Glass: a relatively transparent liquid material, the formation of a continuous network structure in the melt, the viscosity gradually increases during cooling and hardening and non-crystallizing silicate non-metallic materials. The main component is silicon dioxide. It is widely used in buildings to insulate wind and transmit light.
History
Glass was originally produced by solidifying acidic rock from volcanic eruptions. About 3700 BC, the ancient Egyptians have made glass ornaments and simple glassware, only colored glass, about 1000 BC, China made colorless glass. The 12th century AD, the emergence of commercial glass, and began to become an industrial material. 18th century, in order to adapt to the development of telescopes, the production of optical glass. 1873, Belgium first produced flat glass. 1906, the United States produced flat glass lead on the machine. Since then, with the industrialization of glass production and scale, a variety of uses and a variety of performance of the glass came out one after another. In modern times, glass has become an important material in daily life, production and science and technology.
More than 3,000 years ago, a European Phoenician merchant ship, loaded with the crystalline mineral "natural soda", sailing in the Mediterranean coast of the Belorussian River. Due to low tide, the ship ran aground.
So the crew took to the beach. Some of the crew members also carried cauldrons and firewood, and used a few pieces of "natural soda" as a support for the cauldrons to cook on the beach.
After the crew finished eating, the tide began to rise. They were about to pack up and board the ship to continue their voyage when suddenly someone shouted, "Come and look, there is something bright and shiny on the sand under the pot!"
The crew took the shimmering things and brought them aboard to study them closely. They found that the shiny things had some quartz sand and melted natural soda stuck to them. It turned out that these glittering things, is the natural soda that they used to make pots and pans for the bracket when cooking, under the action of the flame, and the chemical reaction with the quartz sand on the beach and the crystals produced, which is the earliest glass. Later the Phoenicians made the Phoenicians rich by combining quartz sand and natural soda and melting them in a special furnace to make glass spheres.
Around the 4th century, the Romans began applying glass to windows and doors. By 1291, glassmaking was well advanced in Italy.
"Our glass-making technology must not leak out; bring all the artisans who make glass together to produce it!"
And so it was that all of Italy's glass artisans were sent to an isolated island to produce glass, and they were not allowed to leave the island for the rest of their lives.
In 1688, a man named Nerf invented the process of making large pieces of glass, and from then on, glass became a commonplace item.
The glass we use today is made from quartz sand, soda ash, feldspar and limestone at high temperatures.
The melt in the cooling process viscosity gradually increase and get the solid material of non-crystallization. Brittle and transparent. There are quartz glass, silicate glass, soda-lime glass, fluoride glass and so on. Usually refers to silicate glass, quartz sand, soda ash, feldspar and limestone as raw materials, after mixing, high-temperature melting, homogenization, processing and shaping, and then annealed. Widely used in construction, daily use, medical, chemical, electronics, instrumentation, nuclear engineering and other fields.
Classification
Simple classification
Glass simple classification is mainly divided into flat glass and special glass. Flat glass is mainly divided into three kinds: namely, leaded flat glass (divided into two kinds of grooved/ungrooved), flat drawn flat glass and float glass. Float glass is becoming the mainstream of glass manufacturing due to its uniform thickness, flat and parallel upper and lower surfaces, coupled with high labor productivity and management-friendly factors. Special glass is a variety of varieties, the following common varieties according to the decoration of one by one:
One, ordinary flat glass.
1, 3 - 4 centimeter glass, mm in everyday life is also known as centimeter. What we call 3 centimeter glass, is the thickness of 3mm glass. This specification of glass is mainly used for the surface of picture frames.
2, 5--6 cents glass, mainly used for exterior windows, doors and other small areas of light transmission modeling and so on
3, 7--9 cents glass, mainly used for indoor screens and other large areas but also have a frame to protect the modeling.
4, 9 - 10 centimeter glass, can be used for large indoor partitions, railings and other decoration projects.
5, 11 - 12% glass, can be used for spring glass doors and some activities in the larger partitions.
6, 15 centimeter glass, generally less on the market, often need to order, mainly used for larger areas of the spring glass door exterior wall glass wall.
Two, other glass
Other glass said, just the author in the classification relative to flat glass, not the industry's official classification. Mainly:
1, tempered glass. It is ordinary flat glass after reprocessing into a pre-stressed glass. Toughened glass relative to ordinary plate glass, has two main features:
1) the former is several times the strength of the latter, tensile strength is more than three times the latter, impact resistance is more than 5 times the latter
times.
2) Tempered glass is not easy to break, and even if broken, it will be shattered in the form of particles without sharp corners, greatly reducing the harm to the
body.
2, frosted glass. It is also in the ordinary flat glass above and then frosted processed. General thickness of more than 9 centimeters below, to 5, 6 centimeters thick with more.
3, sandblasted glass. Performance is basically similar to frosted glass, different from the change of sandblasted for sandblasted. Because of the visual similarity between the two, many homeowners, and even decoration professionals are confused with them.
4, embossed glass. Is the use of calendering method of manufacturing a flat glass. Its most important feature is light opaque, more used in restrooms and other decoration areas.
5, laminated glass. Is the use of calendering methods, metal wire or metal mesh embedded in the glass plate made of a flat glass with impact resistance, impact will only form radial cracks and not fall down to hurt people. Therefore, it is mostly used in high-rise buildings and strong shock plant.
6, insulating glass. More than two pieces of glass using the glue method to maintain a certain interval, the interval is dry air, and then sealed with sealing materials around the perimeter, mainly used in sound insulation requirements of the renovation project.
7, laminated glass. Laminated glass is generally composed of two pieces of ordinary plate glass (can also be tempered glass or other special glass) and organic adhesive layer between the glass. When damaged, the fragments are still adhered to the adhesive layer, avoiding injury to the human body from flying fragments. Mostly used in decoration projects with safety requirements].
8, bulletproof glass. In fact, it is a laminated glass, but the composition of the glass is composed of high strength tempered glass, and the number of laminated is relatively large. More used in banks or mansions and other very high security requirements of the decoration project.
9, heat bending glass. Softened by the heating of flat glass molded in the mold, and then annealed curved glass. In some of the senior decoration in the increasing frequency, need to book, no stock.
10, glass block. Glass block production process is basically the same as flat glass, the difference is the molding method.
Middle of it is dry air. Mostly used in decorative projects or insulation requirements of the translucent molding
in.
11, cellophane. Also known as window film, with a variety of colors and patterns. According to the performance of the paper film is different, with
different performance. The vast majority of heat insulation, infrared, ultraviolet, explosion-proof and so on.
Composition classification
Glass is usually divided into oxide glass and non-oxide glass according to the main components. Non-oxide glass varieties and quantity is very small, mainly sulfur glass and halide glass. Sulfur glass anions are mostly sulfur, selenium, tellurium, etc., can cut off the short wavelength light and through the yellow and red light, as well as near and far infrared light, its low resistance, with switching and memory characteristics. Halide glass has a low refractive index, low dispersion, more used as optical glass.
Oxide glass is also divided into silicate glass, borate glass, phosphate glass, etc.. Silicate glass refers to the basic composition of SiO2 glass, its varieties and wide range of uses. Usually according to the glass of SiO2 and alkali metals, alkaline earth metal oxides of different content, and is divided into:
①Quartz glass. SiO2 content is greater than 99.5%, low coefficient of thermal expansion, high temperature resistance, good chemical stability, transmittance of ultraviolet and infrared light, melting temperature is high, high viscosity, molding is more difficult. Mostly used in semiconductors, electric light sources, light-conducting communications, lasers and other technologies and optical instruments.
②high silica glass. SiO2 content of about 96%, its properties are similar to quartz glass.
3 soda-lime glass. SiO2 content is mainly contains 15% Na2O and 16% CaO, its low cost, easy to mold, suitable for large-scale production, its output accounts for 90% of the practical glass. Can produce glass bottles and jars, flat glass, utensils, bulbs and so on.
4 lead silicate glass. The main components are SiO2 and PbO, with a unique high refractive index and high volume resistance, with good infiltration of metals, can be used for the manufacture of light bulbs, vacuum tube core column, crystal glassware, flint optical glass, etc.. Lead glass containing a large number of PbO can block X-rays and γ-rays.
5 aluminum silicate glass. SiO2 and Al2O3 as the main component, the softening and deformation temperature is high, used in the production of discharge bulbs, high-temperature glass thermometers, chemical combustion tubes and glass fibers.
6 borosilicate glass. SiO2 and B2O3 as the main component, with good heat resistance and chemical stability, used to make cooking utensils, laboratory instruments, metal welding seal glass. Borate glass with B2O3 as the main component, low melting temperature, can resist sodium vapor corrosion. Containing rare earth elements, borate glass has high refractive index and low dispersion, which is a new type of optical glass. Phosphate glass with P2O5 as the main component, low refractive index, low dispersion, used in optical instruments.
(1) Ordinary glass (Na2SiO3, CaSiO3, SiO2 or Na2O-CaO-6SiO2)
(2) Quartz glass (glass made of pure quartz as the main raw material, with the composition of SiO2 only)
(3) Toughened glass (with the same composition as ordinary glass)
(4) Potassium glass ( K2O, CaO, SiO2)
(5) borate glass (SiO2, B2O3)
(6) colored glass in the (ordinary glass manufacturing process to add some metal oxides. Cu2O - red; CuO -- blue-green; CdO -- light yellow; CO2O3 -- blue; Ni2O3 -- dark green; MnO2 - purple; colloidal Au - red; colloidal Ag - yellow)
(7) Color-changing glass (oxides of rare earth elements are used as coloring agents for advanced (colored glass)
(8) optical glass (in the ordinary borosilicate glass raw materials to add a small amount of light-sensitive substances, such as AgCl, AgBr, etc., and then add a very small amount of sensitizer, such as CuO, etc., so that the glass becomes more sensitive to light)
(9) rainbow glass (in the ordinary glass raw materials, add a large amount of fluoride, a small amount of sensitizer and bromide made of) )
(10) protective glass (in the ordinary glass manufacturing process to add appropriate auxiliary materials, so that it has the function of preventing strong light, heat or radiation through the line to protect personal safety. Such as gray - dichromate, iron oxide absorbs ultraviolet and some visible light; blue-green - nickel oxide, ferrous oxide absorbs infrared and some visible light; lead glass - lead oxide absorbs x-rays and r-rays; dark blue - dichromate, ferrous oxide, iron oxide absorbs ultraviolet, infrared and most of the visible light; adding cadmium oxide and boron oxide absorbs neutron flow.
(11) microcrystalline glass (also called crystalline glass or glass-ceramics, made by adding gold, silver, copper and other crystal nuclei to ordinary glass, instead of stainless steel and gemstones, for radomes and missile heads, etc.).
(12) glass fiber (drawn or blown from molten glass into fibers with a diameter of a few microns to a few thousand microns, with the same composition as glass)
(13) glass filament (i.e., long glass fibers)
(14) fiberglass (reinforced plastics with strengths similar to those of steel, obtained by the composite of epoxy resin and glass fibers.)
(15) cellophane (a transparent cellulose film made from a viscose solution)
(16) aqueous solution of water glass (Na2SiO3), so named because of some of its constituents are the same as those in ordinary glass)
(17) metallic glass (vitreous metal, generally made by rapid cooling of molten metal)
(18) fluorite ( Fluorite) (colorless and transparent CaF2, used as prisms and lenses in optical instruments)
(19) Plexiglass (polymethylmethacrylate)
Property Classification
In addition, the glass is divided into according to the performance characteristics: toughened glass, porous glass (i.e., foam glass, aperture diameter of about 40, used in desalination, virus filtration and other aspects), conductive glass ( Used as electrodes and aircraft windshield glass), microcrystalline glass, emulsion glass (used in lighting devices and decorative items, etc.) and insulating glass (used as door and window glass) and so on.
Use
1. During transportation, be sure to pay attention to fixing and adding soft pads. It is generally recommended to use the vertical method of transportation. Vehicle driving should also pay attention to keep stable and medium-slow speed.
2, the other side of the glass installation is closed, pay attention to clean the surface before installation. It is best to use special glass cleaner, and to wait until it is dry to confirm that there is no stains before installation, the installation of the best use of clean construction gloves.
3, the installation of glass, to use silicone sealant for fixing, in windows and other installations, also need to be used in conjunction with rubber seals and so on.
4, after the construction is completed, pay attention to the addition of anti-collision warning signs, generally can be used stickers, colored electrical tape and so on to be prompted.
Production process
The main raw materials for glass production are glass formers, glass adjusters and glass intermediates, and the rest are auxiliary raw materials. The main raw materials refer to the oxides introduced into the glass formation network, intermediate oxides and oxides outside the network; auxiliary raw materials include clarifiers, fluxes, emulsions, colorants, decolorants, oxidizing agents and reducing agents.
Glass production process mainly includes: ① raw material pre-processing. The lumpy raw materials crushed, so that the wet raw materials dry, iron containing raw materials for iron treatment to ensure the quality of glass. ② with the material preparation. ③ melting. Glass with material in the pool kiln or crucible kiln for high-temperature heating, so that the formation of uniform, bubble-free, and meet the molding requirements of the liquid glass. ④ Molding. Liquid glass is processed into products of required shapes, such as flat plates and various utensils. ⑤ Heat treatment. Through annealing, quenching and other processes, to eliminate or produce internal glass stress, phase separation or crystallization, as well as to change the structural state of the glass.
Special glass production
1, a colorless transparent glass with ultraviolet radiation protection
2, strong absorption of ultraviolet and infrared green glass
3, a dental microcrystalline glass and its preparation method and use
4, low-radiation hollow inlay glass
5, low porosity microcrystalline glass production method< /p>
6, self-cleaning glass
7, glass coated with colored multilayer film and its production method
8, a new process for manufacturing vacuum glass
9, float production of embossed glass and its device
10, refractory glass 2
11, microcrystalline glass glazed tile preparation process
12, a kind of Nano titanium dioxide self-cleaning glass low-temperature preparation method
13, nano vacuum coating rainbow glass
14, production of laminated colored safety glass color paste formula and production process
15, heat and fire-resistant ultra-strong toughened safety glass panels of the manufacturing method
Slang
Glass, used to refer to male homosexuality.
The term "glass circle" has been synonymous with the gay community in Taiwan since the 1970s and 1980s, and the fragility and transparency of "glass" has been used by the media to present the main symbolic image of the fragile social identity of homosexuals and their need for the color of the night as a protective shield through a voyeuristic lens. "The term "glass" was originally used to refer to the buttocks or ass, and the use of the term "glass" to represent homosexuality refers to anal sex between gay men, commonly known as sodomy.
Also, the acronym "BL" for glass can be interpreted as "BOYS' LOVE".
There are other similar terms such as gay, faggot, rabbit, comrade and so on. It is often used in a pejorative sense.