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The current young generation is actually a generation in the midst of China's social transformation, and is destined to bear the burden of paying the price of that transformation. Their previous generation, in fact, is still eating the traditional system of the old meal, not really into the market competition; their next generation, because of the continuous progress of society and get a large degree of labor protection; and their generation, will be doomed to 20 years later in the "white-collar unemployment wave" into the Chinese society's most miserable people. This is the price of the times, there is no way.
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First of all, we have to clarify a widely spread saying: the first job after college is not important.
This is absolutely extremely wrong. It has given the majority of moncler outlet store college graduates a false sense of understanding, and has caused irreparable damage to a significant number of people! The choice of employment for college students is a critical decision that is extremely important and has a major impact on a person's life within ten years.
So what kind of job is better to find? What kind of industry is considered good? Is it better to have a big company or a small company? How to correctly understand the current wage and future development? A series of problems in front of the college students. Here I first analyze the macro strategy to be considered, and then individual answers to specific questions.
First, the current stage of China's workplace interest group division
This is the first big problem that a college graduate should know. The director of the school will not talk to you, the company recruitment will not talk to you, because only a small number of people can share the benefits; your parents will not necessarily talk to you, because they are likely to be confused. If this part has been made very clear to you, or you personally have perceived it very keenly, then congratulations! You can already close this article because you are already understanding and don't need me to waste my words.
(1) The 5 Quadrants of Interest
China's society is in the midst of an important transition: from a planned economy to a "market economy with Chinese characteristics". This process is a redistribution of interests. In the job market, we can categorize the various interest units in terms of broad aspects as follows:
1. civil servants (including institutions)
2. state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in the monopoly industry
3. state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in the competitive industry
4. foreign enterprises
5. private enterprises
Almost all interest units can find their place in the above categorization. Position. The first thing you need to understand is that this is not a theoretical study, it is directly related to your future career, income, status and family. The first thing you need to understand is that the company (organization) that is going to hire you at the job fair actually belongs to which quadrant?
Different quadrants have different power and resources. This results in a much different ability to earn income from employment in different quadrants. Make sure you understand this clearly before you choose a company. In current China, social resources are highly concentrated in the hands of a few civil servants (i.e. officials), and monopolized state-owned enterprises. However, the income of civil servant groups varies greatly from region to region, as the level of social wealth is not the same. Although the state stipulates the same salary package for everyone, if you go to Guangdong and East China to find out the actual annual income of civil servants, you will have no difficulty in understanding why so many of your peers are applying for the civil service. In fact, even in less economically developed areas, civil servants are still among the higher income groups in the local population. And perhaps more crucially, the risks are very low. Returns and risks are directly proportional, you must have learned that in class, right? Haha, for your information, that's a Western economic principle, we are Chinese and different. To be a civil servant in China, the risk is small and the reward is big. Maybe you will say, not right ah, in which place you, civil servants treatment is not good ah? Then I have to tell you: firstly, you can't just look at the surface income without looking at the gray part; secondly, China currently allows inter-regional mobility of people, so because the level of economic wealth varies greatly from region to region, civil servants in backward regions are indeed worse off than the average white-collar worker in developed regions. This is where the complexity of the interest pattern is so great that there are no absolutes.
Let's take another look at state-owned enterprises. When it comes to state-owned enterprises, many people immediately think of layoffs. This concept is also wrong. First of all, the dismissal of employees is not unique to the state-owned enterprises, a large number of private enterprises every year in a large number of dismissal of employees, and there is no one to give them compensation, to give them "placement". At the same time, not all state-owned enterprises are ineffective and need to lay off their employees. When we look at the pattern of interests, we must first look at who has the power and resources. In China, to put it bluntly, whoever owns the power of the government and the monopoly power of the industry, it is difficult to think of poor efficiency. This is not a simple division between state-owned enterprises or private enterprises. For example, China Mobile, telecommunications, banks, oil, these monopoly industries in the big state-owned enterprises, all good benefits. And those state-owned enterprises in the competitive industries that the state has "completely liberalized", almost all of them are finished two words (excluding the industry pretending to liberalize). There is a very clear line of development here: in the early 1990s, only state-owned enterprises existed, and the private sector was very weak. The long-term low-wage, high-benefit policy of the state-owned enterprises made the first batch of people entering the market economy after the floodgates were opened to taste the sweetness of "high" wages; at the end of the 1990s, with the year 2000 as the dividing line, the current situation has changed significantly. Under the policy of "grasping the big and letting go of the small", the state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in the monopolized industries quickly made use of their administrative resources to enter the market economy, and without any doubt, they were invincible and gained a large amount of profits; the current stage, with 2005 as the demarcation line, is the beginning of another brand-new stage. MBOs have been taking place all over the world. In this case, the monopoly state-owned enterprises will be divided, the specific development of the prediction is more complicated, I will analyze in another article specifically. But in any case, at the current stage monopoly SOEs are a very strong high-income group. It is important to note that even those employees of SOEs in competing industries who are now laid off and bankrupt at the age of 45 or so, when they were employed at your age, they still had the best jobs and the highest incomes at that time. It's just that the pattern of interest has now changed.
Then look at the situation of foreign enterprises. Foreign companies rely mainly on financial strength, relationships with the government, and high levels of management to do things, and can be considered the first real enterprises in China. However, they still have to abide by China's unspoken rules in China. Since foreign companies that are able to operate across borders are generally more powerful, they are a very powerful unit of interest and a high-income unit of employment. The first thing you need to do is to get your hands on some of the most popular products and services in the world, and you'll be able to do that with the help of your own personal computer.
Look at the situation of private enterprises, which still don't make up the bulk of China's economy. They are relatively weak in terms of both government power and possession of resources. In fully competitive industries, it is mainly the group of private enterprises that went in earlier that have grown big and have some power. And a large number of private enterprises in the full market competition in the quality of life are not high. Because China is not a real market mechanism, the relevant laws and regulations are very unsound, or there is no law, or some people have the right not to follow, which caused China's fully competitive industries, "distortion of the competition" phenomenon; in the industry is not fully competitive, the private sector is mainly dependent on the survival of some of the units that have the resources around this state of affairs. In the non-perfectly competitive industries, private enterprises are mainly attached to certain units with resources, which is like a bug attached to a tree, forming one non-competitive interest group after another. Due to the legal form of occupational protection is the same as a sham, as well as the lack of labor unions and other forces to represent the interests of employees, directly resulting in the private sector employees in the workplace as a vulnerable group. You may ask why the state cares about the laid-off employees of state-owned enterprises but not the dismissed employees of private enterprises? It's simple, because the laid-off employees of state-owned enterprises are already old and can no longer find jobs that are sufficient to maintain their original standard of living. While China's marketization process has just begun, most of the employees of private enterprises are young people, and the social problems are not obvious.
Well, it's clearer now, right? The first thing to look at is which quadrant the company you want to work for is in. The quadrant attributes determine the income and status you may get later on from the general trend. And your personal ability is a small splash on the big wave. It can be said that the ability to judge the general trend is much more important than the ability to engage in specific things. Maybe you want to say, as if there are people with high incomes in any quadrant. Yes, but you mustn't forget that the likelihood of high income and status, and the amount of effort required to achieve it, varies from quadrant to quadrant. In some quadrants, you just have to keep up with the average, and after 5 years you can easily save a lot of money and buy a house and a car; in some quadrants, you have to work very hard, and after 10 years, it is possible for you to save some money and buy a house and a car, and by the time you have reached this level, the people who started at the same time as you did in the dominant quadrant have already saved more money and replaced their houses and cars with bigger ones. The quadrant is the difference between good and bad, the starting point of the same people, due to the choice of a different development channel, the same are very hard, but the results will fall into the world of difference.
Secondly, just looking at which quadrant is not enough. Because in the same quadrant, there are still huge, subtle differences caused by human factors!
Two: A Generation in Transition
Things in China have to be seen through a magnifying glass to be clear, which is why foreigners can never really understand Chinese society. The artificial differences mentioned above also vary by quadrant of interest:
1. Civil servants, state-owned enterprise category, differences between regular and non-regular workers
Are there non-regular workers among government workers? Yes, if you still don't know, it only shows that you are lonely. There are two types of government workers: regular civil servants and so-called "government employees". In some places, especially in economically poor provinces, there is not much difference in income between the two; the more economically rich the province, the greater the difference in income between the two. There is a great difficulty for government employees to be converted to official state civil servants, and it is basically unthinkable to do so without connections. Therefore, even if you have passed the national civil service examination, even if you have been accepted by a government unit, you must inquire clearly whether you are going to be a civil servant or a government employee.
All state-owned enterprises in China have a difference between regular and non-regular workers. This institutional arrangement stems directly from the state's control over an individual's identity in a planned economy. Back in the day, it was usually the "good" people who became the formal workers, and the bad ones were the informal workers. This system of origin has now been swept into the dustbin of history, but the so-called employment system has survived, and has been given a new meaning at the same time. In the case of monopolistic state-owned enterprises, having tasted the big sweetness in the market by taking advantage of the monopoly, it is natural that they should step up their efforts to reap the benefits of the market. This is when human resources become a problem. On the one hand, the old regular workers, like the Eight Banners soldiers, have long since lost their courage and ability to fight, so what kind of people will be used to attack the market? On the other hand, the central government has been asking these monopolistic state-owned enterprises to restructure, optimize the staff structure and reduce staff costs, so how to optimize? How to reduce it? It is very simple. Recruit a large number of non-regular workers. On the one hand, these fresh blood to attack the market, as cannon fodder, to solve the problem of human resources; on the other hand, the wages of these unofficial workers for marketization (monopoly state-owned enterprises, the wage level of the formal workers is much higher than the market level), which lowers the per capita cost of the entire enterprise, to complete the restructuring of the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission laid out one of the requirements, and will not harm the interests of the formal workers (the leadership of the state-owned enterprises is the formal workers interests of the representatives of). (the leadership of SOEs is the representative of the interests of regular workers). This shows that SOEs have been transformed into market freaks, utilizing state power to obtain market benefits on the one hand, and becoming a tool for a small group of people to obtain benefits on the other. However, it is important to note that it is still possible to enter the group of formal workers, because the formal workers are a loose interest group, and this group also needs to constantly absorb new blood, otherwise it will be marginalized and eventually lose its dominant position. Informal workers earn about 1/2 to 1/4 of what formal workers earn. of course, this is not a moral analysis here, but rather a way for you to understand clearly whether you are going to be a formal worker or an informal worker.
2. Foreign enterprise category, the difference between continental and non-continental workers
In foreign enterprises, the difference is mainly between continental and non-continental workers. The wages of mainland workers are generally 1/5 to 1/10 of those of non-mainland workers, which is reasonable. Because 90% of the reasons for foreign companies to invest in China is because you people are cheap, not because you are an ancient civilization, and not because you have three representatives. People's demands are reasonable. Of course, even this 1/5 to 1/10 of the income is still very good compared to other nationals. Of course, working for a foreign company is tiring, and the risk is directly proportional to the reward. Then why do foreign companies still recruit non-mainland workers? Here you have to know clearly that it is mainly because of 3 reasons: firstly, they need some people who can be trusted to manage them (people who are bound by the laws of legalized countries); secondly, they need some people who are proficient in English (able to think in English) to manage them; and thirdly, they need some people who have an international vision to manage them. Does that mean you can only be a continental worker? Not really. One thing you should be clear about is that you also have the opportunity to become a non-continental worker. This is why so many people go to the United States to study. Of course, it is not enough just to study in the United States, you must be employed in the United States and get a green card. Nowadays, many CEOs of foreign-funded enterprises were working as manual laborers in the U.S. in the beginning to mix the green card, and then because of the advantage of proficiency in both languages, multinational enterprises need to set up representative offices in China, so they look for such a person to do the so-called "chief representative", and then gradually promoted, and that's the way it is. Of course, with more and more foreign exchanges now, the requirements are getting higher, but to become a non-continental worker, it is still possible.
3. Private enterprise category, the difference between shareholding workers and non-shareholding workers
In private enterprises, the difference is mainly between shareholding workers and non-shareholding workers. Shareholding workers are mainly found in companies that use shares to attract people, and are employees who join at the initial start-up stage. Huawei, for example, has a large number of equity workers. Non-shareholders are those who join later, or those who join early but are of little value to the company. After the start-up phase, companies generally no longer need to use shares to attract junior staff, and recruitment is mainly to fill combat attrition - as people leave, new ones are recruited. Options are generally used for senior managers, and since this paper analyzes the employment of college students, it has nothing to do with it. Most of the private enterprises in China are in a very poor survival environment, it is difficult to protect themselves, and the treatment of employees can be imagined. Of course, the probability of failure of entrepreneurial private enterprises is very high. Before you decide to go to the private enterprise, you must understand clearly, is the entrepreneurial expansion type of private enterprise, or supplemental combat attrition type?
The younger generation is actually a generation in the midst of China's social transformation and is destined to bear the cost of that transformation. Their previous generation, in fact, is still eating the traditional system of the old meal, did not really put into the market competition; their next generation, because of the continuous progress of society and get a large degree of labor protection; and their generation, will be destined to 20 years after the "white-collar unemployment wave" into the Chinese society's most miserable people. This is the price of the times, there is no way out.
Three, career design
On the whole, this generation is destined to bear the cost of social transformation. But individually, they can still try their best to get a good result. This is also the significance of this article.
In fact, from the above analysis, it can be said that it is already clear which quadrants of the job market are better and which are worse. In order to have a clearer view, they are ranked as follows:
1. Non-continental workers in foreign enterprises
2. Civil servants in economically developed regions
3. Formal workers in monopolized state-owned enterprises
4. Share-holding workers in private enterprises
5. Continental workers in foreign enterprises
6. Government employees
7. Formal workers in competing state-owned enterprises
8.
8. unofficial workers in monopoly state enterprises
9. unofficial workers in competing state enterprises
10. non-shareholding workers in private enterprises
Maybe you can give some counter-examples, but be careful, the above is a summary of the general situation and does not include some special cases, such as the situation where your place is particularly poor, and civil servants don't get any grey income, and so on.
Well, what you have to remember when you are looking for a job is to go as high as you can. Don't be fooled by the rhetoric, don't be confused by some so-called human resources experts who say "look at the long term". You must remember that the higher you stand, the farther you can jump, and in the long run, the higher you start, the farther you can jump. Don't believe in the so-called career design of the experts, that's not true.
Four, specific questions and answers
1. How to distinguish between formal and informal jobs?
For civil servants, ask if they are in the state establishment. If not into the establishment, that is, government employees; for state-owned enterprises, do not ask directly whether the formal workers, they will tell you righteously: "We are all formal employees here". You should note that there is an extra word here: formal "employee", which is divided into regular and non-regular workers. (Remember, China's state-owned enterprises and CCTV is a family, said the words must listen to the opposite, or you must be fooled) You'd better find insiders to understand, so the most clear. If you don't know anyone, you should look at him to see what department is the main operation of this recruitment. If it is a business unit in their own recruitment, rather than the headquarters of the Human Resources Department to recruit, most likely informal workers. Finally, you can ask how long it will take to be "regularized", if they blink, still explaining that "it's all official", or they tell you that there is a "probationary period" of 3-6 months, then you can be sure that it's informal. If they are still explaining "it's all official", or if they tell you a 3-6 month "probationary period", then you can be sure that it's not official.
2. Do you care what you start earning?
A lot of experts talk a lot of nonsense about this. They believe that you should not care too much about the income in the beginning, but look at the long-term development. This is typical of irresponsible experts. Can you imagine what determines the income of a position? It's simple: between different companies, positions in companies with good market forms and long-term development earn more than the same positions in companies with no future; within a company, important positions with long-term development plans earn more than temporary positions with no future. The high level of starting income reflects the company's view of the importance of your position. Do you think an important position has a future, or do you think an unimportant position has a future?
3. Go to a big company or a small company?
There is also a deceptive claim that going to a smaller company is more of a workout. This is ridiculous. Smaller companies are not as strong, and often do not have the talent or the resources to do the marketing that they need to be strong. This means that you can't learn from the real masters, and you can't gain experience in large-scale marketing operations. Remember, exercising the ability to fight big battles is much more valuable than exercising the experience of one or two people fighting alone.
4. Will white-collar workers lose their jobs?
The answer is: "Yes, and there will be mass unemployment." One thing you have to realize is that China is a country with endless human resources, and there are still so many peasants waiting to join the urban employment army. The so-called white-collar workers nowadays are just eating their youth. When they are around 40 years old, a large number of new young graduates will be able to do the same job for lower wages than them (presumably by then China's labor protection act will still be inadequate, and there will be few labor unions to protect them), and at that time, there will be the first large-scale wave of white-collar unemployment in China.
5. Do you want to be a professional or a salesperson?
Depends on the individual situation, in general, first of all, to see whether they have the potential to do sales; secondly, to see whether the sales of the field of technical content, do not give up their own professional and go to do not have any technical content of the sales business. If you already have a very technical specialty, such as medicine, law, etc., do not give up, the opportunity cost is too high. You need to know that there are not many people who can compete with you in this field of specialization (don't just keep your eyes on those medical graduates who graduate every year), because you need to know that if you change your profession to sell insurance, there will be tens of millions of vocational high school students and unemployed youths competing with you, and most likely, you will not be able to compete with them. However, a career in marketing is often a shortcut if it's in a skilled field.
6. What are the best channels to find a job?
Different channels are used to post different jobs. For example, the recruitment website is a channel for foreign companies to recruit mainland workers and private companies to recruit non-shareholders; state-owned enterprises to recruit non-official workers use newspapers and job markets; and civil servants and state-owned enterprises to recruit official workers, most of them have to be introduced through internal relations.
7. What kind of industry is better?
Here we must pay attention to, college graduates looking for work, mainly looking for the industry, rather than looking at whether you learn the major "counterparts". The first thing you need to do is to look at the industry and see if you can find a way to get it right. Now the good industry in the future does not have to be good. In China in the next five years I am more optimistic about the industry: microelectronics, finance, construction, law, medicine, biochemistry. If your major happens to be one of these, that's great; if not, it doesn't matter, you can go to graduate school, or you can do marketing work in these fields. Remember, to be a Sales, you also have to be a Sales in these promising industries, and not to be a Sales in the supermarket.