One, choose a topic
The choice of topic is the first step in writing the paper, and is very important step. Some people believe that the topic of the academic paper is appropriate, equal to half of the work of the paper is completed. How can I choose a good thesis topic?
1, scientific any scientific research should be carried out in accordance with the laws of science, so scientific is the basic requirements of the dissertation topic selection. Selection of the topic should have sufficient theoretical and practical basis, in line with the objective laws of medicine, development and change, reflecting the nature of objective things.
2, innovative medical research should not only be good at inheritance, application of existing achievements, but also more importantly, innovation and development. Therefore, the thesis should focus on innovation, emphasize the breakthrough, as far as possible to avoid repetition. To do this, we must choose the topic before, do serious research, extensive collection of information, timely grasp of the research dynamics of the discipline and the level of development. To dare to break through the forbidden zone, good at choosing doubts, difficulties and blank spots, to have foresight, so that the selected topic has the potential value of the advance.
3, targeted targeted is to choose the topic of the paper to be clear and specific. Article to solve what problems, why solve this problem, what conditions and requirements, should have a clear idea. Do not generalize, empty, fuzzy, leading to thesis writing at a loss. According to the development of medicine and medical practice, the need to choose those with scientific value of the subject, and people's health is closely related to the subject and the urgent need to solve the problem.
4, the feasibility of choosing the topic should be practical, based on reality, fully consider the subjective and objective conditions. Subjectively, we must consider their own business expertise, business capacity, technical level, breadth and depth of professional knowledge, after efforts to meet the requirements; objectively, we must consider the unit's business characteristics, technical conditions, equipment conditions to ensure that the subject of the basic needs of the experiment. Only a comprehensive analysis of these two factors, in order to properly determine the scale and scope of the size of the subject, and thus ensure the quality of the paper. Of course, the lack of conditions, we should do everything possible to create, so that it is gradually close to the requirements of the subject.
The following factors should be taken into account when choosing a topic:
①The initiative to seek the consent of the relevant state departments and the unit to carry out the subject;
②The work encountered in practice, the research, analysis, improvement, enhancement of the subject;
3 according to the needs of the professional development of the subject of scientific research, breakthroughs;
④In reading In reading the literature found after in-depth study of the subject;
5 ⑤ combined with my practical experience, a unique insight into certain aspects of the subject.
Second, collect information
First of all, pay attention to the collection of literature: First, make full use of a variety of search tools, computer databases to expand the collection of information, shorten the collection time, improve the collection of efficiency; attention to the recent reading of professional journals to eliminate the time lag; third is to make full use of all kinds of manuals, almanacs, and other reference books to collect relevant information.
Secondly, the collection of clinical or medical records and the collection of experimental observation data.
Again, the collection of research data and the collection of other physical data.
Three, reading information
1, reading strategy in order to improve reading efficiency, readers should be based on the purpose of reading, the nature of the literature, the number of environmental conditions and so on, to take different reading strategies. Reading strategies usually include the following:
(1) Read the Chinese literature with the same content as the subject, and then read the foreign language literature. This will help you understand the content, especially some proper nouns and idioms, and also speed up your reading.
(2) Read the abstract first, then read the original. According to the information provided in the summary, you can save time and energy by deciding whether to read the original text or not.
(3) Rough reading first, then intensive reading. This is the most important strategy for reading literature. Rough reading on the basis of a broad understanding of the full picture of the information available, select the literature closely related to the subject of intensive reading. Intensive reading should be carefully read sentence by sentence and paragraph by paragraph, then read and think, grasp the spirit of the literature, extract the useful content.
(4) Read comprehensive literature first, then read thematic literature. This will help a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the content of the subject.
(5) Read current journals first, then past journals. This will help you understand the dynamics of the subject and the latest development of the results.
(6) Read the core journals first, and then read other journals. This will help to further expand your knowledge on the basis of mastering key literature.
2, reading program medical literature as a scientific and technical and professional readings, there is a certain format and structure. Reading medical literature should be based on its characteristics, using a reasonable reading program.
(1) Read the title of the choice of literature to meet the needs of the subject.
(2) Read the abstract to understand the main content of the literature, and further determine the closeness of the relationship with the subject, and decide whether to continue reading.
(3) Read the introduction to understand the author's intention and the significance of the problem. If the reader believes that the content of their own needs, and there is a need for in-depth detailed grasp of the whole text, you can read the whole text; if the reader believes that only need to know the thesis of the paper, read the conclusion; if the reader believes that the literature described in the content of their own already mastered, then after reading the preamble can end reading.
(4) Read the conclusion to grasp the argument and conclusion. If the content is not very different from what you already know, you can end your reading without reading the whole text. If there is a doubt about the correctness of an argument, an interest in a particular argument, some of the thesis, analytical methods or data does have reference value, should be appropriate to read the text.
(5) Reading the text can help you grasp the author's basic ideas, analytical methods and experimental data. The text should be read in detail, thinking while reading, and extracting useful content.
3, reading the main points of reading general medical papers should pay attention to the following:
(1) understanding of the concept: ① read the definition, the definition is a concise language, revealing the concept of the connotation and extension of the reading of the essence and characteristics of the two aspects of understanding; ② explanation, this is the concept of the situation, nature, characteristics, causes of a brief, generalized explanations, generally more flexible, natural, and not necessarily complete; ② explanation, this is the concept of the status, nature, characteristics, causes, generally more flexible, natural! not necessarily complete; ③ comparison, through two or two or more things related to each other to make comparisons, in the comparison of the nature and characteristics of the concept, reading should pay special attention to *** the same points and differences; ④ digital description, digital description of the concept, only need to grasp the scope of the number, how many, understand the general trend can be; ⑤ examples, for the concept of difficult to understand, some of the literature with the use of examples, this is to put the abstract This is to give abstract concepts to the visualization of the explanation, for the understanding of the concept is useful.
(2) pay attention to charts and data: charts and data for understanding, consolidate knowledge has a great role. For the charts should pay attention to the source, experimental, or statistical; pay attention to the time, and the time of writing the paper is too far away, there is no outdated; pay attention to the unit, and the conclusion of the unit is consistent, whether the unit between the coordinates of the unit is comparable, whether it is a unified unit of the country; pay attention to the figure and the effect of the author to introduce this chart to illustrate the problem, whether to achieve the desired effect. For the data, attention should be paid to its scientific nature, but also to its source, whether it is experimentally obtained or statistically derived. Whether the data is relative or absolute, probability, distribution, or approximate, should be clearly seen.
(3) identify the experimental reports and cases: in the medical literature, experimental reports and case distribution occupies a large proportion, it is the necessary supplement to the theoretical exposition, is a medical results and laws in the laboratory and medical practice of evidence, is one of the most important scientific judgment. Therefore, reading the laboratory report should pay attention to the following points: ① whether the experimental design is rigorous. For example, whether the sample is representative of the measurement index is meaningful; comparative group is reasonable; ② experimental observation methods are precise, perfect; ③ experimental conditions are strictly controlled; ④ observation records are objective; ⑤ experimental results are credible, can be repeated, repeat the experiment is reasonable. Read the case study should pay attention to the following points: ① whether the main body of the case is consistent with the conclusion; ② case environmental conditions, time, drugs and other objective factors are consistent with the conclusion; ③ whether the clinical results are accurate, credible, there are no other forms (such as pictures, X-rays, laboratory tests, patient's self-reporting, etc.) of circumstantial evidence.
Four, accumulation of information
Reading through the useful information to be accumulated in order to write the paper to use. Accumulation of information in many ways, commonly used in the following kinds:
1, note accumulation of common types:
(1) excerpt notes: usually include excerpts, that is, excerpts of the original text of the value of the use of the abstract, that is, excerpts of the article in the main points, such as arguments, arguments, conclusions, important data, etc.; index, that is, only the key word excerpts or key words.
(2) abbreviated notes: is based on the reading of the whole text, after thinking, summarize the basic content of the literature. It also includes two types of outline and synopsis.
(3) commenting and marking notes: is the content of the literature read to comment on the marking, the use of specific symbols in the literature on the outline, marking out the key points and difficulties. Of course, this method is prohibited to use in public **** literature. It also includes the eyebrow type and the side of the two types of criticism.
2, clip accumulation according to the needs of personal preservation of newspapers, magazines on the literature, cut or photocopied, according to the category posted on the clipboard.
3, computerized information accumulation, which is currently the most advanced way of information accumulation.
No matter which way to use the accumulation of information, should pay attention to the following issues:
(1) the accumulation of literature must indicate the source of the original publication (book) name, year of publication, month, volume, issue, start and end of the page can not be ignored. Otherwise, once you want to quote and can not find the source, will be very troublesome.
(2) the accumulation of literature should be categorized and organized (according to the classification of disciplines, things classified, thematic classification, point of view classification), and sequentially numbered.
Fifth, the idea of conceptualization, the development of an outline
1, careful conceptualization of the idea is the author familiar with and master the collection of information in all aspects, clear writing requirements, purpose,
Opinions and materials for a reasonable arrangement of the thinking process. Conceptualization, according to the purpose and scope of writing, repeated refinement, carefully thought out, consider the layout, determine the hierarchical structure and arguments, arguments, methods of argumentation, in the mind sketched out an organized, the outline of the whole article.
2, outline outline is the basic framework of an essay, outline is the written expression of the idea and further refinement
Sophistication. With the outline as a basis, the author can be organized, step by step to complete the paper. A good outline, write an article will be focused, hierarchical, fully and accurately reflect the author's intentions. The basic content of the outline includes: ① tentative title; ② the central idea (thesis) put forward; ③ from different sides of the central thesis of the various sub-arguments (sub-title); ④ the various aspects of the information at hand (thesis) of the arrangement of the layout; ⑤ conclusion. Outline can be written as a relatively brief title outline, can also be written as a more detailed outline of the brief.
Sixth, complete the first draft
After the outline, you can write the first draft. Writing is to outline the skeleton of the good to add flesh and blood, skin and fur of the process. That is, they have a wealth of experimental data, observation data and literature, as an argument to the corresponding part of the outline to argue the argument, and then through the sub-argument to argue the central thesis, so that the central thesis can be established. Should focus on the creative part, do not write new theories, new discoveries, as well as the enrichment and development of the results of previous generations. In the process of argumentation, according to the characteristics and needs of each part, appropriate application of various methods of argumentation. When writing the first draft, you can write your own intention and need to argue as much as possible to write out the content material, do not have to think too much about the length, do not have to think too much about rhetoric, in order to text smooth, clear expression shall prevail. The first draft of the paper is generally written in two orders: one is in accordance with the process of people thinking about the problem to write, that is, from beginning to end, the trend and into, a breath of fresh air, the general short paper with this method of writing; the second is from the body of the text, the body is written, followed by the conclusion of the natural out of this time, then go to write the preamble, the abstract, and finally distilled the title. Long essay writing is suitable for this method.
Seven, repeated revisions
An article to reflect the results of an innovative scientific research, is not an easy task. To make a clear argument, the rich material arranged properly, not after repeated thinking, many amendments, it is difficult to wish. Therefore, any article has to be revised three times, even the more experienced authors, the first draft can not guarantee perfection, have to go through the process of pondering, scrutinizing, revising. This is "the text is not tired of change", "more changes out of the chapter" reason. After the completion of the first draft, we must first read it over and over again, look at the whole article, from an overall perspective, weigh whether the thesis is correct, whether the thinking is clear, whether the structure is reasonable, whether there are obvious errors. Then the words and phrases of the fine-tuning. The article can be modified from the following aspects.
1, the content of the revision of the first to check their own writing intentions, the basic argument and the subargument is accurately expressed; and then look at the content of the content to be argued whether all the material is used, whether the argument is sufficient; but also to check whether there is nothing to do with the argument or the relationship between the content is not mixed in the article. Inaccuracies in the content to be revised, the lack of insufficient parts to be added, repetition and redundancy to be deleted.
2, the structure of the revision from the overall start to see the various parts of the article, the structure of the paragraphs is reasonable, whether the articulation is balanced, the order of arrangement and subordinate relationship is clear and logical. To strive to achieve the whole article structure, focus, hierarchy.
3, the revision of the text to check whether the language is concise, whether the use of terminology is accurate, whether the syntax is complete, strict, whether it is in line with the norms of modern Chinese, whether the data cited inaccuracies, charts, photographs, whether it is clear, whether the use of punctuation is correct, and so on, they should be reviewed sentence by sentence, and revised.
4, the title of the revision of the text against the initial title word for word, to see whether it accurately reveals the center of the article, whether the tone of the title is consistent.
5, the length of the revision of writing the first draft rarely consider the length of the problem, generally more content, words and phrases, long. But a variety of journals, academic conferences on the length of the paper have certain provisions. This requires the author according to the different requirements of different purposes, the length of the modification, cut the complexity of the simple, and sometimes have to take a bold, painful to cut. In the revision process, the paper can also be sent to the tutor or peer experts to review, and humbly seek their views.