China's small and medium-sized enterprises are numerous, accounting for more than 99% of the total number of enterprises, according to statistics, in 1997, China's independent accounting of industrial enterprises, the number of large-scale enterprises accounted for 1.5%, the output value accounted for 39.6%, the value of industrial added value accounted for 43.9%, the total capitalization accounted for 51.2%, the product sales revenue accounted for 42.9%, the total amount of profits and taxes accounted for 60.8%; in contrast, the above indicators for small and medium-sized enterprises were 98.5% of the number, 60.4% of the output value, 56.1% of the industrial added value, 53.1% of the total capitalization, 57.1% of the product sales revenue, and 39.2% of the total profits and taxes. Small and medium-sized enterprises are getting more and more attention, vigorously develop small and medium-sized enterprises so that it becomes another engine to pull the steady and sustainable growth of the economy has become more and more **** knowledge.
1.1 Definition of the concept of small and medium-sized enterprises in China
China's definition of the size of the enterprise standard, since the founding of the country has been adjusted four times. In the 1950s, the definition of enterprise size was mainly based on the number of employees owned by the enterprise, and in 1962, the definition of enterprise size in China was adjusted to be based on the value of the enterprise's fixed assets. 1978 and 1988 issued the "Standard for the Division of Large, Small and Medium-sized Industrial Enterprises", which stipulates that, for industries with a single product, the production capacity of the products can be divided according to the design production capacity or the approved production capacity; where there are many varieties of products, it is difficult to divide them according to the design production capacity or approved production capacity. For industries with a wide variety of products that are difficult to be classified according to production capacity, the original value of fixed assets shall be used as the classification standard, unless there are special provisions. We are still implementing the 1988 definition standard, which stipulates that: (1) enterprises producing a single product are generally defined by the size of their production capacity, for example, in the case of an iron and steel joint venture, enterprises with an annual production capacity of more than 1 million tons of steel are considered to be large-scale enterprises, those with an annual production capacity of 100,000 to 1 million tons are considered to be medium-sized enterprises, and those with an annual production capacity of less than 100,000 tons are considered to be small-scale enterprises. 100,000 tons of the following small enterprises; coal mining enterprises, annual output of raw coal of more than 5 million tons of large enterprises, 2 - 5 million tons of medium-sized enterprises, 2 million tons of the following small enterprises: automobile manufacturers, annual output of more than 50,000 cars for large enterprises, 0.5 - 50,000 cars for medium-sized enterprises, 0.5 - 50,000 cars for medium-sized enterprises, 0.5 - 50,000 cars for medium-sized enterprises. -- 50,000 vehicles for medium-sized enterprises, 0.5 million vehicles below for small enterprises; in addition, oil refineries, watch factories, cement factories, etc. are also based on the annual production of products as the standard for the definition of the scale: (2) for some of the customary number of production equipment to define the size of the enterprise is still based on the number of production equipment as a reference system, for example, power plant Installed capacity of more than 250,000 kilowatts of large-scale enterprises, 2.5 - 250,000 kilowatts of medium-sized enterprises, 25,000 kilowatts of the following small-scale enterprises: cotton textile mills in the spindles more than 100,000 spindles of large-scale enterprises, 5 - 100,000 spindles of medium-sized enterprises, less than 50,000 spindles for the medium-sized enterprises, 50,000 spindles or less are small enterprises; (3) for enterprises with complex products and equipment, the number of original value of fixed assets is used as a reference system to define, for example, general equipment manufacturing plants, fixed assets of more than 30 million yuan is a large-scale enterprise, 8--30 million yuan is a medium-sized enterprise, and less than 8 million yuan is a small enterprise. For example, a general equipment manufacturer with fixed assets of more than 30 million yuan is a large enterprise, 8-30 million yuan is a medium-sized enterprise, and less than 8 million yuan is a small enterprise. At present, it is still customary to use "large and medium-sized enterprises" and "small and medium-sized enterprises" in the division of the size of enterprises, i.e., the middle and upper parts of medium-sized enterprises and large enterprises to form "large and medium-sized enterprises", and the middle and upper parts of medium-sized enterprises to form "large and medium-sized enterprises". The first part of the "medium-sized enterprises" and the second part of the medium-sized enterprises and small enterprises to form the "small and medium-sized enterprises".
1.2. Small and medium-sized enterprises play an important role in national economic and social development
The role of small and medium-sized enterprises in national economic development cannot be quantified directly due to the limitations of available statistics. However, it is possible to solve this problem in a roundabout way. Since the reform and opening up, China's economic composition can be divided into two major parts: state-owned and non-state-owned, and in terms of the size composition of the non-state-owned economy, there are only 1,731 large enterprises according to our current standards for classifying the size of enterprises, and the rest belong to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). At the same time, non-state SMEs are the most dynamic part of the entire SME group and contribute the most to economic growth, and its representation better reflects the importance of SMEs to economic development. Therefore, statistics on the non-state economy can be used to extrapolate to verify the contribution of SMEs in economic development.
From 1978-1995, China's GDP average growth rate of 10.83%, of which the state-owned economy contributes 9.54%, the collective economy is 13.5%, other economic components of 55.89%, the national GDP grew by 9.7% in 1996, the state-owned enterprises only grew by 6.1%, other economic components of 55.89%. 6.1%, and other non-state economies grew by 14.2%; of the total retail sales of China's entire society in 1996, the state-owned economy grew by only 2.8%, the collective economy grew by 17.7%, and the other economies grew by 33.9%; from the point of view of the creation of industrial output value, the state-owned economy's output value decreased by 285.9 billion yuan in 1996, and the non-state economy increased by 10,560 billion yuan, which not only compensated for the decline of the state-owned economy and also kept the total industrial output value up by 770 billion, becoming the only contributor to the new output value.
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which are numerous in number and mainly clustered in labor-intensive industries, are quite prominent in their job-holding capacity as a whole although each enterprise employs a limited number of people, especially in the primary stage of economic development, where SMEs' contribution to solving the problem of employment is even more obvious. The rapid development of the non-state economy has provided an important channel for the employment of China's surplus rural labor force, the new urban labor force and the surplus labor force of state-owned enterprises. while the state-owned economy still accounted for nearly 60% of the employment opportunities provided in 1983, by 1997, the contribution of the state-owned and the non-state economies to employment had exactly reversed their positions, with the state accounting for 40% and the non-state for 60%.
The non-State economy, with small and medium-sized enterprises as its main form of existence, has developed our economy through a combination of factors, utilizing all kinds of resources at home and abroad, especially the introduction of foreign capital, technology and management. The state is no longer the only investor, and the strengthening of investment power is an important force driving the high economic growth since the reform. In terms of changes in total investment, the proportion of the state-owned economy declined from 81.89% in 1980 to 52.49% in 1997, and although it still maintains more than half of the total, the non-state economy has grown at a much faster rate, and after more than a decade of catching up, the investment power has basically equalized with that of the state-owned economy. As a result of the single form of ownership was broken, in the state-owned economy beside the gradual development and growth of the non-state economy so that the drawbacks of the state-owned economy to the fore, and promote the process of reform of the state-owned economy.
The contribution of the non-state economy to the central and local finances in the course of its growing strength has also been increasing; in 1978, the contribution of the non-state economy to the national financial income was only 13.02%, but reached 28.85% in 1995. In some areas, especially in the southeast coastal areas where the reform and opening up is earlier and the non-state economy develops faster, the contribution of the non-state economy to the local finance is even greater, and the high-tech small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are the leaders among the SMEs, which rely on scientific and technological innovations to obtain high economic benefits and at the same time create good social benefits, and become an important contributor to the profits and taxes. "Zhongguancun" is one of the gathering places of high-tech industries in China, and SMEs are the protagonists of the experimental area of Zhongguancun. If the enterprises in Zhongguancun are divided into three worlds according to their sizes, Lenovo, SIT and Founder make up the first world, generating 342 million yuan of profits and taxes in 1996, and the 46 medium-sized enterprises make up the second world, generating 1.596 billion yuan of profits and taxes in 1996, and the 46 medium-sized enterprises make up the second world. The remaining more than 4,000 small enterprises constitute the third world, generating profits and taxes of 447 million yuan in 1996, which shows that small and medium-sized enterprises as a whole bring much greater contributions to national and local finances than large enterprises.
2. The safety status of small and medium-sized enterprises in China
Since the reform and opening up, small and medium-sized enterprises have been the most rapidly developing economic forces, and have made outstanding contributions to the rapid growth of the national economy. However, due to their weak industrial base and backward safety technology, small and medium-sized enterprises have many hidden accidents, poor working environment, and relatively most serious industrial accidents and occupational hazards. These problems, if not resolved in a timely manner, will not only limit the further development of small and medium-sized enterprises to a high level, but also on the entire national economy and social development will have a significant impact.
It is well known that coal mining is the most serious industry in China, according to the preliminary estimates of the State Coal Industry Bureau, the national coal mines at one time more than 10 deaths of major accidents every year in about 70, an average of five days a. In 1996, China's production of 1.374 billion tons of coal that year, the deaths of 10,015 people. While the United States produces 960 million tons of standard coal per year, 38 people died; Russia produces 260 million tons of coal, 172 people died; India produces 290 million tons of coal, 137 people died. Compared with it, China's million-ton fatality rate is more than ten times higher. In addition, the loss of fatal accidents is also about 1.5 billion yuan per year; the national coal mine pneumoconiosis patients amounted to 121,000 people, and the medical cost is about 1.2 billion yuan per year. Small and medium-sized coal mines (mainly township-run or privately-run) are even more serious, with a high frequency of serious (especially) big accidents, a large number of deaths and injuries, and very serious occupational hazards. Within only two months from October 1 to December 17, 1998, 20 serious accidents with more than 10 deaths and 504 deaths occurred in China, almost all of which occurred in small and medium-sized coal mines, and the serious situation at that time aroused shock and widespread concern at home and abroad. Of the 73,000 township coal mines nationwide, 22,000 (about 30%) were unlicensed, and 47,000 (about 64.5%) failed to realize the "five eliminations" (i.e., elimination of one-eyed wells, natural ventilation, underground open-flame lighting, open-flame artillery, and open-knife switches). It is under these circumstances that vicious accidents in small township coal mines occur frequently. The raw coal production of small township coal mines has accounted for nearly 50% of the total national coal production, while the number of accidental deaths accounted for more than 3/4 of the total number of deaths in the national coal industry, and its death rate of one million tons of raw coal is two to three times that of the local state-run mines, and more than 10 times that of the united coal mines, especially the frequency of major accidents with more than three people and the number of deaths of more than 10 people is much higher than the frequency of major accidents with more than three people and the number of deaths is even higher than the number of deaths of local state-run and united coal mines. In particular, the frequency of major accidents with more than three people and fatalities in accidents with more than 10 people are much higher than those in local state-run and unified coal mines. Only in 1995, for example, township coal mines in the year *** occurred more than 3 people of the major casualties 418 accidents, the death of 2,493 people, respectively, accounting for 79% of the number of major accidents and deaths in the national coal and 74%.
Small township coal mines have a low degree of mechanization, backward production methods, high labor intensity, low production efficiency, the number of employees, and most of the employees work for a long time in the workplace containing a high concentration of hazardous substances, the main occupational hazards of dust (coal dust and rock dust) and noise, coupled with a lack of basic protective measures, so the occupational hazards of the township small coal mines are very serious, especially pneumoconiosis, which manifests itself in the short working age, the incidence of dust, the incidence of pneumoconiosis. The performance in the onset of short working age, the onset of young age, the course of the disease develops quickly, the incidence rate is high.
The results of the survey on township coal mines show that, in 30 counties in China, representative township coal mines were selected to determine the concentration of coal dust in different coal mining and coal seam excavation surfaces, as well as the concentration of rock dust in rock seam excavation surfaces, and out of the 93 points of measurement, only 23 points of measurement reached the requirements of the national health standards, accounting for 25% of the total number of points of measurement, which shows that the dust hazards in the operation environment of the township coal mines are very serious. The survey results of 30 counties in 15 provinces (municipalities), including Beijing, show that the failure rate of rock dust, coal dust and noise in the operating environment of the 127 small township coal mines surveyed is 82% on average. China's existing township coal mine workers more than 2 million people, according to the harmful environment of the number of employees accounted for 86.6% of the total number of existing employees, there are about 1.73 million workers exposed to coal dust, rock dust and noise exceeding the national health standards of the hazardous environment in the work.
The casualties and occupational hazards in small and medium-sized non-coal mines are just as serious as those in coal mines, with the incidence of rockfalls, underground flooding, high-temperature and heat damage, occupational poisoning, and pneumoconiosis significantly higher than those in similar large-scale mining enterprises. In recent years, non-coal mines, a death of three major accidents almost all occurred in small and medium-sized mines, in a small gold mine in Jiangxi, the prevalence of pneumoconiosis up to 50%; in another only mining more than ten years of small gold mines silicosis prevalence rate of more than 90%, in addition to the owner of the mine is almost no one was spared!
At home and abroad, the construction industry is an accident-prone industry, China's construction industry, the frequency of industrial accidents is very high, ranking first in non-mining enterprises, accounting for about 35%, but the accident mainly occurs in small and medium-sized enterprises, it is estimated that every year in the construction industry, deaths of 3,000 people in accidents, more than 70% of them are occurring in the townships and townships of the construction enterprises. At present, there are about 800,000 small and medium-sized construction enterprises in China, employing nearly 16 million people, not including a large number of itinerant workers. Some small and medium-sized construction enterprises employees lack professional knowledge and skills, construction machinery and equipment is old, simple, mostly manual work, not after the most basic safety training, illegal operation, risky construction is common, the hidden danger of accidents is very prominent, the casualty rate is very high. This situation not only threatens the life and health of construction workers, but also due to the low level of craftsmanship, construction quality is poor, but also often cause construction quality accidents, resulting in deaths and injuries, shocked the Chinese and foreign countries in Chongqing Rainbow Bridge incident is a clear example of a small chemical industry in small and medium-sized enterprises accounted for a large proportion of the industry, but also one of the most serious occupational hazards. A survey of 1,700 township enterprises producing toxic and hazardous chemicals, such as benzene and its derivatives and chlorine, in Jiangsu province showed that 28% of the enterprises surveyed could not meet basic safety conditions. Township chemicals also involve flammable and explosive substances, and they often lead to major accidents and a large number of casualties, as in the case of a chemical explosion at a township enterprise on the outskirts of Tianjin on June 26, 1996, which resulted in a vicious accident in which 19 people were killed and 14 seriously injured.
Some small chemical enterprises lack basic knowledge of safety and health, even in the absence of any protective measures in the case of large quantities of highly toxic, strongly carcinogenic chemicals and flammable and explosive substances, for example, there is a chemical processing enterprises to chloroform ether, a strong lung cancer-causing chemicals as an organic solvent to utilize a new technology.
The situation in other types of small and medium-sized enterprises, such as machinery, building materials, iron and steel, and transportation industries, was similar. For example, the production of asbestos products, especially crocidolite, can not only lead to asbestosis? A type of pneumoconiosis, but also can cause lung cancer and mesothelioma, two malignant tumors, is recognized as a strong carcinogen in the world, in many industrialized countries has been expressly prohibited the use of, but in the east of China's Jiangsu and Zhejiang regions and the southwest of Dianchuan and so on, even as it is a doorway to prosperity to develop, so that small cotton spinning workshop blossomed all over the place, the harm is extremely serious.
Since China has not yet established a perfect reporting and statistical analysis system in the statistics of industrial accidents, and in fact, there are still the drawbacks of multiple statistics, and the official statistics have not been analyzed according to the size of the enterprise, but also for small and medium-sized enterprises accounted for the vast majority of the township enterprises according to the classification of the industry for the accident statistics, so it is extremely difficult to understand the current situation of industrial accidents in China's small and medium-sized industrial enterprises. Therefore, it is extremely difficult to understand the current situation of industrial accidents in small and medium-sized industrial enterprises in China. According to the national statistics on occupational accidents published by the Ministry of Labor, the total number of deaths in township and village enterprises each year is nearly 10,000, accounting for half of the total number of deaths in occupational accidents. According to another study by the Ministry of Labor, the death rate in township and village enterprises is about one in a thousand, four to five times higher than that in state-owned enterprises, which is a very serious situation.
On the other hand, in the casualty data that have been counted, there are often more deaths than serious injuries, which is not in line with the reality, and the information from the authorities of the various industries is that China's accident statistics for small and medium-sized enterprises, especially small enterprises in townships and villages, due to the weakness of the management team, the unfavorable means of management, and in some areas due to the local protectionism, and the administrative control of accident statistics by some local governments for the sake of political achievements. In some areas, due to local protectionism, some local governments intervene administratively in accident statistics in order to protect their political performance, so there are cases of accidents not being reported, concealed and handled privately. Therefore, China's existing occupational casualty statistics are not comprehensive, accident statistics can not objectively reflect the current situation of occupational safety in China.
3. Actively promote ergonomics technology in small and medium-sized enterprises
The successful experience of industrially developed countries and other developing countries tells us that to improve the safety status quo of small and medium-sized industrial enterprises, we must first change the previous practice of focusing only on safety from the conceptual point of view. As a production enterprise, the first priority is production, and all reforms and progress must be centered on this core. The same is true for safety. Experience has also taught us that not all effective improvements require high financial investment. In fact, most of the very effective reform measures carried out in SMEs are low-cost, which not only improve productivity and product quality and bring obvious economic benefits to the enterprise, but also improve labor conditions, reduce occupational hazards, and reduce the incidence of accidents and occupational diseases, which in turn further reduces the cost of production (downtime due to accidents and loss of man-hours, damage to equipment, and treatment and compensation for employees' injuries and illnesses). This further reduces production costs (lost working hours due to accidents, damage to equipment, treatment and compensation for injuries and illnesses), increases workers' own income due to improved corporate efficiency, and makes them more satisfied with their work due to safer and more comfortable work, which makes the company more attractive and in turn creates a healthy corporate atmosphere and advances social progress.
China's small and medium-sized accidents, poor safety conditions for many reasons, from the existence of problems and technology needs to analyze the most important reason for the low level of safety management and safety technology and equipment backwardness, there is an urgent need to strengthen technological innovation, technological innovation, to fundamentally change the situation of China's small and medium-sized safety and health of the situation is grim.
The successful experience of industrialized countries and other developing countries shows that in small and medium-sized enterprises to ergonomics as the main body of scientific and technological innovation is to improve the level of production safety is the most effective measures. Ergonomics has been called the science of the 1990s and the new century. At the dawn of the new century, a clear trend has been noticed that ergonomics will play an increasingly important role in promoting production development and social progress. Ergonomics has already taken its place in the field of pioneering research aimed at safety, high productivity and quality. Ergonomics is a comprehensive discipline. It focuses on the study of people at work, adapting work to people through design, and maximizing work efficiency while protecting people. Therefore, it is also an applied science. Testimonials. Taking Fujian Province as an example, 50.5% of the industrial and commercial tax revenue in 1994 was collected by non-state-owned Ergonomics' technical approach is to improve the safety and health technology level by improving labor management, working condition, production tools and providing labor protection technology without requiring enterprises to make a big cost investment. Ergonomics is very suitable for developing countries, especially small and medium-sized enterprises in developing countries, because of its advantages of low investment, quick results, easy promotion and broad prospects for technological innovation. For most of the industrial enterprises in China, ergonomics is a new technical field, and it is almost a blank in SMEs. In order to make the advanced technology of ergonomics gradually be introduced, promoted, popularized and applied in SMEs in China, first of all, we should formulate a careful plan, on the basis of which we should do a good job of investigating and analyzing the demand of various ergonomics technologies, put forward the technical guidelines suitable for the economic and technological status quo of our country, and gradually establish a technical service system for SMEs, which is a very important and fundamental technical work in the field of safety production in China.
According to the survey and analysis of ergonomics technology demand in China, it is a very important basic technology work in the field of safety production.
According to the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in China and the status quo of safety technology level, the main technical needs in safe production are manifested in three aspects.
(1) for China's small and medium-sized safety technology lagging behind the status quo, there is an urgent need to have *** and comprehensive safety production technology issues to give technical guidance. Its output is in the form of a guide to safe production technology for small and medium-sized enterprises. The guide can be divided into a comprehensive guide and a categorized guide for each type of SME. The guide gives how to prevent casualties and control occupational hazards by adopting scientific, simple and effective safety technology under the conditions of the current stage of production development level, and it can also be used as an outline for the training of small enterprises in production safety technology.
(2) Widely popularize the technical methods of ergonomics in small and medium-sized enterprises, reduce the load of workers, improve the man-machine environment, and free workers from tiring and dangerous working conditions. Design ergonomics programs and corresponding tools and equipments for different industries and different working styles, so as to strive for the best safety and economic benefits with the cheapest inputs and the most scientific methods. To change because of poor equipment conditions, insufficient investment is difficult to solve the problem of production safety such an outdated concept, so that ergonomics this most applicable to developing countries and the most suitable for small and medium-sized enterprises in the development of advanced technology in China's small and medium-sized enterprises.
The research and application of ergonomics in industrialized countries has a history of several decades and is gradually expanding and perfecting, and has accumulated a lot of successful experience in the design of workplaces, machines and tools, and work. Practice has proved that ergonomics has played a positive role in solving occupational safety and health problems.
China in the research and application of ergonomics has also carried out some research, but the development is uneven, especially in the improvement of small and medium-sized industrial enterprises in the application of research is still almost a blank. In the "industrial safety and health basic data manual" published in 1997, can be found in the only introduction on the safety of hand aids only 5 kinds, used in the machinery industry. It can be said that in our country, ergonomics applications in the development of production, promote social progress, the potential is very huge, but is still far from being explored, and has not attracted enough attention.
In our country, the research and application of ergonomics must focus on the following principles: to develop the country's social economy, promote social progress as the policy, to the country's basic conditions as a starting point, to develop production, improve productivity and product quality, reduce industrial accidents and occupational diseases for the purpose of the project with less investment, wide-ranging, quick results as the focus of the project to a practical, simple and flexible methods as the main means
To cultivate technical personnel at all levels as a long-term plan, and standardization as the direction of efforts.
Specifically, the application of ergonomics in small and medium-sized enterprises should be based on work-site ergonomics improvement programs, including hand tools, trolleys, material loading and unloading techniques, workbench arrangements, workplace welfare facilities and group work styles designed from the ergonomics point of view, in addition to ergonomic aspects of the development of competent specialists and well-trained technicians in the production of Practical application of ergonomic aspects in production developed by competent experts and well-trained technicians, and dissemination of successful on-site improvement measures carried out at the grass-roots level in the same industry. It is foreseeable that the implementation of these measures will surely produce great economic and social benefits.
(3) Establishing a scientific management system for production safety suitable for small and medium-sized enterprises, such as adopting a regional management plan for high-gas mines in areas with a concentration of small and medium-sized coal mines, and starting from scientific management to improve the ability of planning, monitoring, management, information exchange and emergency rescue in accident-prone areas and industries. In order to make the safety management of small and medium-sized enterprises scientific and standardized, a number of types of experimental small and medium-sized enterprise production safety model districts can be constructed, and regional production safety standardization management can be implemented for small and medium-sized enterprises in the experimental districts, with attention paid to low-cost technological innovations and technological reforms carried out in small and medium-sized industrial enterprises in the course of their work with the aim of improving production efficiency. To carry out the application of ergonomics as an important technical means of low-cost technological innovation, technological transformation application research pilot, mainly for enterprises to cause low productivity, poor labor conditions in the process, production equipment and production methods, the application of the principles of ergonomics, through the design and renovation, so as to achieve the purpose of technological progress, improve production efficiency, enhance the intrinsic safety of production and prevention of accidents. It is worth mentioning that, due to the geographical dispersion of small and medium-sized enterprises, different types, low level of technology, and financial and material resources are also weak, it is difficult to carry out a more comprehensive scientific and technological innovation activities alone, but also difficult to the safety of production of new technology pre-research and trial to invest a lot of strength, which requires the national science and technology departments and local governments can give greater guidance and support. Only after ensuring a certain intensity of scientific and technological investment, it is possible to promote small and medium-sized safety science and technology really have a big leap. The. The economy provides.
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