China's national entry-exit inspection and quarantine agencies
China's entry-exit inspection and quarantine of goods and supervision and management work by the State Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau and its branches set up in various parts of the country is responsible for;
Import and export of medicines for supervision and inspection, the measurement of measuring instruments of the value of the validation of the standardized inspection of ships and containers, the specification inspection of aircraft (including aircraft engines, airborne equipment) The airworthiness inspection, boiler and pressure vessel safety inspection, safety inspection of nuclear pressurized equipment, etc., respectively, by the relevant state authorities under the implementation of statutory inspection and supervision and management.
1, the State Administration of Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine
In early 1998, according to the Ninth National People's Congress adopted the State Council's institutional reform program, from the former State Administration of Import and Export Commodity Inspection, the former Ministry of Health Health Quarantine Bureau and the former Ministry of Agriculture Animal and Plant Quarantine *** with the formation of the State Administration of Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine, the mouth of the State Customs General Administration under the leadership of the State Customs Administration, which marks China's entry and exit inspection Quarantine has entered a new period of development. In accordance with the State Council approved the State Administration of Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine "three" program, the State Administration of Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine is in charge of entry-exit health quarantine, animal and plant quarantine and commodity inspection of the administrative law enforcement agencies. Its main responsibilities are:
(1) study and formulate the relevant entry-exit health quarantine, animal and plant quarantine and import and export commodity inspection laws, regulations and policy provisions of the implementation of the rules and regulations, methods and procedures, and supervise the entry-exit inspection and quarantine agencies to implement.
(2) the organization and implementation of entry-exit inspection and quarantine, identification and supervision and management; responsible for the implementation of the national import and export licensing system for civilian goods entry and exit verification management; organization of import and export commodities inspection and quarantine of the preliminary supervision and follow-up management.
(3) organization and implementation of entry-exit health quarantine, infectious disease monitoring and health supervision; organization and implementation of entry-exit animal and plant quarantine and supervision and management; responsible for import and export of food hygiene, quality inspection, supervision and management.
(4) organization and implementation of statutory inspection of import and export commodities; organization and management of import and export commodity appraisal and appraisal of foreign-invested property; review and approval of statutory inspection of goods exempted from inspection and organization for re-inspection.
(5) the organization of import and export of food and its production units of health registration and management of foreign registration; management of entry-exit inspection and quarantine marks, import safety and quality permits, export quality permits and is responsible for the supervision and inspection; management and implementation of import and export-related quality certification and accreditation.
(6) is responsible for foreign inspection and quarantine and accreditation agencies (including wholly owned by Chinese and foreign, cooperative inspection, accreditation agencies) of the audit and approval and supervision according to law.
(7) is responsible for goods GSP certificate of origin and general certificate of origin visa management.
(8) is responsible for the management of entry-exit inspection and quarantine business statistics and foreign outbreaks of collection, analysis and collation, to provide information guidance and consulting services.
(9) the formulation of entry-exit inspection and quarantine science and technology development planning; organization of scientific research and technology introduction; collection and provision of inspection and quarantine technical information.
(10) vertical management of entry-exit inspection and quarantine agencies.
(11) to carry out relevant international cooperation and technical exchanges, in accordance with the provisions of the technical barriers to trade and quarantine agreement to undertake the implementation of the implementation of the agreement.
(12) undertake the State Council and the General Administration of Customs other matters assigned.
State Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine in the entry-exit inspection and quarantine work in the implementation of the basic laws include: "Chinese People's **** and State Import and Export Commodity Inspection Law" (hereinafter referred to as "Commodity Inspection Law"), "Chinese People's **** and State Import and Export Commodity Inspection Law Enforcement Regulations" (hereinafter referred to as "Commodity Inspection Law Enforcement Regulations"); "Chinese People's **** and State Entry and Exit Animal and Plant Quarantine Act," "the Chinese People's *** and State Entry-Exit Animal and Plant Quarantine Law Implementation Regulations", "Chinese People's *** and State Sanitary and Quarantine Law", "Chinese People's *** and State Sanitary and Quarantine Law Implementation Rules".
2, the State Bureau of Technical Supervision
Import and export of measuring instruments by the State Bureau of Technical Supervision under the verification of measuring instruments responsible for the department. China's "Measurement Law" provides that "the manufacture and repair of measuring instruments, enterprises, institutions, must have with the manufacture and repair of measuring instruments appropriate facilities, personnel and testing instruments and equipment, by the people's government at or above the county level measurement of the administrative department of the examination and qualification, to obtain a "license to manufacture measuring instruments" or "repair of measuring instruments license ". "Manufacture of measuring instruments of enterprises, institutions to produce the unit has not been produced over the measurement of new products, must be measured by the people's government at or above the provincial level of measurement of the administrative department of the measurement of its samples of the performance of the assessment of the qualified, before they can be put into production".
"Imported measuring instruments, must be measured by the people's government at or above the provincial level by the administrative department of the measurement of qualified, before being allowed to sell". Failed by the test, the need to make claims abroad, by the province, city, autonomous region above the measurement of the administrative department of the foreign certificate. Such as the need for foreign claims with the commodity inspection certificate, the commodity inspection agency at or above the provincial level measurement of the administrative department issued by the inspection certificate issued in exchange for a certificate, the technical issues related to metrological verification by the administrative department responsible for the metrological verification certificate issued by the metrological.
3, drug testing organizations
Pharmaceutical testing organizations by the Ministry of Health under the management. In accordance with the State "Drug Administration Regulations" and the Ministry of Health issued the "quality of imported medicines," the provisions of the import and export of medicines (including raw materials, preparations and herbs), are classified as a statutory inspection, the implementation of the inspection by the local drug testing organizations.
4, Bureau of Ship Inspection
Ship Inspection Bureau is the national technical supervision of ships, was established in 1956, headquartered in Beijing, is responsible for the implementation of the statutory supervision and inspection of ships, and at the same time for the classification of business. Its main tasks are: the development of ship inspection regulations and ship specifications; set up offices in the country's major ports, the implementation of supervision and inspection; ships, offshore installations and their materials, machinery and equipment to implement supervision and inspection and testing, so that the ship and offshore installations with normal technical conditions, in order to protect the safety of ships, installations and people at sea, as well as the marine environment is not contaminated; in accordance with the international conventions in which our country is a party On behalf of the government to issue certificates of ships required by the Convention; for ship classification business; as a notary public inspection.
5, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Commodity Inspection Organization
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government-designated inspection agency is the Standards and Testing Center. The center in accordance with the government issued a catalog of goods, imported goods to implement mandatory inspection. Commodities listed in the catalog cannot be sold or used without passing the tests conducted by the Standards and Testing Center.
Hong Kong is a free port and there is no mandatory testing of export commodities.
The main ways to manage the inspection of commodities are mandatory inspection, voluntary application for marking inspection, international certification inspection, commissioned inspection and consumer choice guided inspection.
In addition to the designated inspection organizations, Hong Kong has private notary public (such as Tian Xiang notary public) and foreign inspection organizations (such as SGS).
The United States of America's official inspection agency
In the United States, it is customary to say little "commodity inspection", but called "product testing. In addition to product testing, there is a "service program" test. The federal government set up a product inspection agency is basically import, export, domestic product inspection of the trinity of the competent authorities.
1, the inspection agency set up
In the United States, the official inspection agency to test the import and export of goods the authority to implement a specialized division of labor, respectively, by the 14 ministries, commissions and bureaus in charge of the relevant departments.
(1) Department of Health and Human Services
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for: food, drugs (including veterinary drugs), medical devices, ceramic tableware, cosmetics, and supervision and inspection of electronic products; products in the use or consumption of ionic, non-ionic radiation generated in the process of human health and safety based on the impact of testing, inspection and certification. According to the regulations, the above products must be tested and certified as safe by the FDA before they can be sold in the market, and the FDA has the right to inspect manufacturers and prosecute violators.
(2) Ministry of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Quarantine Bureau (APQB) is in charge of animal and plant quarantine.
The Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) is in charge of: processing, sanitary inspection and certification of slaughtered products of pigs, cattle, sheep, rabbits and poultry.
Agricultural Marketing Division (AMS/USDA) is in charge of: quality grading inspection and certification of meat, poultry, eggs, milk, cotton, tobacco, fresh vegetables and fruits, processed vegetables and fruits, rosin, turpentine and other products.
Federal Grain Inspection Service (FGIS) is responsible for quality and weight inspection and certification of wheat, barley, oats, rye, corn, sorghum, flaxseed, soybeans, and mixed grains.
(3) Department of Commerce
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is responsible for: inspection and certification of processed fish and shellfish products.
The National Bureau of Standards (NBS) is responsible for: calibration inspection and certification of scales and measuring instruments.
(4) Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC)
Supervisor: Determination of toxic, corrosive, flammable, irritating, stressful public performance hazardous substances in consumer products (such as children's toys) for home, school, recreational use, personal use, and testing, inspection, and certification of flame-resistant clothing fabrics and lining fibers.
(5) Environmental Protection Agency (CRA)
Supervisors: air, water treatment equipment, drinking water, pesticides, retail automobile parts, engines, gasoline, diesel fuel, etc. testing and certification.
(6) Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
Supervisor: package design review, testing, accreditation and licensing of radioactive materials.
(7) Department of Transportation (DOT)
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA/DOT) Responsible for: Driver Alcohol Intake Measuring Instrument (DAMI) calibration testing, motor vehicle safety performance testing and certification.
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is responsible for inspecting and certifying civil airplanes, engines, propellers, components and other civil aviation equipment.
Office of Hazardous Materials Management, Research and Specialty Fundamentals Administration (OHMR/RSPA) is in charge of the inspection and certification of packaging containers, piping, cylinders, and railroad cars for the transportation of toxic, hazardous, radioactive, flammable, corrosive, and other liquid, gaseous, and solid hazardous materials.
The Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) is responsible for testing and certifying train tail crash marking printers.
The Coast Guard (USCG) is responsible for the inspection and certification of life-saving equipment, fire protection equipment, yacht pollution prevention equipment, ship's side navigation rescue equipment, and marine containers.
(8) Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
Supervisor: radio equipment inspection and certification.
(9) Department of Housing and Urban Development (DHUD)
Supervisor: construction materials inspection and certification.
(10) Department of Labor (DOL)
Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) is responsible for the inspection and certification of electronic equipment and diesel-powered mechanical equipment used in mines.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is responsible for: inspection and certification of products such as marine cargo handling and transportation equipment, ventilation, fire protection, labor protection materials, equipment and welding tools.
(11) Department of the Interior
Minerals Management Service (MMS) is responsible for: inspection and certification of mine workings and underground workings safety valve devices.
(12) Ministry of Finance (MoF)
Supervisor: inspection and certification of electronic funds transfer validators.
(13) Ministry of Defense
Supervisor: military product inspection.
(14) General Services Administration (GSA)
Supervisor: Inspection and certification of products listed in the Federal Uniform Specification Catalog (approximately 80 products).
2, strict legislation, the inspection of rules and regulations
The U.S. Government will be products and services based on inspection, certification of laws, regulations and provisions are contained in the "Code of Federal Regulations" (CFR), revised annually to supplement the re-publication of government departments in accordance with the implementation. The CFR is distributed through the Government Bookstore. The laws, regulations, and rules implemented by each authority are assigned a specific volume number and are easily accessible.
3, classification management, mandatory testing and supervision and inspection of a combination of
U.S. federal regulations, the government in charge of testing, certification of more than 200 kinds of products, the implementation of testing and certification of the project, generalized into three categories:
The first category, the implementation of the mandatory testing (i.e., statutory testing). Such as food, drugs, medical devices, television sets and street lamps radiation, ceramic tableware and tea sets of lead, cadmium limits, civil aircraft and aviation equipment, the safety and reliability of marine equipment, hazardous materials packaging inspection, etc., are the implementation of mandatory testing.
The second category, part of the implementation of mandatory testing. In order to avoid duplication of each procurement inspection or test, the government allows distributors or manufacturers can not hold a government-issued inspection certificate in the market for public sale of their products, but if such products are government departments or government departments to provide financial guarantees for procurement, still have to implement the mandatory test. Such as the U.S. Department of Defense, the Department of Defense, "Qualified Products Directory" of the products listed in this category.
The third category, basically non-mandatory test. These products by the government authorities to develop a unified grading standards, in government laboratories or their accredited laboratories, by the government inspectors or by their training and licensing of inspectors to carry out product testing, inspection and handling of production plants (farms) for the design review, approval and / or registration. Manufacturers or distributors are permitted to participate in some of the testing and certification work, but must be subject to the supervision of the competent government agency inspectors.
Japan's official inspection agency
According to Japan's national administrative system, the government departments in their own division of labor within the scope of competence, the import and export commodity inspection work related to the implementation of division of labor management. Ministry of International Trade and Industry (in charge of all industrial production and commerce, foreign trade and other affairs), is responsible for import and export of industrial products inspection and management; Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (in charge of national agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fisheries and food production), is responsible for the national import and export of agricultural, forestry and fishery products and food inspection and quarantine management; Ministry of Health and Welfare (in charge of the national health care services), is responsible for the import and export of food, medicines, and other health inspections and management; Transportation Department (in charge of sea, land and air transportation of passengers and goods), is responsible for the inspection and management of the measurement and safety of imported and exported goods.
The Japanese government on the import and export commodity inspection and management of three main aspects:
1, management through national legislation
The Japanese government attaches great importance to the role of the law on the promotion of socio-economic development, the successive promulgation of a series of laws and regulations, such as "Export Inspection Act," "Food Sanitation Law," "Industrial Standardization Act," "Design for Exports", "Product Liability Law" and so on, through the form of legislation, through the legislative process, and so on. Liability Law" and so on, through the legislative form to establish the basis for strengthening the management of import and export commodity inspection. These laws clearly stipulate the import and export production, processing, management, sales units and commodity inspection, Customs and other law enforcement departments of the legal obligations and responsibilities of offenders to legal sanctions.
2, the key import and export commodities to implement mandatory inspection
According to the Export Inspection Act and other relevant laws, the Japanese government departments as necessary, the provisions of a number of commodities must be inspected by the government or government-appointed private inspection agency, also known as the statutory inspection of commodity categories. Where the scope of the goods are listed as statutory inspection, the relevant production and management enterprises must apply to the government or government-designated inspection agency for inspection, after passing the inspection by these inspection agencies, issued by the certificate of conformity, and the goods are attached to the BESST mark by the Customs examination and verification to be cleared and released. If found in violation of the inspection law, the Customs and Excise Department will notify the relevant government departments, the government inspection agency responsible for re-inspection, investigation and verification, submitted to the local courts, the court, as appropriate, the violation of the law of the parties to be punished.
3, the private inspection agency supervision and management
In order to make the import and export commodities inspection law is implemented smoothly, the Japanese government attaches great importance to the organization and use of social inspection forces. Japan's domestic private inspection agency by the government authorities in accordance with the provisions of the "Export Inspection Law" approved business, on behalf of the government to test export commodities, to undertake the task of "statutory inspection". In order to ensure the fairness and accuracy of the inspection work, these private institutions in the Government's strict control of the work, the Japanese Government of the relevant private inspection agency's technical level of inspection, inspection equipment and means of inspection, inspection scope and capacity, as well as the organizational structure of the assessment and certification. Qualified to authorize the implementation of the government on behalf of the import and export of goods related to statutory inspection. Government departments of the designated private inspection agency inspection business and inspection results of supervision and management, from time to time to carry out random checks, if problems are found can be withdrawn from the authorization. The relevant government departments also implement the appointment of the leaders of the designated inspection agency, such as appointing the Undersecretary of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry or the Director of Food, who has just withdrawn from his current position, to serve as president and chairman of the Japan Grain Inspection Association; the Minister of Transportation confirms the directors and above of the cadres of the Japan Marine Inspection Association and sends them a confirmation letter, etc.; and there are strict regulations on the hiring, dismissal and punishment of its general officers and employees, and all staff members are required to be registered. .
The Japanese government entrusts official and private inspection organizations to inspect designated export commodities. The so-called "designated goods" refers to Japan's "Export Commodity Inspection and Design Promotion Committee" proposed by the designated export goods catalog, the Cabinet issued an order to designate. Japan's Export Inspection Law stipulates that each designated export commodity is subject to inspection standards set by administrative regulations, and if the quality of the exported commodity fails to meet these standards, it will not be allowed to be exported, regardless of whether it is guaranteed by the exporter or importer. In the event that designated commodities are exported without statutory inspection, a stop order will be issued against the exporter and a fine will be imposed. Falsification or alteration of an inspection agency's certificate is considered a particularly serious "forgery offense" and carries far heavier penalties than the general offense of forgery.
European Union official inspection agency
European Union countries, the official inspection agency, its organization and the United States is similar to the category of goods, also by government departments, according to the relevant legal authority or government recognition of the implementation of inspection and supervision and management. Such as the German network of technical inspection agencies (TUV) to obtain official recognition and the quality of goods in charge of the market; British Standards Institution (BSI) is responsible for the development of standards and the implementation of testing, certification and other work; the Dutch Ministry of Health in charge of pharmaceuticals and food, the Ministry of Economic Affairs in charge of electrical appliances and measuring instruments, the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries in charge of fisheries and agricultural products, the Ministry of Environmental Protection in charge of building materials, chemicals and hazardous materials, the Ministry of Transport in charge of vehicles and aircraft, the Ministry of Social Security in charge of nuclear energy inspection and supervision and management. The Ministry of Social Security is responsible for the inspection and supervision of nuclear energy. Each ministry has a corresponding inspection agency, such as the Ministry of Health under the Food Inspection Bureau, Meat Inspection Bureau; Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries under the Agricultural Inspection Bureau and so on.
The European Union has established a joint official/private system for monitoring all technical regulations. The official bodies are responsible for developing regulations and defining their standards and sample review systems by product category. Private or quasi-official organizations are responsible for setting mandatory and non-mandatory standards and perform most of the testing, inspection, and regulatory tasks.
The main activities within the statutory scope are testing, inspection and certification, accreditation.
1, the development of standards
Technical coordination at the EU level and standard-setting there are two methods: the first is to develop all the relevant provisions of a particular type of product, that is, "full mandatory coordination", the method mainly involves safety and health-related products, such as pharmaceuticals, food and vehicles; the second is to develop only the basic safety and health items of a particular type of product, the second is to develop the basic safety and health items of a particular type of product. The second is to formulate only the basic requirements on safety and health items for a certain type of products, and then the three European standard-setting bodies (European Association for Standardization CEN, European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization CENELEC, European Committee for Standardization of Telecommunications ETSI) to formulate voluntary technical specifications, and then the technical specifications will be designated as a European standard or harmonized document.
Each member state of the European Union has its own standard-setting bodies, such as France's AFNOR, Germany's DIN, Italy's UNI, Spain's AENOR, the United Kingdom's BSI and so on. These institutions also participate in the work of the three European standardization bodies mentioned above.
Each member state of the European Union has agreed that new national standards should be notified to the European Union's competent standards authorities before they come into force.
2, accredited testing and certification bodies
EU authority in the field of testing and certification organization is the CEOC. most of the members of this organization are non-profit nature of the services covered by the testing and certification of many devices. For example:
Britain: AOTC, inspection of transportable gas containers; Lloyds' Register; National House Building Council.
Germany: TUV, for the public **** organizations and private individuals to provide different regulatory services. Self-contained system.
France: Groupement des Apave, for mandatory regulation of steam pressure equipment, electrical equipment, buildings, etc.; Bureau Veritas; CEP; Socotec.
Belgium: companies such as AIB-Vincotte.
Denmark: Arbejdstilsynet et al.
Netherlands: Directoraat General van de Arbeid, etc.
Portugal: Direccao-Geralde Energia for mandatory inspections.
Italy: ISPESL tests and inspects pressure vessels and lifting equipment.
Luxembourg: Luxcontrol, the national inspection organization.
Spain: ATISAE, which cooperates with the Ministry of Industry in the implementation of the relevant mandatory controls; Instituto Tecnico De Materialesy Construcciones, which is responsible for the inspection of construction products.
The EU recognizes the technical competence of the following institutions and their impartiality, giving them the power to carry out certification activities.
Britain: NACCB;
Netherlands: RVC;
Germany: TGA;
France: AFAQ.
Series of standards formulated by the European Union countries into the European standard EN29000, and based on this, the designation of the above certification bodies of various countries on the manufacturers to carry out quality system certification to ensure the quality of products.
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3, for other inspection and appraisal business
Technical control counseling for the design and construction of factories, railroads, telecommunication networks, quality inspection of second-hand equipment, and assessment of the environment, safety and health.
Conducting damage surveys of damaged goods and buildings, and evaluating employee compensation claims at the request of employers.