Cave is a submerged cave in Sinian sandstone. Sandstone has a gentle and inclined cleavage plane, with a group of steep and a small fault, and flowing water erodes and collapses into holes along the fault and fracture surface. The cave is about 4 meters wide and 12 meters deep, and it is a holy place for Taoist activities. Xigu Glacier U-shaped Valley
The well-preserved glacier U-shaped valleys on Lushan Mountain mainly include Wangjiapo U-shaped Valley, Dajiaochang U-shaped Valley, Donggu U-shaped Valley, Xigu U-shaped Valley, Qilichong U-shaped Valley, Shimenjian U-shaped Valley and Changlongjian U-shaped Valley.
wangjiapo u valley: located between NE, dayue mountain ridge and xiaotianchi-dazhai mountain ridge in Lushan mountain. U Valley is more than 4, meters long and about 7 meters wide. The elevation of the source of the valley bottom is about 8 ~ 1, meters, and the elevation of the front edge is about 2 meters. The cross section is U-shaped, the longitudinal section is slightly stepped, the upper section is relatively narrow, and the lower section is relatively widened. There are small V-shaped valleys on the NW side of the U-shaped valley. There is a moraine at the bottom of the valley, in which moraine remains. In the U-shaped valley, more typical glacial streaks have been found recently. The diameter of the boulders of the glacier streak stone is more than 5m, slightly pentagonal, and it is composed of hard and dense Shi Ying sandstone, on which five glacier streaks are found. Glacier streaks are about 5 ~ 19 cm long, .7 ~ 1.5 cm wide and .5 ~ 3 cm deep. The streaks are narrow and deep, and the walls of the streaks are smooth. The long axis direction of the streaks is basically the same but different, and the overall direction is the same as that of the U-shaped valley.
u-valley of the university field: located between the edge ridge of Daughter City and the edge ridge of the long ridge, the elevation of the valley bottom source is about 135m, the elevation of the valley mouth is about 11m, the length is about 3m, the width is about 17m, and the remaining depth is only 3-5m. The end of U Valley is connected to Lulin icehouse, where there are glacial moraines, and rock powder squeezed and ground by glaciation is found at the bottom. In 1986, Dr. Schrukert, Secretary-General of the International Quaternary Federation (Professor of Zurich Institute of Technology), also found shell-shaped and iron-shaped gravels and glacier striations here, which he thought were completely consistent with the characteristics of glacier deposits in the Alps.
Shimenjian u-valley: located at the lower end of icehouse in Huanglong Temple, although the u-valley was seriously damaged by running water in the later period, the basic features of the glacier u-valley can still be recognized. The bottom of the valley is between 8 and 4 meters, and the U valley is about 12 meters long. The vertical section is a typical ladder, with ice steps and ice basins arranged alternately. At the Baizhang step of Shimenjian Waterfall is an ice step, and below it is an ice basin relic. At the Diaoyutai Shimen, there used to be an ice step and an ice bank relic, and below it is an ice basin relic. In the center of the ice basin, there is a moraine mound made of moraine mud and gravel, and further down is the famous Shimenjian ice bank. The ice bank is about 32 meters long and 8 meters wide. The saddle-shaped depression in the middle of the ice bank should be the air outlet of the ice bank, and the modern valley at the SW end of the ice bank should be the remains of the water outlet of the ice bank. Outside the ice bank is an ice step, and further down is Xuewa Pangu.
icehouse
The Quaternary icehouse remains on Lushan Mountain are well preserved: Lulin icehouse, Huanglong Temple icehouse, Sanyi Township icehouse and Yaowa icehouse. The rocks that make up the icehouse are all South China gravel sandstone.
lulin icehouse: that is, the location of lulin lake basin, just below the u valley of the university. Icehouse is about 1,3 meters long and 75 meters wide, and its bottom elevation is about 1, meters, slightly inclined to NW. Before it was transformed into an artificial lake, it was still an alpine natural lake with moraine mud, and at the Lulin Bridge, there were still remnants of ice ridges.
icehouse, Sanyi Township: the present location of Lushan Botanical Garden. Icehouse is about 72 meters long, 41 meters wide and 15 meters deep, and the elevation of the bottom of icehouse is about 1 meters. The exit is slightly inclined to NE, and there are still traces of ice bank under Wangpo Pavilion.
Xigu ice table
Ice table, also known as ice table, refers to the phenomenon that huge glacier boulders gathered in the U-shaped valley or in the foothills lie across other glaciers. The ice table in the U-shaped valley of Xigu Glacier is 8.9 meters long, 6.1 meters wide and 4.5 meters high. The huge boulders in the upper part are 5.6 meters long, 4.5 meters wide and 2.9 meters high.
Karst caves
There are 6 main karst caves found in the area. The Longgong Cave in Pengze is the same as the Monkey Cave in Lushan Mountain, which was formed by the dissolution of the Cambrian argillaceous limestone 56 million years ago. The developed Longgong Cave is a unique underground art gallery with a huge scale and rich stalactites, with a length of 2.7 kilometers. The Monkey Cave is being developed, with a length of nearly 1 meters, and its tourism value is far less than that of Longgong Cave. The developed Lion Cave in Jiujiang County belongs to Longdong Cave and the newly discovered Henggang Cave in Ruichang, which was formed by the dissolution of the early Permian thick limestone by the later groundwater 25 million years ago. Lion Cave is divided into three layers, and stalactites are well developed, constituting more than 4 major scenic spots. Longdong is located at the west end of Hukou Bridge and has not been developed. Henggang Cave has a huge scale and a certain development prospect. Yongquan Cave, which has been developed in Jiujiang County, consists of dolomite limestone dissolved by groundwater in the Middle and Lower Triassic. The cave has three layers, and stalagmites, stone pillars, stone curtains and curtains are all complete, forming 32 main scenic spots.
sandstone eroded caves
Almost all these caves are located in Sinian sandstone in Lushan area. The layers of thick sandstone often constitute the roof and bottom of the cave. Most of the cave walls are composed of two groups of X-shaped shear joint surfaces. This feldspar-Shi Ying tuffaceous sandstone is corroded at the intersection of several groups of shear planes or on the small fault zone due to the subsurface erosion of groundwater, and a smaller cave body is formed. For example, fairy cave, ghost cave and papaya cave all belong to this category. There are many crystal clusters and single crystals on the wall and ceiling of the ghost cave.
cave dwellings with stacked rock blocks
Most of these caves are distributed under the steep cliffs of Lushan Mountain, and are formed by stacking huge collapsed rock blocks. For example: Lingxiao Cave, Shenxian Cave, Guanyin Cave, Xizhi Cave, Ziyan Cave, Wulao Cave, Hidden Dragon Cave and Long Yun Cave. Most of these caves are located under the steep cliffs at an altitude of 4-8 m, with beautiful natural environment, and often ancient temple sites and ancient and famous trees are hidden in bamboo forests, with high tourism grade.
Hot Springs
There are fault-type hot springs at the foot of Lushan Mountain, Yunshan Mountain, Jiugong Mountain and Jiuling Mountain, and the "Xingzi Hot Spring" under Huanglong Mountain in the geological park has the highest medical value.
Xingzi Hot Spring was developed as early as the Song Dynasty, and was once called Huanglongling Tangyuan. Through investigation and study, this hot spring contains more than 3 kinds of trace elements. It is a typical hydrogen sulfide radon spring with high medical value. It belongs to the same type as the French "Valdebai" hot spring and the British "Buys" hot spring, and its water quality is comparable to that of Huaqing Pool in Xi 'an. The average water temperature is 62℃, and the daily exploitable water quantity is 163 tons. Xingzi Hot Spring Sanatorium is surrounded by beautiful environment and has long been a scenic spot.
Rising Springs
There are many rising springs in the geopark, most of which are distributed along the fault zone, such as Baochun Spring, Ganlu Spring, Yangyan Spring, Taohua Spring and Qingxin Spring, with good water quality, both for appreciation and drinking. Some rising springs have a daily flow of more than 2,2 tons and good water quality, such as Jinzhu Spring in Haihui, Yunhui Spring in Mumachang and Cold Spring in Saiyang. Some springs have good water quality, although the flow is not large, such as Zhaoyin Spring at Guanyin Bridge (the sixth spring in the world), Bailongquan under Wulaofeng, Qishengquan and a drop of spring in Xianren Cave. The smart springs in Torinji and Xiufeng have a high reputation, but the water quality is not good.
ancient well
The wave well in Jiujiang City is 14.7 meters deep. The well water communicates with the water phase of the Yangtze River. When the Yangtze River rises, waves rise in the well, which was dug by Guanying in 21 BC.
Artificial Lake
The huge Zhelin Lake Reservoir between Yongxiu and Wuning County covers an area of about 38 kilometers, which is very similar to Qiandao Lake between Zhejiang and Anhui. There are more than 9 islands in the lake, which has been initially developed into a water tourist area. In addition, Lulin Lake and Ruqin Lake on the top of Lushan Mountain are also two important scenic spots. Stone Niu Shan Reservoir, Nancheng Reservoir, guanyin temple Reservoir and Jinglin Reservoir under Lushan Mountain are also large in scale, which also play a certain role in setting off and embellishing the scenery of Lushan Mountain.
Lianhe Lake
Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China, is a Lianhe Lake of Ganjiang River, with the main channel of Ganjiang River at the bottom, which is a typical water-passing lake. About 25 years ago, the outflow of Meijiazhou had a supporting effect on the Ganjiang River entering the Yangtze River, coupled with the subsidence of the earth's crust, which made the lower part of the Ganjiang River accumulate water into a lake, and there were still two ancient county ruins of the Western Han Dynasty in the lake. Poyang Lake in the north of Xingzi County was once an integral part of the ancient "Peng Lize". Poyang Lake, south of Xingzi County, used to be called Luoxing Lake. It is said that the lake area was once a crater, and the "Devil's Triangle" in Laoye Temple was underwater. Some people think it is related to the high magnetic meteorites at the bottom of the lake.
This 5,5-kilometer-long Lianhe Lake is only about 5 kilometers in winter, forming the largest wetland in China. Every winter, more than 38, migratory birds of 236 species come to the wetland for winter, and 98% of the world's most rare white cranes come here for winter. Therefore, Poyang Lake is an ideal water amusement park in summer and a tourist attraction to watch migratory birds in winter.
Waterfall Springs Bitan
The great waterfalls with tourist value are almost concentrated in the cliffs around Lushan Mountain, especially in the east of Lushan Mountain. "Kuanglu Waterfall, the mountains and rivers are the best" is worthy of the name. There are more than 2 famous waterfalls alone, which combine the beauty of form, emptiness, illusion, movement and sound. Lushan Waterfall is also called "Three Wonders in the World" with Yandang Dragon Baer and Huangshan Stalagmite. Almost all the waterfalls and springs in Lushan Mountain have the same feature in spatial form and structure, with a shek mun-shaped crack at the upper end, the main waterfall in the middle and a Bitan under the waterfall.
Lushan Mountain has many cliffs, well-developed vegetation, abundant rainfall and streams, so waterfalls are especially developed. For example, there are seven waterfalls in an 8-meter stream in a ditch in Hongshan Valley. The largest waterfall is Sandiequan Waterfall, with a drop of 15 meters. The Huangyan Waterfall in Xiufeng has long been a result of Li Bai's poem "Rizhao incense burner gives birth to purple smoke, and the waterfall hangs in front of Sichuan. Flying down three thousands of feet, it is suspected that the Milky Way has fallen for nine days and is famous all over the world. Gulianquan Waterfall in Kangwang Valley has the best water quality, and Lu Yu, a doctor of tea in the Tang Dynasty, named it the first spring in the world. The rocks next to the scissors gorge waterfall are also scissors-like folds (sharp folds)