(a) Shut off the valve to plug the leak, cut off the source of the accident.
After the arrival of the fire brigade, the poison is still leaking out, the person in charge of the accident unit and the relevant technical personnel should be timely understanding of the name of the leaking poison, physical and chemical properties, types of toxicity, production processes and technical requirements, etc., and in a careful study of the shut-off valves, plugging the leakage of the implementation of the program, and actively cooperate with the accident unit of the relevant technicians and skilled workers in the premise of strict protective measures to cut off the source of the accident. Under the premise of strict protective measures, cut off the source of the accident. In the implementation of the shut-off valve leakage, cut off the source of the accident disposal measures, should pay attention to the following points:
1, emergency personnel into the accident scene must be wearing a chemical suit (in the case of combustion, high temperature should wear air respirator). High temperatures should wear air respirator, wear heat-insulating clothing or fire suit), before wearing, should carefully check its condition, there is a person to monitor (record the air respirator cylinder pressure, in and out of the name of the person entering the time, etc.), if necessary, to enter the scene of the personnel can be out of the blossom or foggy water flow to cover, in order to ensure that the safety of emergency personnel.
2, if the leakage occurred in the production process, firefighters can work with the accident unit familiar with the situation, firefighters out of the blossom or spray water flow to follow up to cover and assist them to close the pipeline valves for the delivery of materials and cut off the relevant power supply, fire, be sure to guard against shutting down the wrong, leaky valves. In August 2000, such as Jiangmen modest letter chemical plant fire fighting.
3, on the container wall, pipe wall plugging, you can use special soft rubber plugging material (round vertebrae, wedge-shaped and other shapes and sizes of plugs), wood plugs, mastic, cotton sand and soap plugging, for larger holes, can also be used to wet cotton wool plugging, bundling. It should be noted that the chemical process in the container leakage in the direct plugging, generally do not first easily close the valve or switch, but should first be based on the specific circumstances, under the guidance of the accident unit engineers and technicians, correctly take measures to lower the temperature and pressure (our fire brigade can be guided by technical personnel, the implementation of the uniform bloom water flow cooling), and then close the valve, switch to stop the leakage to prevent a sudden rise in pressure and temperature due to the container Sudden increase in pressure and temperature and explosion.
4, can not immediately stop the leak and continue to leak of toxic and hazardous substances, according to its nature, mixed with water or the corresponding solution, so that its rapid detoxification or dilution. Such as the early morning of July 6, 1995, the Air Force, Chengdu, a department of hospitals, sewage treatment room chlorine leakage, the pool put a lot of quicklime, successfully disposed of the accident.
5, the leak is burning, as long as it is stable combustion, generally do not rush to extinguish the fire, and should first be out of the water gun on the leakage of burning containers, pipelines and their surrounding containers, pipelines, valves and other equipment, as well as by the flames, high temperature threat to the building, structures for cooling and protection, and in the case of full preparation and grasp of the disposal of accidents, before extinguishing the fire.
6, the scene of the accident flammable and explosive and other dangerous goods to transfer or take protective measures, must be in accordance with the relevant requirements and procedures to be careful, to prevent the accident from expanding due to blind brutality.
(ii) careful testing and close control of the contaminated area.
After the occurrence of chemical accidents, the fire department should be dedicated personnel or mobilization of chemical defense forces, environmental protection, health epidemiology, chemical industry, professional and technical personnel and toxic gas detection equipment on the accident scene and around the sampling and testing as soon as possible. In the case of known leakage of toxic species, should quickly identify the scope of toxic contamination and the concentration of air and water in the air, according to the results of the measured mark out the key protection targets and the boundaries of the accident area. At the end of knowing the type of poison, samples should be quickly sent to the monitoring agency to analyze and determine. Detection can take a fixed point and touring detection method, residential areas and transportation routes should be the focus of detection. Detection should be carried out throughout the rescue. To timely report the results of the detection of the scene of the General Command. Thus, for the General Command to effectively organize and carry out a variety of rescue work to provide a scientific basis. At the same time, by the rescue headquarters quickly mobilized public security, armed police, militia or garrison demarcation of the cordon area, and the cordon area border arrangements sentry or with the insertion of flags, sprinkle lime line, pull the rope and other methods to set up a cordon, the actual contamination of the area under strict control, management. In order to prevent people and vehicles outside the contaminated area from entering the contaminated area by mistake and causing injury. Public security and traffic police should be contaminated areas and nearby areas of the main traffic lanes, intersections, set up cards to control the entry and exit of unrelated vehicles and personnel, to ensure the passage of rescue vehicles. To maintain good social order in the contaminated area and its vicinity, the accident in a timely manner to inform the masses of the relevant situation and measures to deal with the publicity and education to stabilize the mood of the masses, to prevent the masses from panicking and the bad guys rumors caused by social disorder. Particularly important targets and parts of the contaminated area should be strengthened security, to prevent the enemy from destroying.
(C) rescue poisoned people, evacuate and protect the masses.
Chemical accidents, the fire brigade received the police to the scene, should be in the accident unit and the cooperation of the parties concerned, and actively take the following measures to quickly rescue poisoned people, evacuation and protection of the contaminated area of the masses.
1, as the rescue of poisoned personnel assault team (group), should be effective in their own protection (wearing chemical protective clothing, wearing training or combat clothing must wear air respirators, need to be close to the source of the rescue of poisoned personnel, but also according to the situation out of the blossoming water flow cover) in the case of speedy rescue of poisoned personnel from the contaminated area lift, back, hold out (when the distance is farther away, you can use the method of relay transmission), transfer to a safe zone, let it breathe fresh air, and let it be a good place to go. Safe area, let them breathe fresh air, take off their dirt-stained clothes. When the poison is splashed in its eyes, it should be immediately and repeatedly rinsed with water. Due to the injury of poison, it often causes serious disorders of human body functions, such as respiratory failure, shock, pulmonary edema, and acute renal failure. The on-site medical rescue team should rescue and treat the poisoned person in time. And try to use special antidotes to detoxify, as well as enemas, washing eyes. Water flushing and other auxiliary means to catch detoxification and detoxification. The scene is difficult to first aid serious injuries in the corresponding rescue measures should be organized in a timely manner, send the relevant hospital treatment escort process should pay attention to the observation of the condition of the injured, uninterrupted rescue measures.
2, in the active rescue of poisoned persons at the same time, the rescue headquarters should be by telephone, radio, television or send a number of evacuation group (by the fire brigade, the garrison, health epidemiological and medical personnel), notify the units in the contaminated area and the masses, in the evacuation of the group of organizations under the guidance of the rapid and orderly evacuation of the contaminated area. Before organizing the evacuation, the testing group (detachment) should report the situation of testing to the General Command of the site in a timely and accurate manner in order to formulate the best evacuation plan and determine the best evacuation route. If the detection conditions are limited, the people in the contaminated area can be organized to evacuate upwind or to the side wind direction as far as possible. Nearby manned fortifications or airtight buildings can also be used for shelter. In case of emergency, indoor people who cannot be evacuated for a while can be organized to temporarily close doors and windows tightly and stay as far as possible at the leeward end of the house and in rooms with fewer holes and gaps in doors and windows. Outdoor personnel or pedestrians can wear a mask or wet will be clothes, towels, handkerchiefs and other fabrics soaked (or even with their own urine) to cover the mouth and nose, if you can cover the outside of the thing wiped with a soap solution to prevent the effect of the poison will be better. Such as December 25, 1995 to January 5, 1996, Xuanhan County, Sichuan Province, the territory of the "ferry 1 well" occurred in the extraordinarily large gas blowout, due to hydrogen sulfide content in the column of gas is too high, in the case of a large number of petroleum workers and the surrounding masses of people poisoned, our Sichuan Fire Department officers and men wearing two or three layers of masks per person, wet with water and then outside the two layers of coated with soapy liquid, so that the firefighting officers and men respiratory system without a Be harmed.
(D) the implementation of decontamination, control and elimination of toxic contamination
After the chemical accident, the accident scene and the surrounding roads, water sources may be seriously contaminated, if not decontaminated in time, the pollution will spread rapidly, causing greater harm. This task is mainly by the fire brigade, chemical defense forces. Decontamination must be based on its physical and chemical properties and the specific circumstances of the contaminated object using the appropriate methods and decontaminants.
1, decontamination methods
First, the chemical disinfection method. That is, the use of chemical disinfectants and toxic substances directly oxidation, chlorination, toxic substances to change the nature of non-toxic or low-toxic substances. Disinfectant water solution in the fire truck tank, pressurized by the fire pump through the water belt, water gun to flower or spray water spray.
Second, the combustion disinfection method. That is, using combustion to destroy toxic substances and their toxicity. For the value of not much or fire can still be used after the facilities, items can be used in this way. However, although the combustion can destroy the poison, but also may make the poison volatilization, resulting in neighboring and downwind direction air pollution, so in the use of this method, personnel should take protective measures.
Third, the physical sterilization method. This method has three ways: (1) adsorption. That is, the use of more adsorption properties of the material (such as special adsorption pads, activated white clay, activated carbon, etc.) adsorption of poisoned items on the surface or filtering the air, water, poisonous substances, can also be used with cotton, gauze, etc., to go to the human skin visible droplets of poisonous substances; (2) dissolved wash. That is, with cotton, gauze and other solvents such as gasoline, alcohol, kerosene, etc., will be infected with poisonous substances on the surface of the poison dissolved scrub off; (3) mechanical transfer. That is, the use of excision, shoveling or covering and other machinery (such as demolition tools, forklifts, bulldozers, etc.), will be toxic to remove or cover off, so that the personnel do not have direct contact with poisonous items, facilities.
2, decontamination (disinfection) agents, mainly the following:
(1) oxidizing chlorination disinfectant. Such as calcium hypochlorite (also known as bleach, chlorinated lime), sodium hypochlorite, triple two, chloramines, dichloramine, dichloroisocyanuric acid sodium. This type of disinfectant mainly through oxidation, chlorination to achieve disinfection. (2) Alkaline disinfectants. Such as sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, ammonia, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate and so on. (3) Physical decontaminants. Including commonly used solvents such as water, alcohol, gasoline, and adsorbents.
(4) simple decontaminants, such as grass ash water, soap powder water. Because it contains alkaline components, it can also be used for decontamination.
3, choose the decontamination method should pay attention to the problem.
(1) should be based on the nature of toxic and hazardous substances and the state of choice of decontamination methods. Such as the toxicity of large and more persistent oily liquid poisons, the general application of oxidized chlorinated disinfectant or alkaline disinfectant disinfection. Disinfection also need to use a large number of water rinse; gas poisons, generally do not make special disinfection, but can be temporarily closed to the contaminated area, relying on natural conditions such as sunlight, ventilation and other toxic gases to escape and disappear, the high concentration of poisoned areas, you can spray some atomized disinfectant solution to accelerate the disinfection. (2) According to the nature of the poisoned goods, facilities and the degree of poisoning to choose the decontamination method. Such as poisoned metal, cement structure of the production facilities, disinfectant can be sprayed to implement disinfection, precision instruments and equipment can be used to wipe organic solvents, but no matter which decontaminant and decontamination methods, should follow the disinfection in a timely manner, thorough and effective, but also as far as possible not to damage the poisoned items, as soon as possible, to restore its value of the principle of use.
Special attention should be paid to the fire vehicles and other vehicles, equipment, equipment involved in the rescue of chemical accidents must also be disinfected. Otherwise it will become a source of proliferation. Participate in rescue personnel in addition to the chemical suit, combat clothing, training clothes and the use of anti-virus facilities, testing instruments, equipment for disinfection, but also must be thoroughly shower rinse torso, skin, and pay attention to the observation of the physical condition of the body, health checks.