The Second American War of Independence, John Brown's Rebellion, the American Abolitionist Movement, the Civil War, and the Spanish-American War.
1, American Second War of Independence
The American Second War of Independence, also known as the War of 1812, was a war between the United States and Great Britain that took place from 1812 to 1815. It was the first foreign war after American independence.
The United States officially declared war on Great Britain, but 50% of the British army was made up of Canadian militia. Meanwhile, Native American tribes were involved in the war for various reasons.
On June 18, 1812, the U.S. declared war on Britain.Between 1812 and 1813, the U.S. attacked the Canadian provinces of Britain's North American colonies.Between October 1813 and March 1814, Britain defeated Napoleon in Europe, and reinforced more troops to the North American theater.
Britain occupied the U.S. state of Maine and, for a time, captured the U.S. capital, Washington. But the British Army suffered many defeats in the southern United States, including the Battle of Louisiana, the Battle of Lake Champlain, the Battle of Baltimore, and the Battle of New Orleans, and the Navy suffered defeats as well.
In 1815 there was an armistice and the border was restored to the status quo ante.
2. John Brown's Rebellion
John Brown's Rebellion refers to the anti-slavery uprising on the eve of the Civil War in the United States, and is named after the insurgent, John Brown, who traveled around New England many times to raise funds for the uprising and to win the cooperation of blacks, especially the famous black abolitionists, who were supported morally and economically by some abolitionists in the North.
On July 3, 1859, Brown and four others arrived at Harpers Ferry (Harpers Ferry). This area was treacherous and a safer natural gateway to the areas of the South where slavery was prevalent; it was also the site of a Union arsenal and armory.
The men rented a farm near the ferry to gather their ranks and store supplies, and on the night of Oct. 16, Brown left three of his men to guard the farm and await orders to attack Harpers Ferry with the remaining 18 men, five of them black.
Soon after, they captured the arsenal and armory and took control of the town, while arresting plantation owners in nearby villages and freeing a few slaves. News of the uprising spread quickly, and on the 17th, militia groups called by government authorities arrived at the site of the uprising.
Brown and the others were surrounded in a fire tool shed near the arsenal. The battle raged all day. Fewer slaves in the area, and most of them domestic slaves, did not rise up in response to the uprising, and Brown was unable to evacuate decisively.
That night, Col. R.E. Lee arrived with a force of marines, and the 18th Uprising was brutally crushed. Ten of the insurgents died in the battle, and seven, including Brown, were captured; John Brown died heroically on Dec. 2, and the other captives were hanged.
The uprising failed, but it gave a strong impetus to the development of the slave emancipation movement and contributed to the outbreak of the American Civil War. Many Americans spoke highly of John Brown's uprising.
3. Abolitionist movement in the United States
The abolitionist movement in the United States was a mass movement that demanded the complete abolition of black slavery in the northern part of the United States from the beginning of the 1830s.
The United States at the beginning of independence, there has been a debate on whether to abolish slavery. As demand for cotton soared on the international market, plantation slavery expanded in the South, creating a serious conflict with the development of industrial capitalism in the North and the bourgeois democratic nature of the country.
On the eve of the War of Independence, there were more than 500,000 slaves in the British North American colonies, accounting for one-sixth of the total population at the time, and by 1860 the number of black slaves in the South had grown to as many as 3.953 million.
Since the 1830s, the abolitionist movement was rapidly gaining momentum in the North, just as slave traders were openly flying the American flag to smuggle shiploads of black slaves into the South.
People set up a variety of abolitionist organizations, published a number of influential abolitionist publications, Mrs. Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin" deserves to be a sensation in the world of wake-up calls, as well as black leader Douglas and other fugitive slaves of the blood and tears of the accusations.
As well as the famous "Underground Railroad" of American history, on whose east and west lines ran an estimated 32,000 Northerners and through which more than 100,000 Negroes escaped from the fire.
The national American Anti-Slavery Society was founded in Philadelphia in April 1833, with headquarters in New York. Anti-slavery associations were then established across the North, and by the 1940s there were some 2,000 such organizations, with more than 200,000 people participating in the associations, creating a powerful mass movement.
The powerful abolitionist movement occupies an important position in the history of the American people's struggle for democracy. It exposed the evils of slavery, pushed the outbreak of the Civil War, emancipated the slaves, cleared the obstacles for the development of capitalism in the U.S., and contributed to the development of capitalism to a certain extent.
4. The Civil War
The Civil War (April 12, 1861 - April 9, 1865) was the only civil war in American history in which the two parties involved were the northern United States of America and the southern Confederate States of America.
The war began with the Confederate shelling of Fort Sumter and ended with a Northern Union victory. The war began with the North fighting to preserve the unity of the country, and later, evolved into a revolutionary war to eliminate slavery.
The Civil War was the first large-scale war after the Industrial Revolution, during which the standards of modern warfare, such as tactics, strategic thinking, and field medical care, were established.
The vast majority of the 3.5 million men who fought were volunteers. The war left 750,000 soldiers dead and 400,000 maimed, with related associations estimating that the number of casualties may have been even higher, and an unknown number of civilians were also affected.?
The Civil War impressed observers of Europa at the time, with Karl Marx stating that the Civil War represented a great war like no other in military history. The Civil War was of supremely great, world-historical, progressive and revolutionary significance.
5. The Spanish-American War
The Spanish-American War was a war waged by the United States in 1898 to seize Spain's colonies of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines in the Americas and Asia, and it was the first imperialist war in which the great powers redistributed their colonies. The emerging United States had strong economic and military potential and had built up a relatively powerful navy.
The armed struggle of the people of Cuba and the Philippines against Spanish colonial rule in the late 19th century clamped down on a large number of Spanish troops. The Spanish army's brutal suppression of the Cuban insurgents angered the U.S. government and jeopardized the economic interests of U.S. capitalists in the territory.
February 15, 1898, the United States sent to Cuba to protect the Cuban warship "Maine" exploded in Havana Harbor, the United States used this incident as a pretext. Demanding punishment for Spain, Spain first declared war on the United States on April 24, the next day on April 25, the United States declared war on Spain.
Eventually Spain requested an armistice and the United States won. The war allowed the U.S. to acquire the islands of Cuba and the Philippines, which were both economically important and strategic bases for U.S. expansion into South America and Asia, respectively.
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