Question 2: What are the top ten building construction companies in China? 1 China Railway Construction Corporation (the world's top 500, the most powerful, one of the largest mega-comprehensive construction group)
2 China State Construction Engineering Corporation (in 1982, the important state-owned backbone enterprises, China's largest construction enterprise group)
3 Guangdong Provincial Construction Engineering Group Co. (in 1953, China's largest construction real estate, the most internationally competitive construction enterprise group)
5 China State Construction International Group Limited (one of Hong Kong's large-scale builders, China and even the world's leading enterprises in the construction industry)
6 Beijing Construction Engineering Group Limited (in 1953, China's large-scale conglomerate, the backbone of the construction of the capital)
6 Beijing Construction Engineering Group Limited (in 1953, China's large-scale conglomerate. (in 1953, China's large enterprise group, the backbone of the construction of the capital city)
7 Sichuan Huaxi Group Co Ltd (in 1950, the backbone of the state-owned enterprises, large-scale enterprise group
8 Guangsha Construction Group Co Ltd (the Ministry of Construction of the first batch of 49 large-scale group pilot units, excellent construction enterprises)
9 Shanghai Construction Engineering Group Co Ltd (one of the top 500 Chinese enterprises, the world's largest contractor)
9 Shanghai Construction Engineering Group Co Ltd (one of the top 500 Chinese enterprises, one of the world's largest contractor) )
10 Hunan Construction Group Corporation (in 1952, Hunan Province, one of the top 100 enterprises, China's top 500 enterprises).
Question 3: What are the types of infrastructure? What are the characteristics of each? 1, reinforced concrete raft foundation: the entire foundation force is uniform, to a certain extent, can resist uneven settlement of the foundation to the upper building caused by the phenomenon of tension cracks, etc.;
2, cup foundation: for geological conditions are not good for the local area and the cost of reclamation is too large to use this foundation, can save a certain amount of cost;
3, strip base and independent column base: strip base is generally used in geological conditions, the upper structure of a good place, the upper structure of a good place, the upper structure of a good place, the upper structure of the upper structure of a good place.
3, strip foundation and independent column foundation: strip foundation is generally used in good geological conditions, the weight of the superstructure is relatively low in the case of a small; a single base should not be used in the place where uneven settlement will occur;
4, box foundation: the local stress point is very large or dynamic loads;
5, pile foundation: force and force transfer effect is good;
Problem 4: What are the commonly used in the construction industry stress analysis and calculation software? Building commonly used force analysis and calculation software at a glance
Look at the map to talk about one of the architectural design tools: Dassault Dassault Caitia; representative case: the Bird's Nest; features: originated in the design of the aircraft, the most powerful three-dimensional CAD software, the unique surface modeling capabilities, applied to the most complex, the most heterogeneous three-dimensional architectural design
Look at the map to talk about the building design tools No. 2: Google's Sketchmaster Skechup; representative case: widely used; features: easiest to use, fast modeling, most suitable for pre-construction program speculation, because the establishment of the shape of the model, difficult to use for the later design and construction drawings
Look at the map to talk about the architectural design tools No. 3: the United States Robert McNeel's rhino Rhino; widely used in industrial styling design, simple and fast, and widely used in industrial styling design, simple and fast, and widely used in industrial styling design, simple and fast, and widely used in industrial styling design. In industrial modeling design, simple, fast, unconstrained free-form 3D and high-level surface modeling tools, in the construction of surface modeling can be a big hand, case: Foster's Reinsurance Building contains pictures:
Look at the map to speak of architectural design tools No. 4: Hungary's Graphisoft's ArchiCAD, Europe's more widely used 3D architectural design software, set of 3D modeling display, program and construction drawings
Look at the map to talk about the architectural design tools of the Fifth: the U.S. Autodesk's Revit, an excellent three-dimensional architectural design software, a set of 3D Modeling display, program and construction drawings in one, easy to use, but complex modeling capabilities are limited, and due to the support of Chinese standards and codes, the structure, professional calculations and construction drawings are still difficult to apply in-depth; Case: Hunan Provincial Architectural Design Institute of Haiti's stadium project contains pictures:
See the map to talk about the architectural design tools of the sixth: Bentley's Architecture series of three-dimensional architectural design software. Architecture series of 3D architectural design software, powerful, set 3D modeling display, program and construction drawings in one, but the use of complex, and due to the support of Chinese standards and norms of the problem, the structure, professional calculations and construction drawings are still difficult to apply in-depth; Case: a long history, widely used in the world's many large-scale complex architectural projects and infrastructure, industrial projects contains pictures
Look at the picture to talk about the seventh architectural design tools: the United States Autodeskt company's 3DMax, we are most familiar with the rendering and animation software, powerful, set of 3D modeling, rendering and animation show in one, but not a real design software, only for the program show; case: almost all the rendering is inseparable from the picture contains:
Look at the picture to talk about Architectural design tools of the eight: the mainstream software for domestic building design - Tianzheng building, Swire, Li Zheng building, etc., based on the AutoCAD platform, fully comply with the Chinese standard specifications and designers habits, almost become the standard of the construction drawings design, and at the same time have a three-dimensional custom entity function, but also can be applied in the three-dimensional modeling of the building of the more regular Contains a picture:
Look at the picture to talk about the design of buildings Tool No. 9: Domestic mainstream software for building water supply and drainage design - Rizheng Water Supply and Drainage, Tianzheng Water Supply and Drainage, Hao Chen Water Supply and Drainage, etc., based on the AutoCAD platform, fully compliant with the Chinese standard specifications and designers' habits, the set of construction drawings design and automatic generation of calculations as a whole, widely used. Contains pictures:
See the picture to speak Architectural design tools of the tenth: Domestic building HVAC design mainstream software - Hongye HVAC, Tianzheng HVAC, Haochen HVAC, etc., based on the AutoCAD platform, fully comply with the Chinese standards and specifications and designers' habits, set of construction drawings and automatic generation of calculations as a whole, widely used. Contains pictures:
View Diagram Building Design Tools No. 11: Domestic mainstream software for building electrical design - Bochao Electric, Tianzheng Electric, Hao Chen Electric, etc., based on AutoCAD platform, fully comply with the Chinese standard specifications and designers' habits, set of construction drawings and automatic generation of calculations as a whole, widely used. Contains pictures:
See the picture to speak The twelfth of the building design tools: the mainstream software for domestic building structure design - PKPM structure (national standard development unit, independent platform), Guangsha structure ( AutoCAD platform), and explorer structure (( AutoCAD platform, used for structural analysis of post-processing, out of the structure of the construction drawings), are fully compliant with the Chinese standards and norms and the habits of designers, widely used. The application of a wide range of pictures included:
See the picture to speak Architectural design tools of the thirteenth: domestic building energy-saving design main ...... >>
Question 5: What kinds of building structure systems are there? It is best to have pictures and descriptions Masonry
1. Economy, bearing capacity is a little worse, the general number of floors will not be a lot
2. Reinforced block structure: in the masonry with reinforcing bars, especially seismic weak zone, so the bearing capacity has been improved
Concrete:
1. Frame: large span, large internal space, the space is more randomly separated, as long as you do not mind a Large columns protruding, generally use this, plant and other public buildings are more often used
2. Shear wall: similar to masonry in appearance, but can be built very high, because the bearing capacity and overall performance of reinforced concrete must be much better than masonry, and because of the shear wall with a wall bearer, so more than the frame system of the bearer system is dense, so it is generally higher than the frame structure
3. Frame-shear wall structure: it is the combination of frame structure and shear wall structure, and can form a more open and free space, but also has a larger stiffness, generally the wall will be located in the stairwell, elevator room, exterior walls and other parts of the wall, do not give the intermediate spatial segregation of the impact
Steel structure
1. truss: a combination of rods, generally used as a roof rack, etc., the rods are only axial force, not subject to bending
2. Bend
2. tower: do transmission tower and so on, see it, and truss is actually similar to the principle
3. net frame / net shell: or truss evolution, just rod arrangement is more dense and fine, may be beautiful it
4. row frame: more used in the plant, and the frame is a bit like, but the general use of roofing for the top
5. membrane structure: The use of PVC material (may also be other high polyester and other materials, I'm not very clear) to do the characteristics of the structure of the periphery, saving and light weight, seismic favorable, PVC materials, there are similar to the internal net frame and so on the rigid structural system of support, just use PVC material instead of light steel plate
6. Of course, the steel structure can be made into a frame
Other Structures
1.
1. Bottom frame structure: the bottom is the frame seismic wall, above is the masonry, this is also a lot of, below the store, above the residence, the use of high value, but in the frame and masonry conversion place is often due to the stiffness of the sudden change caused by the weak layer, the design of the time to be particularly careful
2. Shaped columns structure: it is a special columns, the general concrete columns is a rectangular cross-section, the shaped columns can be made of T-type, L-type, cross type, this column bearing capacity is not as good as rectangular section, but can meet the requirements of residential interior do not want to appear convex
3. In fact, the structure can be combined arbitrarily, but too arbitrary on the seismic unfavorable, the general formal design units will not use too strange structural system, the theory is not mature, prone to accidents
Ultra-high-rise structure
1. Frame cylinder: in the middle is a shear wall to form a cylinder, the outside is a frame structure, and the evolution of the frame shear wall structure, the overall stress is good
2. cylinder in cylinder: if the frame cylinder is not good enough, you can use the inside and outside of the cylinder structure, or even set up a multi-cylinder, to gradually improve the overall stress
3. super-frame: our World Financial Center seems to use this, is to use the truss structure to make the beams, with the use of trusses, the truss structure to make the beams, with the use of trusses to make the beams, with the use of truss structure to make the beams. Super frame: our world financial center seems to use this, is to use the truss structure to make the beam, with what to replace the column I forget, in short, that is, to reduce the self-weight and meet the requirements of the force, and now many of the world's ultra-high-rise buildings use this structural form
Question 6: According to the division of the force characteristics of the common forms of architectural structures have? Multi-storey generally have wood structure, masonry structure, frame structure, steel structure
High-rise generally have frame structure, frame shear wall structure, shear wall structure, silo structure, steel structure
Problem 7: in the construction of what can be used in engineering mechanics engineering mechanics is mainly used for structural design, construction, cost and architectural design can not be used.
Question 8: What are the loads on a building structure? There are different ways to categorize loads
Time Classification
1 Permanent loads (constant loads), the value of which does not change over time; or whose change can be ignored compared to the average. For example, structural self-weight, earth pressure, prestressing foundation settlement, concrete shrinkage, welding deformation. Constant load, also known as permanent load, is applied to the structure of the project on the unchanged (or its change is negligible compared with the average value) load. Such as structural self-weight, plus permanent load-bearing, non-load-bearing structural components and decorative components of the weight of the building, earth pressure, etc.. Because the constant load is always continuously applied to the structure throughout its service life, its long-term effects must be considered when designing the structure. Structural self-weight, generally based on the geometry of the structure and the standard value of the material weight capacity (also known as the nominal value)
The house is composed of a foundation, walls (columns), beams, slabs, such as some of the heavier structural components. They first have to bear their own weight, which is the constant load. In addition to this, the floor, roof, ceiling, plaster on the walls and windows and doors are all loads.
2 Variable loads (live loads), loads whose value varies with time during the design basis period and whose variation is not negligible compared to the average value. For example, floor live loads, roof live loads and accumulated dust loads, crane loads, wind loads, snow loads.
Live load, also known as variable load, is applied to the structure by the crowd, materials and transportation caused by the use or occupation of the load and natural natural loads. Such as industrial building floor live load, civil building floor live load, roof live load, roof area gray load, vehicle load, crane load, wind load, snow load, wrap ice load, wave load, etc. are.
3 accidental loads (special loads or accidental role), in the design of the base period may or may not appear, once it appears, its value is very large and short duration. For example, explosive force, impact force, earthquake, typhoon avalanche.
Note: Deadweight is the load generated by the weight of the material itself (gravity).
Structural classification
1. Static action does not produce acceleration of the structure or structural components or produce acceleration is negligible. For example, residential or office floor loads
2. Dynamic action of the structure and structural components to produce non-negligible acceleration. For example, crane equipment vibration; impact of falling objects, etc..
Classification of the size of the acting surface
1. Uniform surface load on the floor of the building of the uniform load, such as laying of wooden floors, floor tiles, granite, marble surfaces and other weight-induced loads. Calculation of uniform surface load Q value, available materials per unit volume of weight y multiplied by the thickness of the surface material d, resulting in an increase in the value of uniform surface load, Q = y.d.
2. Line load The original floor or level of the building on the surface of the various surface load to the beams or bars on the foundation, can be simplified to a unit length of the distribution of the load, known as the line load
3. Concentration of the load The distribution area is much smaller than the structural loads. Concentrated load The distribution area is much smaller than the structural load, in order to simplify the calculation, the load can be approximated as acting on a point. For example, the secondary beam to the main beam of the load can be approximated as a centralized load, the pressure of the roof frame to the columns, the crane's wheels on the crane beam pressure are centralized loads.
Direction of action
1. Vertical loads such as structural self-weight, snow loads, etc.
2. Horizontal loads such as wind loads, horizontal seismic action, etc.
Question 9: What are the main types of lateral force-resisting systems for high-rise buildings? What are the composition and characteristics of the role of high-rise buildings commonly used structural systems have frame, rely on beams and columns load-bearing, flexible internal space, a reasonable number of floors for the building 6-15 layers, 10 layers of the most economical; frame shear wall, this structure is arranged in the frame structure of a certain number of shear walls, constituting a flexible and free of charge use of the space, structural rigidity structure of the seismic performance is poor, the shear wall structure integrality is strong, the stiffness of the anti-lateral shift, good seismic performance is generally applicable to the height of the building. Good seismic performance is generally applicable to high-rise buildings with a height of less than 150 meters (7-degree seismic defense zone) Frame-supported shear wall, the bottom frame, the upper part of the structural system for the shear wall, generally used in the lower part of the requirements of the large openings, the upper part of the residence, the hotel and the room can not be a corner column of the integrated high-rise building frame tube, that is, the framework of the silo structure, the framework-shear wall structure and the full shear wall structure evolved from the evolution and development of the synthesis. Cylinder structure is a space-enclosed cylinder formed by concentrating the shear wall or dense column frame to the interior and periphery of the house. It is characterized by shear wall concentration and obtain a large free division of space, mostly used for high-rise buildings below 130 (180) m. The cylinder, composed of dense columns and high beam space frame or space shear wall, plays a role in the overall space under the action of the horizontal load lateral force-resisting member is called a cylinder (the cylinder composed of dense columns and frames is called a frame cylinder; the cylinder composed of shear walls is called a thin-walled cylinder). Generally applicable to it applies to the plane or vertical arrangement of complex, horizontal load 30-50 storey high-rise buildings, tube in tube, multi-tube, tube beam, from the development of the tube more complex, stronger bearing capacity, better lateral stiffness of the structural system can be applied to more than one hundred storeys of super high-rise buildings. I hope my answer can solve your problem