In 1903, Mr. and Mrs. Curie and Becquerel due to the study of radioactivity and *** with the Nobel Prize in Physics [1], 1911, for the discovery of the elements polonium and radium again won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry [2], becoming the first history of the first two Nobel Prize winners. Mrs. Curie's achievements include pioneering the theory of radioactivity, inventing the technique of separating radioisotopes, and discovering two new elements, polonium and radium. Under her guidance, radioisotopes were used for the first time in the treatment of cancer. Due to prolonged exposure to radioactive materials, Madame Curie died on July 3, 1934, of malignant leukemia.
Two Nobel Prize winners, Madame Curie
More polonium, the first element discovered by Madame Curie
Polonium (pō), a silvery-white metal that glows in the dark and was named in honor of Madame Curie's native country of Poland, is one of the most poisonous substances available.
Madame Curie's most famous discovery - radium more
Radium is highly toxic, it can replace calcium in the body and concentrate in the bones, chronic poisoning can cause osteoma and leukemia. Madame Curie eventually died of leukemia.
Middle-aged was stigmatized as a "Polish slut" more
After the death of her husband, after a long period of adjustment, Madame Curie fell in love with Paul Langzhiwan, but Paul's divorce was unsuccessful, and his wife will be Madame Curie's love letters to the public, so that Madame Curie fell into a low point in her life.
Chinese Name
Marie Curie
Foreign Name
Marie Sk?odowska-Curie
Alias
Marie Sk?odowska; Madame Curie
Nationality
France
Nationality
Polish
Polish
Birthplace. p>
Birthplace
Warsaw, Poland
Date of Birth
November 7, 1867
Date of Death
July 3, 1934
Occupation
Physicist, chemist, scientist, philosopher
Graduated from University of the Sorbonne ( Bachelor's degree)
University of Paris (M.A., Ph.D.
Beliefs
Science
Major Achievements
Discovery of the radioactive elements radium and polonium
Determination of half-lives of some radioactive elements
Nobel Prize for Physics 1903
Nobel Prize for Chemistry 1911
Ten prizes and 16 medals. 10 prizes, 16 medals, 104 honorary titles
Representative works
Dedication to Radioactivity
Daddy
Pierre Curie
Sign of the Zodiac
Scorpio
Sex
Female
Publications
Ph.D. dissertation, The Research on Radioactive Substances"
Languages
Polish, English, French, German
Table of Contents
1Personal Life
Study Stage Research Stage2Personal Life
Family Relationships Emotional Storms3Scientific Achievements
Fields of Research Scientific Results4Personal Writings
5Personal Honors
Prizes Medals Honorary Titles6Social Appraisal
1Personal Life Edit
Stage of Studies
Born November 7, 1867 in Warsaw, Kingdom of Poland, into the family of a high school teacher.
In September 1891, he went to Paris to study, and in November he entered the Faculty of Science of the University of Sorbonne (i.e. the University of Paris)
Department of Physics.
In April 1894, he was introduced to Bier Curie by Joseph Kowalski, a Polish scholar and professor of physics at the University of Fribourg, Switzerland, in order to take advantage of the better-equipped laboratories headed by Curie.
In April 1895, Marie Skorodowska's paper, "Radioactivity of the Compounds of Uranium and Thorium," was read by Lippmann to the Academy of Sciences.
On July 26, 1895, Marie and Biel Curie were married in the Paris suburb of Sauternes. Marie Curie worked as a teacher at a girls' high school.
Stage of research
In August 1896, Marie passed the examination for the title of university graduate as teacher. Supported by the principal of the physical and chemical school, Schutzenberger (1827-1897), Marie secured a position and worked in the school's physics laboratory, with Bier (head of the room)****.
In July 1898, Mr. and Mrs. Curie presented to the Academy of Sciences "On a New Radioactive Substance in Asphalt Uranium Ore,"
Describing the discovery of a new radioactive element, No. 84, which was four hundred times stronger than uranium and similar to bismuth, Mrs. Curie suggested constructing the name of the new element polonium after her native country, Poland. From then on, Mr. and Mrs. Curie worked closely together, *** with the research, the establishment of the earliest radiochemical working methods.
December 1898, Mr. and Mrs. Curie and colleague Beaumont to the Academy of Sciences, "on the asphalt uranium ore contains a new substance with strong radioactivity," explaining the discovery of a new element 88, radioactivity is a million times stronger than uranium, named radium (Radium). Marie Curie's report on the discovery of the new element polonium is published in Polish in the monthly Warsaw pictorial Sviatro.
In March 1900, Marie taught physics at the école Normale Supérieure des Femmes de Sèvres, southwest of Paris. Marie's paper "On the Atomic Weight of Radioactive Barium Compounds". Mr. and Mrs. Curie present their paper "On New Radioactive Substances and the Lines Emitted by Them" at the International Physical Society in Paris.
In October 1900, two German scholars, Warkoff and Giesel, claimed that radium had a peculiar effect on biological tissue. It was later confirmed by Mr. and Mrs. Curie that radium rays burned the skin.
In 1902, after three years and nine months of refining, Mr. and Mrs. Curie isolated a trace amount (one centigram) of radium chloride RaCl2 from tons of residue, and measured the atomic weight of radium to be 225, which was later accurately 226.
In 1903, Mr. and Mrs. Curie and Mr. Becquerel*** won the Nobel Prize for Physics.
In 1908, he wrote a preface to the Collected Works of Pierre Curie, tracing the author's performance. The book was commissioned by the French Physical Society and edited by Lang Zhiwan and published in Paris. He was promoted to the rank of professor.
In 1911, awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the isolation of pure metallic radium.
In 1915, he moved from the Physics Laboratory of the University of Thorburn to the Radiology Laboratory of the Radium Institute. Traveled throughout the country and abroad, directing eighteen field medical service teams.
In 1916, gave a crash course in radiology to hygienists at the Radium Institute, teaching doctors a new method of finding the location of foreign objects (e.g., shrapnel) in the human body, which was praised by the Allied military.
In 1921, organized from wartime notes, he wrote Radiology and War, published in Paris.
On March 8, 1921, he received Cai Yuanpei, president of Peking University in China. Cai arrived in Paris on his way to study abroad and invited Mrs. Curie to lecture at Peking University. Answer: "This can not go, when the summer vacation in the future to seek it". The final did not come to fruition.
In May 1921, mother and daughter crossed the sea to the United States to accept the American Marie Curie Radium Fund Fundraising Committee "Marie Curie Committee" presented a gram of radium. The presentation ceremony was held on the 20th at the White House in Washington, D.C., with the President of the United States presiding. She travels to Philadelphia, where she receives five centigrams of the new thorium; she presents the American Philosophical Society with the piezoelectric quartz meter she first used. The paper "On Isotopology and the Isotopic Elements" is published in Paris.
February 1922, elected to the Paris Academy of Medical Sciences.
In May 1922, at the invitation of Sir Eric Drummond, Secretary General of the League of Nations, established after the First World War, in accordance with a decision of the International Council, he participated in the International Committee for Cultural Cooperation, established the previous year. Initially a member, he was later elected Vice-Chairman. For this purpose, traveled frequently to Geneva to attend meetings.
In 1930, the French Government applied for a special research grant and received 500,000 francs.
In 1934, the book "Radioactivity" (two volumes) was written and published in 1935. Mr. and Mrs. Joliot-Curie discover artificial radioactivity under the guidance of Madame Curie.
In June 1934, she was admitted to the sanatorium of Sanseromo in Haute-Savoie, where she died of pernicious anemia (caused by radium) on July 4. She was buried on July 6 in the Curie crypt in Paris, in the town of Sauternes. Her brother (Josef Skorodowski) and sister (Bronislawa Deluska) sprinkled the grave with soil brought from Poland.
2Personal life edits
Family relationships
Marie Curie was born on November 7, 1867 (ding dao), in Warsaw, Kingdom of Poland, into a family of secondary school teachers. Her father, Uladislaw Skorodowska, was a math teacher at the secondary school, and her mother, Bronislawa Bergowska Skorodowska, was the principal of a girls' boarding school. Infant name Maria Skorodowska. She was lovingly called "Manya" by her family. Maria Skorodowska was born on July 6, 1934, in the catacombs of Sauternes, Paris, and was survived by three sisters and one brother, Sophie, Bronischlava, Helena, and her brother Joseph.
Marie met a lecturer in the Sorbonne, Pierre Curie, later her husband. The two of them often worked together on radioactive substances to tons of industrial waste, because the total radioactivity of this ore was stronger than the radioactivity of the uranium it contained.In 1898, the Curies made a logical deduction about this phenomenon: bituminous uranium ore must contain some unknown radioactive component that was far more radioactive than uranium.On December 26th, Madame Curie announced the the conception of the existence of this new substance.
In the years that followed, Mr. and Mrs. Curie continued to refine the radioactive components of pitchblende. After tireless efforts, they finally succeeded in isolating radium chloride and discovered two new chemical elements: polonium (Po) and radium (Ra). For their discoveries and research in radioactivity, Mr. and Mrs. Curie and Henri Becquerel*** were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903, and Mrs. Curie became the first woman in history to receive the Nobel Prize. Eight years later, in 1911, Mrs. Curie was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for her successful isolation of the element radium. Surprisingly, after winning the Nobel Prize, Madame Curie did not patent her method of extracting pure radium, but publicized it, which effectively promoted the development of radiochemistry. In her later years, Madame Curie had an affair with her husband's former student, Paul Langzhwan, which caused a furore in France. 1911 Paris News headlined "Love Story: Madame Curie and Prof. Langzhwan" on November 4, rumoring that Langzhwan and Madame Curie had a close relationship while Pierre was still alive. Einstein's take on the matter was that if they loved each other, it was nobody's business, and he wrote a letter to Madame Curie on Nov. 23, 1911, as a consolation.
During World War I, Madame Curie promoted the use of radiology in medicine by advocating the use of radiology to save
wounded people. She later traveled to the United States in 1921 to raise money for radiology research. Madame Curie died on July 4, 1934, in Haute-Savoie, France, after being overexposed to radioactive materials. After this, her eldest daughter, Irene Joliot-Curie, was awarded the 1935 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Her youngest daughter, Eve Curie, wrote a biography of Madame Curie after her mother's death. During the inflation of the 1990s, Madame Curie's head appeared on Polish and French currency and postage stamps. The chemical element curium (Cm, 96) was named in honor of the Curies. [3]
Emotional turmoil
After the death of her husband, Marie Curie's life was for a time in a glacial state. That is, until Paul Lanzivan, another great and brilliant mind, intervened in her life. Lanzivan was in love with Marie Curie - of course, his divorce failed. At the same time he foolishly allowed his wife to get hold of the love letters Marie Curie had written to him, which were eventually published in the press. Marie Curie was at the low point of her reputation at the age of 45.
Paul Aippet's daughter, one of Marie Curie's most devoted students and supporters, was in great conflict with her own father as a result, and she stood up in front of him and said, word for word: "If you dare to drive her away, I shall never see you again, my father." She had never contradicted her father in her life, but in this one incident alone she showed her anger. She said clearly the following words, reserved for her father and enough for the future, "If Marie Curie had been a man, none of this would have happened."
Marie Curie came to the fall of her life in this storm of public opinion. For almost three years she was in a state of mental collapse, broken by the powerful, vicious and cruel hostility that surrounded her, and had to be admitted to a hospital run by nuns for both physical and psychological healing.
Eventually she recovered. Strong will and work got her back on her feet again. After this she continued to work for 22 years, continuing to make a great contribution to French and world science. [4]
3Scientific AchievementsEdit
Research Areas
1. Discovered the radioactive elements polonium (Po) and radium (Ra).
2. Developed the idea that -rays (which are now known to be composed of electrons) are negatively charged particles. [1]
Scientific Achievements
In her experimental research, Madame Curie devised a measuring instrument that not only measured the presence or absence of rays from a given substance, but also the strength of the rays. After repeated experiments, she found that the strength of uranium rays is proportional to the amount of uranium in a substance, but not to the state of uranium or external conditions.
Madame Curie carried out a comprehensive examination of the known chemical elements and all compounds, and obtained an important
Marie Curie
discovery in: an element called thorium can also automatically emit invisible rays, which indicates that the phenomenon of an element being able to emit rays is by no means only a characteristic of uranium, but rather a ****same characteristic of some elements. She called this phenomenon radioactivity, and the elements with this property are called radioactive elements. The rays they emit are called "radioactivity".
At the end of 1902, Mrs. Curie refined one-tenth of a gram of extremely pure radium chloride, and accurately determined its atomic weight. From then on, the existence of radium was confirmed. Radium is a kind of natural radioactive material which is extremely difficult to get, its form is glossy, white crystal like fine salt, radium has a slightly blue fluorescence, and it is this beautiful light blue fluorescence that is incorporated into a woman's beautiful life and unyielding faith. In spectral analysis, it is different from the spectral lines of any known element. Although radium is not the first radioactive element discovered by mankind, it is the most radioactive element. By utilizing its powerful radioactivity, many new properties of radioactivity can be further identified. so that many elements can be used for further practical applications. Medical research found that radium rays for a variety of different cells and tissues, the role is very different, those cells that reproduce quickly, once the radium irradiation are soon destroyed. This discovery made radium a powerful means of treating cancer. Cancerous tumors are composed of cells that multiply abnormally fast, and radium rays do far more damage to them than to the healthy tissue around them. This new method of treatment was soon developed in all countries of the world. In France*** and the United States, radium therapy was known as Curie therapy. The discovery of radium fundamentally changed the basic principles of physics, for the promotion of the development of scientific theory and application in practice, are of great importance.
4Personal WritingsEdit
Works Time
The Study of Radioactive Substances 1903
A Discourse on Radioactivity 1910
Isotopes and their Composition 1921
Biography of Pierre Curie 1924
5Personal HonorsEdit
Mrs. Curie was the first person in history to win two Nobel Prizes, and in two different fields. [1]
Prizes
1898 Joinet Prize, Paris Academy of Sciences.
1900 Joinet Prize, Paris Academy of Sciences.
1902 Bonus of Joinet, Paris Academy of Sciences.
1903 Nobel Prize in Physics (with Henri Becquerel and Pierre Curie).
1904 Ossilly Prize (awarded by the Paris Newspaper Syndicate, jointly with Edouard Brownlie).
1907 Aktonian Prize, Royal Society of Science.
1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
1921 Ellen Richards Research Prize.
1924 Marquis d'Arjandey 1923 Grand Prize with Bronze Medal, French Society for the Promotion of Industry.
1931 Cameron Prize, awarded by the University of Edinburgh.
Medal
1903 Berthelot Medal (with Pierre Curie).
1903 Medal of Honor of the City of Paris (with Pierre Curie).
1903 Davy Medal, Royal Society, London (with Pierre Curie).
1904 Matteucci Medal, Italian Scientific Society (with Pierre Curie).
1908 Kerman Grand Gold Medal, Industrial Society of Lille.
1909 Elliott Creason Gold Medal, Franklin Institute.
1910 Yalbert Medal, Royal Society of Arts, London.
1919 Grand Cross of the Order of Alphonse XII, Spain.
1921 Benjamin Franklin Medal, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.
1921 John Scott Medal, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.
1921 Gold Medal, National Academy of Social Sciences, New York.
1921 William Gibbs Medal, American Chemical Society, Chicago.
1922 Gold Medal, American College of Radiology.
1924 Romanian Government Commendation of the First Class, with certificate and gold medal.
1929 Medal of the Federation of Women's Clubs of New York City.
Medal of the American College of Radiology, 1931.
Honorary Titles
1904 Honorary member of the Moscow Imperial Society of Friends of Anthropology and Ethnology.
1904 Honorary Member of the Royal Scientific Society.
1904 Foreign Member of the Chemical Society of London.
1904 Corresponding Member of the Batavian Philosophical Society.
1904 Honorary member of the Mexican Physical Society.
1904 Honorary member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences.
1904 Honorary member of the Committee for the Promotion of Industry and Commerce in Warsaw.
1906 Corresponding member of the Argentine Scientific Society.
1907 Foreign Member of the Dutch Scientific Society.
1907 Honorary Doctor of Laws, University of Edinburgh.
1908 Corresponding member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg.
1908 Honorary Member of the Brunswick Society of Natural Sciences.
1909 Honorary Doctor of Medicine, University of Geneva.
1909 Corresponding member of the Bologna Academy of Sciences.
1909 Foreign Cooperating Member of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters.
1909 Honorary Staff of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy.
1909 Current member of the Academy of Sciences in Cracow.
Current member of the Chilean Academy of Sciences in 1910.
1910 Member of the American Philosophical Society.
1910 Foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
1910 Member of the American Chemical Society.
1910 Honorary member of the Physical Society of London.
1911 Honorary member of the Society for Psychic Research, London.
1911 Corresponding Member of the Portuguese Academy of Sciences, External Vehicle.
Honorary Doctor of Science, University of Manchester, 1911.
1912 Honorary Member of the Belgian Chemical Society.
Cooperative Member of the Imperial Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, 1912.
Substantive member of the Warsaw Scientific Society, 1912.
Honorary staff member of the Philosophy Department of the University of Remsburg in 1912.
1912 Member of the Photographic Society of Warsaw.
Honorary doctorate of the School of Arts and Crafts in Remburg in 1912.
Honorary member of the Scientific Society of Vilna in 1912.
Special member of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Amsterdam (Mathematics and Physics Divisions) in 1913.
1913 Honorary Doctorate of the University of North Minster.
1913 Honorary Member of the Edinburgh Union of Science and Art.
Honorary member of the Physical and Medical Society of Moscow University in 1914.
Honorary member of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 1914.
Honorary member of the Institute of Hygiene, London, 1914.
Corresponding member of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1914.
Honorary Member of the Royal Spanish Society of Medical Electrology and Medical Radiology, 1918.
1919 Honorary President of the Royal Spanish Society of Medical Electrology and Medical Radiology.
1919 Honorary President of the Radium Institute of Madrid.
1919 Honorary Professor, University of Warsaw.
1919 Member of the Polish Chemical Society.
1920 Ordinary Member of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Bachelor of Arts.
1921 Honorary Doctor of Science, Yale University.
Honorary Doctor of Science, University of Chicago, 1921.
Honorary Doctor of Science, Northwestern University, 1921.
Honorary Doctor of Science, Smith College, 1921.
Honorary Doctor of Science, Wellesley College, 1921.
Honorary Doctor of Medicine, Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania, 1921.
Honorary Doctor of Science, Columbia University, 1921.
Honorary Doctor of Science, University of Pittsburgh, 1921.
Honorary Doctor of Laws, University of Pennsylvania, 1921.
Honorary Member, Buffalo Natural Science Society, 1921.
Honorary member of the Mineralogical Club of New York, 1921.
Honorary Member, American College of Radiology, 1921.
Honorary Member, New England Federation of Chemistry Teachers, 1921.
Honorary Member, American Museum Museum, 1921.
1921 Honorary Member, New Jersey Chemical Society.
Honorary Member, Industrial Chemical Society, 1921.
1921 Fellow of the Academy of Bachelor's Degrees of Kristiania.
Honorary Life Fellow, Knox Baccalaureate of Arts and Sciences, 1921.
Honorary Fellow of the Radium Society of America, 1921.
Honorary Member, Norwegian Society of Medical Radiology, 1921.
Honorary member of the French League, New York, 1922.
1922 Free Collaborating Member of the Academy of Medical Sciences, Paris.
Honorary Member of the Russian Scientific Group, Belgium, 1922.
1923 Honorary member of the Romanian Society of Medical Mineralogy and Climatology.
1923 Honorary Doctor of Laws, University of Edinburgh.
1923 Honorary Member of the Czechoslovak Federation of Mathematicians and Physicists, Prague.
1924 Honorary Citizen of the City of Warsaw.
1924 Name inscribed on a building in New York City Hall alongside Buster.
1924 Honorary Doctorate of the Polish Chemical Society, Warsaw.
1924 Honorary Doctor of Medicine, University of Cracow.
Honorary Doctor of Philosophy, University of Cracow, 1924.
Honorary citizen of Riga in 1924.
1924 Honorary member of the Athens Society for Psychic Studies.
1925 Honorary member of the Medical Society of Lublin, Poland.
Ordinary member of the "Pontifexian Tiberina" in Maro in 1926.
Honorary member of the Chemical Society of S?o Paulo, Brazil, 1926.
1926 Corresponding Member of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences.
1926 Honorary Member of the Brazilian Federation for the Development of Feminism.
1926 Honorary Member of the Pharmacy and Chemistry Society of S?o Paulo, Brazil.
1926 Honorary Doctorate of the Chemistry Department of the Warsaw School of Technology.
1927 Honorary member of the Moscow Academy of Sciences.
1927 Honorary member of the Bohemian Literary and Scientific Society.
Honorary member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1927.
1927 Honorary member of the American Interstate Medical Graduate Student Association.
Honorary Member, New Zealand Academy of Research, 1927.
1929 Honorary Member, Society of Friends of Science, Poznan, Poland.
1929 Honorary Doctor of Laws, University of Glasgow.
1929 Honorary Citizen of Glasgow.
Honorary Doctor of Science, St. Lawrence University, 1929.
1929 Honorary Fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine.
1929 Honorary Member, Polish American Medical and Dental Federation.
Honorary Member, French Inventors and Scholars Association, 1930.
1930 Honorary President of the French Association of Inventors and Scholars.
1931 Honorary member of the Universal Peace Federation, Geneva.
1931 Honorary Staff of the American College of Radiology.
Foreign Corresponding Member of the Academy of Pure Physics and Natural Sciences, Madrid, 1931.
1932 Member of the Royal German Academy of Natural Sciences in Halle.
1932 Honorary Member of the Medical Society of Warsaw.
1932 Honorary member of the Czech Chemical Society.
1933 Honorary member of the British Institute of Radiology and the Roentgen Society, London. [3]
6Social appraisalsEdit
Albert Einstein said, "Of all the world's celebrities, Marie Curie is the only one who has not been spoiled by fame." [5]
President of the Academy of Sciences Xiaofar: Marie Curie, you are a great scholar, a great woman who dedicated herself wholeheartedly to her work and sacrificed her life for science, a patriot who has always worked for the sake of an extra duty, both in war and in peace, and we salute you. We are grateful to you for the spiritual benefit we can derive from your presence here, and we are proud to have you in our midst. You are the first French woman to enter the Academy of Sciences, and deservedly so. [3]