In 1920, the United States with the production, which is the beginning of large-scale development of petrochemicals. 1939, the United States Standard Oil Company developed the process of catalytic reforming of pro-hydrogen, which has become an important source of aromatic hydrocarbons. 1941, the United States built the first set of raw materials for the production of ethylene with the device. After the Second World War, due to the expanding market for chemical products, petroleum can provide a large number of cheap organic chemical raw materials, and at the same time, due to the development of chemical production technology, the gradual formation of petrochemicals. Even non-oil-producing regions, such as Western Europe, Japan and other crude oil as raw materials, the development of petrochemicals. The same raw material or the same product, the chemical companies have different process routes or different catalysts. Because the basic organic raw materials and polymer materials monomer are petrochemical as raw materials, so people to ethylene production as a measure of organic chemical industry mark. 80's, more than 90% of the organic chemical products, from petrochemicals. For example, and so on, in the past to calcium carbide acetylene as a raw material, this time to change the oxygen chlorination method to ethylene production of vinyl chloride, propylene ammonia oxidation (see) method to produce acrylonitrile.1951, to natural gas as raw material, steam conversion method to get carbon monoxide and hydrogen, so that to get the attention.
Petrochemicals is the rise of the 1920s to the petroleum-based chemical industry. Originated in the United States. Initially dependent on the petroleum refining industry, and later gradually formed an independent industrial system. Before and after the Second World War, the rapid development of the 50's in Europe, followed in the 60's and further expanded to Japan and countries around the world, so that the production structure of the world's chemical industry and the raw material system has undergone a major change in the production of many chemicals from coal as raw material to the transfer of petroleum and natural gas as raw materials, the petrochemical industry, the new technology, new products continue to appear. early 70's, the United States petrochemical production of various petrochemical products, up to thousands of species, the current petrochemical industry has become an important base industry in various industrialized countries.
Initial period: with the rise of the petroleum refining industry, produced more and more refinery gas. 1917 U.S. C. Ellis with the refinery gas propylene synthesized isopropyl alcohol. 1920, the United States of America, the New Jersey Standard Oil Company used this method for industrial production. This was the first petrochemical, and it marked the beginning of the development of petrochemicals.In 1919 Union Carbide studied the cracking of ethane and propane to make ethylene, and then Linde Air Products realized the separation of ethylene from cracked gas and the processing of ethylene into chemical products.In 1923 Union Carbide set up the first cracked ethylene-based petrochemical plant. In the 20s and 30s, the U.S. petrochemical industry, mainly using mono-olefins to produce chemicals. Such as propylene hydration system isopropanol, then dehydrogenation system acetone, hypochlorite method ethylene ethylene ethylene oxide, propylene propylene propylene oxide, etc. In the 20s, H. Staudinger founded the concept of polymer compounds; W.H. Carothers discovered the polymerization of polyamides after polymerization, DuPont began to polyamide fibers (nylon) put on the market in 1940. Surfactant alkyl sulfate esters appeared. These new products, originally produced from coal and agricultural by-products, greatly stimulated the development of petrochemicals, while creating new technological conditions for these areas to shift to petroleum-based raw materials. At this time, there were also new developments in the petroleum refining industry. the development of catalytic cracking technology in 1936 provided more low-molecular olefin feedstocks for petrochemicals. These developments made the U.S. ethylene consumption increased from 14kt in 1930 to 120kt in 1940.
Wartime impetus: the eve of World War II to the late 1940s, the U.S. petrochemicals in the production of aromatics products and the synthesis of polymers, such as rubber, has made great progress. The need for rubber in the war, prompting the rapid development of synthetic rubber production technology such as butylbenzene, nitrile, etc. In 1941, Dow Chemical Company isolated butadiene from hydrocarbon cracking products as a monomer for synthetic rubber; in 1943, and the establishment of a large-scale production of butadiene catalytic dehydrogenation of butadiene production unit. 1945 U.S. synthetic rubber production reached 670kt. In order to meet the wartime demand for TNT (i.e., the raw material for TNT) (toluene), a synthetic rubber material. In order to meet the large demand for TNT (i.e., toluene) during wartime, the U.S. successfully researched a new process for the production of aromatics from the catalytic reforming of petroleum light fractions in 1941, which opened up a new source of important aromatics, such as benzene, toluene, and xylenes (previously, aromatics mainly came from the coking process of coal). At that time, toluene produced by catalytic reforming accounted for more than half of the total toluene needed in the U.S. In 1943, the U.S. DuPont and Union Carbide applied the technology of Britain's Brennemann Chemical Industries to build a polyethylene plant; in 1946, the U.S. Shell Chemical Co. began to use high-temperature oxidation to produce a series of chloropropylene products; and in 1948, the U.S. Standard Oil Co. transplanted the German technology to use the hydrocarbamylation method ( In 1948, the U.S. Standard Oil Company transplanted German technology with hydroformylation ( see carbonyl synthesis ) production of eight-carbon alcohol; 1949, ethylene direct synthesis of alcohol production. The continuous development of petrochemicals, so that the United States in 1950, ethylene production increased to 680kt, more than 100 kinds of important product varieties, petrochemicals accounted for 60% of organic chemicals (only 5% in 1940).
Booming: Since the 1950s, the world economy from the post-war recovery into a period of development. The rapid development of synthetic rubber, plastics, synthetic fibers and other materials, so that petrochemicals in Europe, Japan and the rest of the world is widely valued. In the development of polymer chemical industry, Europe in the 1950s to develop some key new technologies, such as the Federal Republic of Germany in 1953, chemist K. Ziegler research success of the low-pressure method of production of polyethylene new catalyst system, and quickly put into industrial production; 1955 Bunemun Chemical Industry Company built a large-scale production of polyester fibers; in 1954, the Italian chemist G. Natta further development of the Ziegler catalyst, the synthesis of the polyester fiber. In 1954, the Italian chemist G. Natta further developed the Ziegler catalyst, synthesized three-dimensional isotactic polypropylene, and put into industrial production in 1957. Other aspects also have great development, in 1957 the United States Ohio Standard Oil Company successfully developed the catalyst for the production of acrylonitrile by ammonia oxidation of propylene and put it into production in 1960; in 1957, the method of direct oxidation of ethylene to make acetaldehyde was successful and a large-scale production plant was built in 1960. In the 1960s, the production of vinyl acetate from ethylene oxidation, vinyl chloride from ethylene oxychlorination and other important chemical products. Petrochemicals, the success of the continuous development of new technologies, so that traditionally used calcium carbide acetylene as the starting material for bulk products, successively transferred to the petrochemical raw material routes. During this period, Japan and the Soviet Union also began to build the petrochemical industry. Japan's faster development, only more than a decade, its petrochemical production technology has reached the international advanced level. The Soviet Union in the production of synthetic rubber, synthetic ammonia, petroleum proteins and other outstanding achievements.
New petrochemical technology, especially the achievements in synthetic materials, the production of raw materials demand soared, promoting the rapid development of hydrocarbon cracking and cracked gas separation technology. During this period, around the various types of cracking methods to carry out extensive exploration work, the development of a variety of tubular cracking furnace and a variety of cracked gas separation process, so that the product ethylene yield greatly improved, energy consumption decreased. Western European countries and Japan, due to the lack of oil and natural gas resources, cracking raw materials used in the Middle East low-priced and easy to transport naphtha, as the basis for the establishment of a large ethylene production units, the development of petrochemicals to embark on the road in a big way. So far, the production scale of petrochemicals has been greatly expanded. As a representative product of petrochemicals, ethylene, the world's output reached 35.8Mt in 1980, the highest level in history. 1960, the organic synthetic raw materials from coal to oil and natural gas to speed up the speed (see table).
New phase: the 1970s, the international oil prices occurred two substantial increases in the price of ethylene raw materials rose sharply, the product production costs increased, petrochemicals are facing a huge impact. The United States, Japan and Western Europe, the major ethylene producers, have taken measures: such as the closure of some of the production units, appropriate reduction in the plant operating rate, saving production energy, to carry out the comprehensive utilization of by-products, the depth of the addition at the same time, the world's petrochemical industry pattern has also had a new change. There are about 1,000 petrochemical joint ventures around the world, the use of raw oil accounted for about 8.4% of the total crude oil production, gas accounted for about 10% of the total amount of natural gas, most of these enterprises for a small number of transnational changes in oil, gas-rich developing countries are more building up
Used to obtain great development, become a new material industry. As a strategic material of natural rubber produced in the tropics, hindered by sea transportation to develop a variety of synthetic rubber such as cis-butyl, butyl, chloroprene, nitrile, isoprene, ethylene propylene, etc., each with different characteristics and uses. In 1937, the United States successfully synthesized nylon 66 (see), with melt spinning, because of its good strength, used for parachutes and tires. After polyester, vinylon, acrylic and other successive production, but also because of petrochemicals as its raw materials to ensure that the gradual occupation of natural fibers and man-made fibers most of the market. Plastics, following the phenolic resins, and the production of alkyd resins and other thermosetting resins. 30's, varieties continue to appear, such as so far is still a large variety of plastics, for the time of the excellent insulating materials, high voltage for undersea cables and radar in 1939, low-pressure polyethylene, isotropic polypropylene development success, for the civilian plastics to open up a wide range of uses, which is Ziegler - Natta catalysts for the polymer chemistry has made a great contribution. This is a great contribution of Ziegler-Natta catalyst to polymer chemistry. This period also appeared high temperature, corrosion-resistant materials, such as, among them, PTFE is known as the king of plastics. After the Second World War, some of them are also used in automobile industry, also as building materials, packaging materials, etc., and gradually become a large variety of plastics. Fine chemical industry is the general name of the production of fine chemicals industry, referred to as "fine chemical industry". The meaning of fine chemicals is still under discussion abroad. Where the following characteristics of chemical products are generally referred to as fine chemicals, namely:
1. varieties
2. small output, most of the intermittent mode of production;
3. functional or end-use;
4. many of the products for the compounding of the formula and other technology to determine the performance of the product;
5. product quality and high demand;
6.6. Strong commercialization, most of them are sold under the name of commodity;
7. Highly technology-intensive, requiring continuous research on technology development and application of new products, and attaching importance to technical services;
8. Equipment investment
9. High value-added rate.
Fine chemical industry, including the scope of countries are not quite the same, can be summarized as follows: pharmaceuticals, pesticides, synthetic dyes, organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, coatings, fragrances and flavors, cosmetics and toiletries, soaps and synthetic detergents, surfactants, printing inks and their auxiliaries, adhesives, photographic materials, magnetic materials, catalysts, reagents, water treatment agents and polymer flocculants, Paper auxiliaries, leather auxiliaries, synthetic material auxiliaries, textile printing and dyeing agents and finishing agents, food additives, feed additives, animal drugs, oilfield chemicals, petroleum additives and refining auxiliaries, cement additives, mineral flotation agents, foundry chemicals, metal surface treatment agents, synthetic lubricants and lubricant additives, automotive chemicals, aromatic deodorizers, industrial anti-bacteria mold inhibitors, electronic chemicals and materials, functional polymer materials, biochemicals, biological materials and materials. We have a wide range of products and services, including industrial detergent formula analysis, commercial detergent formula analysis, civil detergent formula analysis, etc. We have mastered the top detergent formula analysis technology in more than 40 industries and departments.
Cooking with fire is a remarkable progress of mankind since the beginning of history; wait until the scorching of drugs, brewing vinegar, burning pottery and brick making, copper smelting iron, boiling oil and lacquer making, textile printing and dyeing, paper making and printing and other chemistry, history has passed hundreds of thousands of years. The accumulation of these skills created a valuable legacy from ancient times to the Middle Ages, and also laid the foundation for the formation of the chemical industry. (See History of the Chemical Industry)
In this regard, the invention of reactive dyestuffs, which combine dyes with fibers in chemical bonds. Synthetic fibers and their blends require new types of dyes, such as reactive disperse dyes for polyester, acrylic, and polyester/cotton blends. In addition, there are also special dyes for laser, liquid crystal and microscopic techniques. In the aspect, after the invention of the first organochlorine pesticide by P.H. Miller in Switzerland in the 1940s, a series of organochlorine and organophosphorus were developed, the latter with the special effects of stomach killing, poisoning, and endosorption. Subsequently, the requirements of efficient and low-toxicity or non-residual pesticides, such as biomimetic synthesis of the class. 60's,, the development of very fast, the emergence of a number of varieties with very good performance, such as pyridine herbicides, benzimidazole fungicides, and so on. In addition, there are antibiotic pesticides (see), such as China in 1976 developed into the Jinggangmycin used to resist rice blight. Medicine, in 1910 France made 606 arsenic preparations (the root of the effective medicine for the cure of Meisu), and then in the structural improvement made 914, 30 years of class compounds, steroidal compounds, etc. are from the structural improvement, to play the role of the special effects. 1928, the United Kingdom found that the opening of the new field of antimicrobial drugs. Later, the research of successful treatment of physiological diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, psychiatric drugs, as well as contraceptives. In addition, a number of specialized diagnostic drugs have been introduced. We got rid of the tradition of natural paints and changed to alkyd resins, acrylic resins, etc. to meet the needs of the automobile industry and other high-level finishes. After the Second World War, butadiene latex was made into water-based coatings, which became a large variety of architectural coatings. The use of high-pressure airless spraying, electrostatic spraying, electrophoretic coating, cathodic electrodeposition coating, light curing and other new technologies (see), can save labor and materials, and thus the development of the corresponding varieties of coatings.