Two million years ago, humans entered the Paleolithic Age of stone tool beating.
One million years ago, humans mastered the use of fire.
20,000 years ago, humans invented the bow and arrow.
10,000 years ago, humans entered a sedentary agricultural society.
7,000 years ago, China had kilns and molded pottery during the Yangshao culture.
In 4241 BC, Ancient Egypt invented the world's first solar calendar.
By 4000 BC, Egyptians had mastered pottery making, metallurgy, wine vinegar making, and pigment coloring.
By 2500 BC, Egyptians were making glass from sand and soda.
In 2100 BC, Mesopotamians invented the hexadecimal system, multiplication tables.
2000 years ago, Egyptians invented the decimal system, calculation of integers and fractions, calculation of the area of triangles and circles, and calculation of the volume of square-angled cones and conical tables; invented embalming agents to preserve mummies.
In the first 1950, the Babylonians were able to solve primary and secondary equations in two variables.
1200 BC, China weaves silk from silk worms.
By 1200, bronze (copper-tin alloy) smelting and casting in Yin Shang, China, had reached a mature stage.
1066 - 221 BC, Zhou Dynasty.
770 - 476 BC, Spring and Autumn Period.
By 770 BC, China was casting iron.
In 722 BC, China began to keep track of the day using the stem and branch.
In 700 BC, Guan Zhong (725-645 BC) recorded magnets.
In the 7th century BC, the Babylonians discovered the Saros cycle of solar and lunar eclipse cycles.
In 611 BC, the earliest record of a comet, later known as Halley's Comet, was in China.
In the 6th century BC, the Greek Thales (625-547 BC) discovered that amber generates electricity by friction and that magnets attract iron.
In the 6th century BC, the Greek Pythagoras proved the Pythagorean Theorem, discovered irrational numbers, formulated the theory of the Earth's spherical shape, and studied the rhythm of sound.
In the 6th century BC, the Indians calculated the square root of 2 as 1.4142156.
In 594 BC, the Greek Thoreau reformed the country, establishing democracy and a constitution, and commerce and industry emerged.
In 551 BC, Confucius was born.
In the 5th century BC, Democritus of Greece finalized the ancient theory of the atom, which held that everything is made up of atoms of different sizes and qualities that are in constant motion.
In the 5th century BC, the Chinese Rites of Zhou documented the use of a concave metal mirror to draw fire from the sun.
475-221 BC, Warring States period.
In 462 BC, the Greek school of Elias such as Barmenides and Zeno pointed out various contradictions in motion and change, and put forward Zeno's paradoxes related to time, space, and number such as the immobility of the flying vectors.
400 years ago, Mo Zhai (468-376 years ago) discovered the imaging of small holes.
In the 4th century BC, Aristotle of Greece synthesized mathematics, zoology, etc., and proposed the Earth-centered theory in his book On the Heavens.
Recognized that sound is produced by the movement of air.
Published books such as The Natural History of Animals, which documented more than 500 species of animals, and for the first time put biology on the basis of extensive observation.
In the 4th century BC, Philolaus of Greece put forward the central fire theory, which was the germ of heliocentrism.
In the 4th century BC, the Chinese Zhuangzi (369-286 BC) recorded the method of drilling wood for fire, and put forward the idea of "a foot of hammer, half of the day to take it, everything is inexhaustible".
In 350 BC, Gande and Shishen of China's Warring States period compiled the world's earliest star catalog.
In the 3rd century, Euclid published the 13 volumes of the Principia Geometria.
In the 3rd century, Archimedes (287-212 BC) of Greece discovered the principle of the lever and the law of buoyancy, and invented the Archimedean spiral.
Han Fei recorded Sinan.
In 285 BC, King Ptolemy 2 of Egypt came to the throne and rewarded the preservation of scholarship.
In 258 BC, Erasistrato of Greece first practiced comparative and pathological anatomy.
In 250 BC, the book Han Fei Zi (韩非子), written at the end of the Warring States period in China, recorded the use of "Sinan" to identify north and south.
In 245 BC, Cadasis of Greece invented the pressure pump, air gun, etc. in Alexandria, Egypt.
In 230 BC, Eradorcet of Greece measured the size of the Earth in Alexandria, Egypt.
221-206 BC, Qin Dynasty.
In 221 BC, China's Qin Shi Huang unified weights and measures, a system that was used until the 20th century.
206 BC - 220 AD, Han Dynasty.
In the 2nd century BC, Liu An (179-122 BC) wrote the Huainanzi (淮南子), which recorded the use of ice as a lens and a reflector as a periscope.
In the 2nd century BC, the Western Han Dynasty in China used silk and hemp fiber paper.
In the 1st century, Greece's Hero (62-150) invented the steam rotator and the hot-air-powered rotary machine, which was the germ of the steam turbine and the hot-air turbine.
Invention of the siphon.
In the 1st century, the encyclopedia Materia Medica by Pliny of Rome.
In the 1st century, China's Han Shu records tip discharge.
In the 100th, the Greek Nikoma wrote the book Introduction to Arithmetic, after which arithmetic began to become an independent discipline.
In 105, Cai Lun made paper during the Eastern Han Dynasty in China.
In 132, during the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Heng invented the geodesic instrument, the world's first instrument for measuring earthquakes.
In the 2nd century, Ptolemy of Greece used cones and cylinders to map the Earth and establish an Earth-centered cosmic system.
Discovered atmospheric refraction.
China was known.
220-581, Three Kingdoms, Two Kingdoms, North and South Dynasties.
Early 3rd century, China, late Han Dynasty, Hua Tuo invented an anesthetic, Ma Bo San, for use in surgery.
In the 3rd century, Liu Hui of China's Wei and Jin dynasties proposed the technique of circle cutting, which yielded a pi of 3.1416.
In the 5th century, Zu Chongzhi (429-500) of the Southern Dynasties during the Northern and Southern Dynasties of China calculated the value of pi to the seventh decimal place, more than 1,000 years before Westerners.
581-618, Sui Dynasty.
In the 6th century, China's Northern Wei Dynasty, Jia Si-feng wrote the Qimin Yao-ju, which holds an important place in the history of world agronomy.
618-907, Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty.
In the 7th century, engraved printing was introduced in China during the Tang Dynasty.
In 725, Nangong said and others in China measured the length of the meridian realistically.
In the 8th century, Chinese papermaking was introduced to the West, and *** alchemy was developed, producing sulfuric acid, nitric acid, aqua regia, etc., which prepared the ground for the transition to chemistry.
In the 9th century, Chinese alchemists of the Tang Dynasty invented gunpowder.
In the 9th century, *** Khorezm published the Indian Counting Algorithm, which familiarized Western Europeans with the decimal system, and was the founder of algebra, and *** Al Razi wrote the Integration of Medicine, which is considered by posterity to be the forerunner of medical chemistry.
In the 9th century, Chinese alchemists of the Tang Dynasty invented gunpowder, a major discovery that converted chemical energy into heat.
In the 10th century, *** Ibn Sina wrote the Classics of Medicine, which had a profound influence on the next 6 centuries.
In the 10th century, the Song Dynasty in China invented the production of copper by immersion in bile-alum solution, which was the beginning of hydrometallurgy.
960-1279, Song Dynasty.
In the 11th century, Shen Kuo of the Song Dynasty in China wrote the book Mengxi Bianan.
In the 11th century, *** Aisa (known in the West as Avicenna) wrote the Canon of Medicine.
In 1041, Bi Sheng of China's Northern Song Dynasty invented movable type printing, 400 years before the West, laying the foundation for modern printing.
In 1054, China's History of the Song Dynasty recorded a supernova outburst, the world's earliest written account of a supernova outburst.
The remnants of this supernova formed what is now seen as the Crab Nebula.
In 1200, Europeans began using eyeglasses.
In 1202, Italy's Fibonacci introduced Indo- *** counting to the West with the publication of The Book of Counting.
In 1231, the Chinese people of the Song Dynasty invented the "Zhentianlei", a gunpowder-filled, throwable device that was the prototype of artillery.
In 1259, the Chinese Southern Song Dynasty fought against the Jin soldiers with a firearm that shot bullets from a bamboo tube, the prototype of the musket.
In the first half of the 13th century, Chinese gunpowder was introduced to ***.
1279-1368, Yuan Dynasty.
In 1284, the Italians invented eyeglasses.
In the first half of the 14th century, the abacus was applied in China.
1368-1644, Ming Dynasty.
In 1385, China built the Observatory in Nanjing, the world's first well-equipped astronomical observatory.
14th-16th centuries, Renaissance pioneer Dante of Italy publishes the Divine Comedy.
The beginning of the Renaissance.
In 1487, the Portuguese Diaz discovered the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa.
1492-1502, Italian Columbus discovers America.
In 1498, Portuguese Da Gama opened the route from the Cape of Good Hope to India.
In 1500, Leonardo da Vinci designed sketches of an anemometer, a hygrometer, a parachute, a spinning machine, and a treadle lathe.
In 1517, Martin Luther's Reformation in Germany. Luther Reformation.
In 1519-1522, Portuguese Magellan completed the first circumnavigation of the globe, confirming that the Earth is spherical.
In 1539, the Polish Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a theory of the universe centered on the Sun.
In 1543, Copernicus's Theory of the Operation of the Heavens was published, and from then on, natural science began to free itself from theology.
In 1582, many countries in Western Europe adopted the Gregorian calendar, the predecessor of the current calendar.
In 1583, Galileo of Italy discovered the principle of isochrony of the pendulum.
In 1589, Stefan of the Netherlands discovered the parallelogram law of force.
In 1590, Galileo of Italy conducted a series of scientific experiments, including free fall.
In 1590, Jensen of the Netherlands invented the compound microscope.
In 1593, Galileo of Italy invented the air thermometer.
In 1596, China's Ming Dynasty Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica was published, with 1,892 medicines, making it an important scientific text.
In 1600, Bruno of Italy was burned to death by the Church in Rome for championing Copernicus's theory of the earth's movement and publicizing the infinity of the universe.
In 1605, Bacon (1561-1626) of England wrote The Progress of Learning, which advocated experiment-based induction.
In 1607, Galileo of Italy attempted to measure the speed of light.
In 1609-1619, Kepler of Germany proposed the laws of planetary motion.
In 1609, Galileo of Italy made the first astronomical telescope with which he discovered the four moons of Jupiter.
In 1609, Galileo of Italy unsuccessfully measured the speed of light for the first time.
In 1620, Snell of the Netherlands discovered the law of refraction.
In 1620, Delebel of Portugal invented the diving boat.
In 1628, Harvey of England discovered the circulation of blood.
In 1632, Galileo of Italy introduced the principle of relativity.
In 1637, Song Yingxing of China's Ming Dynasty completed the "Heavenly Works", which summarized China's industrial and agricultural production techniques.
In 1638, Descartes of France proposed the Ether.
1644-1911, Qing Dynasty.
In 1648, Marci of the Czech Republic discovered dispersion of light.
In 1654, Gehrig of Germany invented the vacuum pump, performing the Madsenburg hemisphere experiment.
In 1660, Hooke of England discovered the law of elasticity.
In 1666, Isaac Newton of England proposed the law of gravity.
In 1666, Isaac Newton of England used a prism to separate light.
In 1676, R?mer of Denmark measured the speed of light using a Jovian eclipse.
In 1677, Leibniz of Germany invented calculus.
In 1687, Isaac Newton of England proposed the three laws of mechanics and the concepts of absolute time and absolute space.
In 1699, Amonton of France discovered the law of friction.
In 1701, Bernoulli of England created the calculus of variations.
In 1728, Bradley of England measured the speed of light using light traveling differentials.
In 1745, Kleist of Germany invented the Leiden bottle.
In 1750, Mitchell of England designed a torsion scale to measure electrostatic forces and proposed the inverse square law of magnetism.
In 1750, Franklin of the United States invented the lightning rod.
In 1752, Franklin of the United States experimented with kites to attract electricity from the sky.
In 1775, Voltar of Italy invented the electric disk.
In 1776, the United States declared its independence.
In 1780, Giovanni of Italy discovered the phenomenon of muscle contraction in the frog's legs, which was thought to be caused by animal electricity.
In 1781, Watt of England improved the steam engine.
In 1785, Coulomb of France experimentally proved the inverse square law of static electricity.
In 1789, the French Revolution.
In 1792, Voltar of Italy studied the Gaffanian phenomenon, which was thought to be caused by the contact of two metals.
In 1798, Cavendish of England used torsion scales to determine the universal gravitational constant.
In 1800, Voltaire of Italy invented the Voltaic electric pile.
Herschel of England discovered infrared light from the radiant heat effect of the solar spectrum.
In 1801, Young of England measured the wavelength of light waves by interferometry.
In 1802, Trevithick of England built the steam locomotive.
In 1808, Marius of France discovered the polarization of light.
In 1808, Dalton of England published the atomic theory of chemistry.
In 1820, Auster of Denmark discovered the magnetic effect of electric current.
In 1820, Ampere of France discovered the force of interaction between electric currents.
In 1821, Seebeck of Estonia discovered the thermoelectric effect.
In 1826, Ohm of Germany established Ohm's law.
In 1827, Brown of England discovered the irregular motion of particles in liquids.
In 1830, Nobili of Italy invented the thermoelectric pile.
In 1831, Faraday of England discovered electromagnetic induction.
In 1834, Peltier of France discovered the Peltier effect, in which electric current can be cold.
In 1835, Henry of the United States discovered self-sense.
In 1840, the Opium War.
In 1845, Faraday of the United Kingdom discovered that magnetic fields rotate the polarization plane of light.
In 1848, the *** Declaration was published.
In 1849, Fischer of France measured the speed of light by turning gears.
In 1849, Kelvin of England proposed the first and second laws of thermodynamics.
In 1850, Helmholtz of England formulated the law of conservation of energy.
In 1850, the Taiping Army revolted in China.
In 1851, Foucault of France proved that the Earth rotates.
In 1852, Joule and Thomson of England discovered the cooling effect of gas expansion.
In 1858, Prückel of Germany discovered cathode rays in a discharge tube.
In 1859, Kirchhoff of Germany pioneered spectral analysis.
In 1859, Darwin of England published On the Origin of Species, which pioneered the theory of biological evolution.
In 1861, the American Civil War.
In 1869, Russia's Mendeleyev published the Periodic Table of Elements.
In 1875, Kerr of England discovered the electro-optical effect.
In 1875, the Paris Conference signed the Metric Convention.
In 1876, Bell of the United States invented the telephone.
In 1879, Maxwell of the United Kingdom published The General Theory of Electromagnetism, a collection of electromagnetic theories.
In 1879, Hall of the United States found that the current through the metal, under the action of the magnetic field to produce a transverse electric potential.
In 1879, Thomas Edison of the United States invented the electric light.
In 1880, the Curie brothers in France discovered the piezoelectric effect in crystals.
In 1881, Michaelson of the United States invented the highly sensitive interferometer.
In 1883, Mach of Austria published The Science of Mechanics, which criticized the concept of absolute space-time and the concepts of force and mass in Newtonian mechanics.
In 1885, Benz of Germany invented the gasoline internal combustion automobile.
In 1887, Hertz of Germany discovered electromagnetic waves and the photoelectric effect.
In 1887, Michaelson and Murray of the United States attempted to confirm the existence of "Etheric drift" by the interference effect of light caused by the movement of the Earth in the "Ether", but received negative results.
In 1889, Lavoisier of France published his Outline of Chemistry, which ushered in a new era of chemistry.
In 1889, Fitzgerald of England proposed the contraction hypothesis to explain the "null result" of the Michelson-Morley experiment.
Because the British journal Science, which published his paper, ceased publication soon afterward, the contraction hypothesis was not known until 1892, when Lorenz of the Netherlands proposed it independently.
In 1890, Erfurt of Hungary demonstrated experimentally that inertial and gravitational masses are equal.
In 1892, Lorentz of the Netherlands independently proposed the contraction hypothesis.
In 1894, the Sino-Japanese War.
In 1895, Roentgen of Germany discovered x-rays.
In 1896, Becquerel of France discovered radioactivity.
In 1896, Seeman of the Netherlands discovered that magnetic fields split spectral lines.
In 1897, Thomson of England confirmed the existence of electrons from cathode rays.
In 1899, Lebedev of Russia experimentally confirmed the existence of light pressure.
In 1899, Germany's Lohmeier and Rubens experimented with cavity radiation and accurately measured the radiation energy distribution curve, providing an important experimental basis for Planck's 1900 quantum hypothesis.
In 1900, the Eight-Power Allied Forces invaded China.
In 1901, Kaufmann of Germany measured the deflection of beta rays in electric and magnetic fields from radium radiation, thus discovering that the mass of electrons varies with speed.
In 1903, the Wright brothers of the United States invented the airplane.
In 1903, Tsiolkovsky of Russia proposed the theory of space flight using multi-stage rockets.
In 1904, the Russo-Japanese War broke out.
In 1904, Lorenz of the Netherlands proposed a system of equations for the transformation of space-time coordinates.
In France, Pengale proposed the principle of relativity in electrodynamics and argued that light is the limiting speed of motion for all objects.
In 1905, Albert Einstein of Switzerland founded the theory of special relativity.
In 1905, the Russian battleship Bojangleship revolted.
Between 1905 and 1906, Pangaele of France clarified the invariance of the equations of the electromagnetic field to the Lorentz transformations and proposed a four-dimensional theory of space-time.
In 1907, Minkowski of Germany proposed a four-dimensional representation of space-time for special relativity.
In 1908, Planck of Germany proposed a unified definition of momentum, affirming the universal establishment of the mass-energy relation.
In 1908, J.B. Perrin of France experimentally confirmed the Brownian equations of motion and obtained Avergadro's constant.
In 1911, the Xinhai Revolution.
In 1911, Wonners of the Netherlands discovered superconductivity in metals at low temperatures.
First liquefaction of helium.
1911, Wilson of England invents the cloud chamber.
In 1911, Heiss of Austria discovers cosmic rays.
In 1913, Bohr of Denmark proposed the model of the fixed-state leap atom.
In 1913, Stark of Germany discovered the splitting of the atomic spectrum in the presence of an electric field.
In 1913, the Braggs in England used x-ray diffraction of crystals to determine the lattice constant d.
In 1914, World War I broke out.
In 1915, Albert Einstein completed his theory of general relativity.
In 1917, Einstein proposed a finite unbounded model of the universe.
In 1917, the October Revolution in Russia.
In 1919, Eddington and others in Britain observed total solar eclipses in Brazil and the Gulf of Guinea, confirming the prediction that gravity bends light.
In 1919, the May Fourth Movement in China.
In 1921, China *** was founded.
In 1922, Friedman of the Soviet Union obtained a non-stationary solution to the gravitational field equation, which led to the hypothesis of an expanding universe.
In 1925, Adams of the United States discovered the gravitational redshift of the spectral lines of Sirius, again verifying general relativity.
In 1929, E. Hubble (1889-1953) discovered that the redshift of galaxies is proportional to their distance from the Earth - the expansion of the universe.
In 1931, the first cyclotron was built at Lawrence, USA.
In 1932, Cockcroft in the UK and Walton in Ireland invented the high voltage multiplier to accelerate protons.
In 1932, Anderson of the United States discovered positrons in cosmic rays.
In 1932, Chadwick of the United Kingdom discovered the neutron.
In 1933, Hitler came to power in Germany.
In 1934, Cherenkov of Russia discovered that liquids glowed when irradiated by beta rays.
In 1937, China's Anti-Japanese War broke out.
In 1938, Hahn and Strassmann of Germany discovered the fission of uranium by bombarding it with neutrons.
In 1939, Meitner and Frisch of Austria proposed an explanation for uranium fission and predicted that a large amount of energy would be released with each nuclear fission.
In 1939, Oppenheimer and Snyder of the United States predicted black holes.
In 1939, World War II broke out.
In 1939, live television was realized for the first time.
1940, The Great Dunkirk Retreat.
In 1941, Italian-American Rossi and American Hall confirmed the relativistic effect of time by the meson metamorphosis experiment.
In 1941, Germany attacked the Soviet Union.
In 1942, the American Allan indirectly proved the existence of neutrinos.
In 1942, the United States, under the leadership of Fermi and others, built the first thermal neutron chain reactor at the University of Chicago, based on the nature of neutrons and energy released from uranium nuclear fission.
In 1942, the U.S.-Japan Battle of Midway.
In 1945, the United States made the atomic bomb under Oppenheimer's leadership.
In 1945, the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan.
In 1945, the war against Japan was won.
In 1946, the first computer, ENIAC, was introduced in the United States.
In 1946, G. Gamow of the United States proposed the Big Bang model of the universe.
In 1948, Shockley, Bardeen, and Bratton of the United States invented the crystal triode.
In 1949, the People's Republic of China was founded.
In 1952, Glaser of the United States invented the bubble chamber.
In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first artificial Earth satellite.
In 1958, Germany's Mussburger realized the recoil*** vibration-free absorption of gamma rays.
In 1960, Mayman of the United States made a ruby laser.
In 1961, the electroweak unification theory was proposed by Grashow and Weinberg in the United States and Salam in Pakistan.
In 1963, Quasar (Quasar) was discovered, small in size, very energetic, with drastic changes in brightness.
There are about 106 of them in the universe.
In 1964, Penzias and Wilson of the United States, while testing antennas receiving satellite signals, found 3.5 K of cosmic microwave background radiation at a wavelength of 7.35 cm.
In 1964, China made its first atomic bomb.
In 1967, China exploded its first hydrogen bomb.
In 1968, Hewish in the UK discovered pulsars.
In 1969, the US Apollo 11 spacecraft successfully landed on the moon.
In 1970, China launched the Dongfanghong 1 artificial Earth satellite.
In 1971, Intel made a microprocessor, starting the second revolution in computers.
In 1971, Curtin and Hefele of the United States flew around the Earth for 80 hours with an atomic clock, proving the relativity of time.
In 1973, Stephen Hawking of the UK discovered that the quantum effect causes black holes to radiate particles and vaporize them.
1978, National Science Congress.
In 1978, Taylor of the United States observed short-period binary stars to confirm gravitational waves, a verification of general relativity.
In 1981, the U.S. Space Shuttle lifted off for the first time.
In 1982, a Chinese submarine successfully launched a rocket underwater.
In 1990, the US Hubble Telescope (aperture 2.4m, weight 12.5 tons) was sent into space.
In 1990, the Large Positron-Negative Electron Collider was built in Beijing, China.
In 1991, the Soviet Union was dissolved
In 1992, the North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA) was formed
In 1993, the European Union was established