Tendering, its full name is bidding and tendering, is a kind of tenderer's offer, triggered by the bidder's commitment, after the bidder's merit selection, and ultimately the formation of the agreement and contractual relations between equal subjects of economic activity process.
The bidder, also known as the bidding purchaser, is a legal person and other socio-economic organizations that use bidding for the procurement of goods, works or services.
Tenders are legal persons or other organizations that respond to the bidding and participate in the bidding competition. Among them, those who are interested in the tender announcement or invitation for possible participation in the tender are called potential bidders, and only those potential bidders who respond and participate in the tender can be called bidders.
The bidding party and the bidding party transaction items collectively referred to as "subject matter". Bidding transactions are categorized as engineering, goods and services. Engineering projects "subject matter" refers to the project's engineering design, civil construction, complete sets of equipment, installation and commissioning. Goods projects "subject matter" refers to the proposed procurement of goods specifications, models, performance, quality requirements. Service projects "subject" refers to the service to protect the content, scope, quality requirements. Services include all kinds of social services, financial services, scientific and technological services, commercial services, etc., in addition to engineering and goods, including investment and financing, pre-project assessment and consultation, investigation and design, project supervision, project management services, etc., related to engineering and construction projects. The service bidding also includes bidding for various types of asset ownership, resource management and use rights, such as the transfer of enterprise assets or equity, land use rights, infrastructure concessions, scientific research results and technology transfer and other resources use rights, such as bidding for concessions.
The way of bidding and organization
The way of bidding
According to the degree of openness of competition, the bidding method is divided into two ways of public bidding and invitation to bid. Bidding projects should be based on the conditions of the law, the scale of the project, technology, management characteristics of the requirements of the bidder's choice of space as well as the implementation of the degree of urgency and other factors to choose the appropriate mode of bidding. Must bidding projects by law should generally use open bidding, such as conditions, do need to use the invitation to bidding, subject to approval by the relevant administrative department.
Open bidding Open bidding belongs to unrestricted competitive bidding, is the bidder to invite by way of bidding notice unspecified legal person or other organization that meets the qualification conditions of open bidding to participate in the bidding, and in accordance with the legal procedures and bidding documents publicly available bid evaluation methods, standards for selecting the winning bidder bidding method. This is a bidding method that fully embodies the openness of bidding information, the standardization of bidding procedures and the fairness of bidding competition, greatly reduces the likelihood of bid-rigging, bid-raising and other improper transactions, and is most in line with the principles of superiority and inferiority in bidding and tendering and the principle of the "Three Principles of Publicity", and is also a commonly used procurement method. The project must be bidding by law using public bidding should be in accordance with the "Chinese people's *** and the state bidding law", in the designated media bidding notice.
Invitation to tender invitation to tender is limited competitive bidding, also known as selective bidding. The bidder to have basic understanding or by soliciting the intention of potential bidders, after qualification examination, by way of invitation to tender directly invite qualified specific legal persons or other organizations to participate in the bidding, in accordance with the legal procedures and bidding documents stipulated in the bidding evaluation methods, standards for selecting the winning bidder bidding method. Invitation to tender need not issue a tender notice or tender pre-qualification documents, but should organize the necessary qualification examination, and there should not be less than three bidders. Because of the limited scope for selecting bidders and the space for bidders to compete in invitational tendering, the ideal winning bidder may be lost, and the desired competitive effect and its winning price may not be achieved. Invitational tendering is applicable to projects for which open tendering is not possible due to conditions such as those involving national security, state secrets, commercial secrets, tight construction period or goods supply cycle, or where there are only a small number of potential bidders to choose from because of the natural geographical environment, or where the project is limited by the technical complexity of the project and the special requirements, and where it has been clearly known in advance that only a small number of specific potential bidders can respond to the bidding, or where the Projects for which the bidding project is small and the bidding cost by means of open bidding is too large in proportion to the value of the bidding project.
The advantages of open tendering: is to maximize the ability of all bidders to provide a fair opportunity for competition, the bidder can have the greatest possible range of options, is the most competitive bidding. Disadvantages are complex bidding procedures, high cost, the whole process takes a long time to participate in the bidding, the more the number of bidders, the smaller the possibility of winning the bidding, the bidder in order to achieve success in the transaction need to bear greater risk. Invitation to tender due to be invited to participate in the bidding competition is limited, not only can save the bidding costs, but also improve each bidder's chances of winning. Because there is no need to publish a tender notice, the bidding period is much shorter, for the procurement of those commodities with large price fluctuations is very necessary to reduce the risk of bidding and bidding price, however, due to the invitation to tender to limit the full competition, the bidding and tendering regulations generally stipulate that bidders should try to use public tenders.
The organizational form of bidding
The organizational form of bidding is mainly self-organized bidding and commissioning agent bidding two kinds.
Self-organized bidding bidders with the preparation of tender documents and the organization of bid evaluation capacity, you can organize their own bidding. Self-organized bidding although easy to coordinate and manage, but often easily by the bidder's level of understanding and legal, technical professional level of limitations and constraints on the bidding and procurement of the "three public" principle and normative, competitive. Therefore, if the bidder does not have the ability to organize their own bidding conditions, should choose to entrust the agent bidding form of organization.
Commissioning agent bidding due to the bidding activities of the cycle is generally longer, the process is more complex, involving more laws and regulations and policy documents, in practice, the bidder or tenderer often commissioned by a specialized company that bidding agency to operate. Bidders should be based on the industry and professional types of bidding projects, scale standards, select the appropriate qualifications of the bidding agency, entrusted to act as an agent of the bidding procurement business.
The bidding agency is established according to law, with the appropriate bidding agency qualifications, and shall not have any economic interests with government agencies and other management, in accordance with the scope, authority and requirements of the bidder entrusted agency, according to law to provide bidding agency services, and collect the corresponding service fees of professional, socialized intermediary organizations, belonging to the enterprise legal person. Construction projects, mechanical and electrical products, international bidding, government procurement, central investment projects, such as bidding agency qualification standards and bidding agency business scope must be in line with the following provisions:
1) "construction project bidding agency qualification approach" (Ministry of Construction [2007] Order No. 154) "construction project bidding agency qualification approach to the implementation of the opinions "(Ministry of Construction Construction [2007] No. 230);
② "mechanical and electrical products international bidding agency qualification approach" (Ministry of Commerce [2005] Order No. 6);
3 "Government Procurement Agency qualification approach" (Ministry of Finance [2006] Order No. 31);
4 "centralized investment projects, bidding agency qualification management approach" (National Development and Reform Commission) Measures for the Administration of Qualification Recognition of Bidding Agencies for Central Investment Projects (Decree No. 36 of the National Development and Reform Commission [2005]).
The bidding agency, recognized by the administrative supervision department, has more professional bidding qualification and performance experience compared with the bidder, and is relatively independent and independent, and can, with its relative specialization and information advantage, seek for the owner to provide better quality, lower price and better service products and services, which undoubtedly reduces the owner's working time and improves the quality of the work. . Therefore, even if the bidder has the ability to organize its own bidding conditions, may also give priority to the choice of commissioning agent bidding.
One-time bidding and two-stage bidding
One-time bidding is the bidder to choose a bidding method, in accordance with the bidding procedures, bidding and tendering parties to complete the transaction of the bidding form. Two-stage bidding is the same project is divided into two bidding evaluation, bidding and tendering through two stages to complete the transaction form of bidding. Two-stage bidding is generally applicable to the project investment is huge, or project technology level is higher, or project complexity of the special requirements, is the bidder to reduce the investment risk of an important means. Such as the bulk of the more technical procurement projects, the bidder selects a bidding method, the first stage of bidding, from the bidding program preferred technical design solutions, unified technical standards, specifications and requirements of the technical standard bidding activities; the second stage in accordance with the unified determination of the design or technical standards, the organization of the project's final bidding and bidding price, that is, the business standard bidding activities.
In accordance with the stage of implementation of bidding activities, in order to construction projects, for example, bidding activities are generally divided into four stages:
1, bidding preparation stage. Bidders fill out the "application for bidding for construction projects", reported to the relevant departments for approval; approved by the organization of the bidding team and bid evaluation committee; preparation of bidding documents and bids; release of the tender notice; validation of the bidding unit; issuance of bidding documents; organization of bidding meetings and site survey; acceptance of bidding documents.
In order to ensure that potential bidders can fairly obtain the opportunity to bid for competition, to ensure that the bidders to meet the qualification conditions of the bidding project, and at the same time to avoid unnecessary waste of resources of the bidders and bidders, bidders generally should be the qualification of the bidders to organize the examination. Qualification examination is divided into pre-qualification and post-qualification examination.
Pre-qualification refers to the bidder adopts public tendering, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the procedures and requirements of the pre-qualification announcement and pre-qualification documents published before the bidding, the pre-qualification documents and submit pre-qualification documents for potential bidders to carry out qualification examination method. Pre-qualification is conducted by the qualification examination committee in accordance with the examination method, examination factors and standards stipulated in the pre-qualification documents, examining the bidding qualifications of the bidding applicants, determining the list of applicants who have passed the pre-qualification, submitting a written report on the qualification examination to the bidder, who notifies the applicants of the results of the pre-qualification in writing within the stipulated period of time, and issuing the bidding invitations to the applicants who have passed the pre-qualification.
Post-qualification examination refers to the method of examining the qualifications of bidders by the bid evaluation committee after the opening of bids. Where the post-qualification method is used, a tender notice is issued in accordance with the prescribed requirements, and the qualifications of the bidders are examined in the evaluation of tenders on the basis of the qualification examination methods, factors and criteria specified in the tender documents.
Projects adopting invitation to tender may issue invitation to tender directly to more than three potential bidders who have been examined for qualification and meet the qualification conditions for bidding.
2, bidding preparation stage. According to the bidding notice or invitation to bidding unit, select the project in line with the construction capacity of the unit, submit the bidding intention to the bidding unit, and provide qualification documents and information; pre-qualification through the organization of the bidding team, tracking the bidding project, purchase of bidding documents; participate in the bidding meeting and on-site survey; preparation of bidding documents, and reported to the bidding unit within the specified time.
3, bid opening and evaluation stage. In accordance with the time and place specified in the tender notice, the bidder, the bidding party to send a representative to attend the opening of the General Assembly, and the presence of a notary public, in accordance with the procedural requirements of the public opening of bids; bid evaluation committee of the bidding party to inquire about the bid, bid evaluation; bidding party to make inquiries to answer the preparation of the bid to accept inquiries to question; waiting for the evaluation of the final bid.
4, finalize the contract stage. Bid evaluation committee puts forward the evaluation of the bid, submitted to the higher authorities for approval; based on the finalization of the content of the bid to the winning unit issued a "Notice of Award"; the winning unit received the notice, within the specified period of time with the bidding unit to sign the contract for the project.
General procedures for bidding
Tender production
Business Bid
I. Bidding Letter/Quotation Letter
(1) Bidding Letter Schedule, Bidder's Profile Sheet
(2) Proof of Qualification of Legal Person's Representative
(3) Authorization Letter, Certificate of Identity of the Authorized Person
(4) Tender Security deposit (proof of payment)
(5) Bank credit certificate
(6) List of quotations: each product is quoted separately
(7) Recognition of the bidding documents, description of commercial deviation
(8) Letter of commitment, preferential terms
(9) Degree of approval of the bidding documents, comments or suggestions to explain
(10 )Other requirements in the bidding documents
(11)Other materials that the bidders consider appropriate
II. Introduction of the bidders
Company profile; organization (branch); after-sales service system; award-winning situation; relevant performance and supporting materials (contracts, inspection and acceptance certificates).
Three, qualifications
Business license, production license, quality management system certification, proof of credit; manufacturers of product authorization (agent); project progress list (positions, titles, performance, certificates, etc.).
Four, other instructions
The bidder's profile list; the main equipment to introduce the equipment list; financial status information (audit reports, balance sheets, income statements, cash flow statements, etc.); other requirements in the bidding documents.
Technical bid
1, technical program
(1) the bidder's technical information sheet (2) list of production and processing equipment (3) service program response to the difference table (4) after-sales service commitments and preferential conditions
2, project implementation program
(1) quality management objectives (2) quality assurance system (3) quality assurance measures (4) ) Documentation requirements (5) human resources control (6) procurement control (7) project progress (8) degree of testing equipment (9) production plant rental contract
3, the main equipment introduced
Grab the focus, unnecessarily too detailed, to be targeted to introduce the product can also be provided color pages.
The production of tender notes - pre-production
Pre-production
1, pre-production points
(1) pay attention to the bidding unit whether there are special requirements, different bidding units, it is the format as well as layout requirements are different, such as bidding composition, order, etc., so we are doing the bidding before Should be the first thing is to carefully read the bidding unit of the tender documents, which is also the bidding judges rely on the scoring, bid evaluation basis, so that you can understand the format of the tender, but also in the evaluation of the bid to know where you can and the judges and the evaluation of the representations and the basis of the question.
(2) the tender generally consists of a commercial part, quotation part, technical part.
1) quotation part;
A, pay attention to carefully check whether the correct case at the same time, but also check whether the number of case is consistent;
B, sub-parts of the quotation part of the same to check each sub-part of the offer, and then the final comprehensive quotation case is consistent and correct, the so-called case is the Arabic numerals and Chinese characters in the one, two, three, The so-called case is the Arabic numerals and Chinese characters in one, two, three, four, five, six, eight, nine, nine, ten, hundred, thousand, ten thousand figures, these figures not only to recognize but also to write, because some units are required to secondary offer.
2, business part
Tax registration certificate, legal person authorization, product authorization, etc., to be strictly in accordance with the order of the requirements of the bidding unit, some units in the product authorization this item is also different, some are required to be placed in the business part of the requirements of the final color page in front of the last one, it is necessary to study carefully before finishing.
3, the technical part
Technical part of the product configuration, technical parameters, bidding parameters deviation table, this part is not only the order of the problem, there are also configure the list should be placed in accordance with the order of the products in the tender.
Secondly, the technical parameters of the writing to strictly check the color page, whether or not in line, because some of the evaluation of the bidder to be more serious about your parameters and color page does not match, even if it is a hand error will become a flaw, will give you the bidding to lose a victory chip. Technical deviation part of the same to check the color page, if there are advantages in the color page and no additional instructions, we have to be cautious.
4, the overall tender time
Time to enter, in fact, this usually do not have much attention, mainly in the tender before the specified time can be, but the problem is in the old and the new time, for example, in 2011, the tender notice came out in early January, and then many times we will be looking for the previous format to produce the tender, and then change the time of the month and day on it! and so our tenders become last year's as well. So the next time a colleague wants to do a tender at the change of the old and the new, make sure you remind him that this is 2011, or 2012 and so on. Hopefully this will be a small element of a corporate group effect for us as well.
5, double-check that there are no errors can be made after the print version.
Original production and binding
1, the original is the basis of the entire tender, so it is necessary to be careful again and again, before printing.
(1) the signature of the authorized person and the signature of the legal person;
(2) in the tender, there is a need to be signed by the authorized person and the legal person to pay attention to the signature of the place to be signed, not to sign the wrong place, and at the same time, to ensure that it is not the same person to sign two.
2, small sign
Each page is required to be authorized to sign the lower right of the bid, here first note that the position is not too close to the edge in order to facilitate the binding, and secondly, the word is still a problem to ensure that the name of each page are the same (especially to help people to sign on behalf of the time), but also to ensure that the breakdown of each word is the same.
3, stamp
Each page should be stamped with the company's chapter, carefully review try not to miss.
Binding
1, copy production;
Reviewed after the original, can be photocopied into a copy, generally a copy of the original; two copies. The first page under the cover of the copies must also be printed copies of the first page of the tender documents. Also stamped on the front cover of each tender.
2, bagging
Original a separate bag of sub-packaging, copies of sub-packaging another bag, and then sealed, glued to the seal (seal on the time to pay attention to the same), sealing is complete, in the seal seal on the seal (pay attention to as far as possible, half in the seal half in the sealed bag).
HVAC category tender classification, structure
1, tender classification (by subject matter)
1.1, goods (central air-conditioning equipment, fittings, main materials)
1.2, engineering (central air-conditioning engineering, purification engineering, ventilation engineering)
1.3, services (central air-conditioning cleaning, cooling tower maintenance)< /p>
2, the structure of the tender
2.1, the goods bid
2.1.1, business part
2.1.2, technical part
2.1.3, qualifications, project performance part
2.2, the project bid
2.2.1, the business part
2.2.2, construction Organization Part
2.2.3, Qualification and Performance Part
2.2.4, Technical Part (where equipment is included in the bid and required)
2.3, Service Bid
2.3.1, Commercial Part
2.3.2, Technical Part (mainly focusing on technical services)
2.3.3, Qualification and Performance Part
Precautions in the bidding process
1, clear project entrustment in the validity period before you can arrange for the production of bids;
2, to ensure that before the opening of the bid to complete the production of bids.
3, the issue of payment of the bid bond to be implemented in advance.
4, pay special attention to the tender evaluation conditions, and the requirements of the conditions of the abolition of the tender.
5, the preparation of original documents in the tender.
The tender review of common problems
(a) cover
1, the cover format is consistent with the format required by the tender documents, the text print whether there are typos.
2. Whether the cover section and project are consistent with the bidding section and project.
3, whether the enterprise legal person or authorized agent in accordance with the provisions of the signature or seal, whether the official seal of the unit in accordance with the provisions of the seal.
(ii) catalog
1, catalog content from the order to the textual expression is consistent with the requirements of the bidding documents.
2, catalog number, page number, title is consistent with the content number, page number, title.
3, whether the main content of the tender documents and the terms required by the scoring criteria are reflected in the catalog.
(C) bidding documents
1, whether the bidding document format, content, section is consistent with the provisions of the bidding documents.
2, the amount of the offer is consistent with the tender offer summary table or other corresponding offer table, whether the case is correct, consistent, whether the omission of upper / lower case amount of.
3, whether the duration shown in the tender meets the requirements of the bidding documents.
4, whether the tender has been stamped in accordance with the requirements of the official seal, the legal representative or attorney agent is required to sign or seal.
5, the bidding product technical parameters and performance description is consistent with the technical requirements of the tender, non-standard products / products different from the company's conventional configuration is quoted in accordance with the tender requirements.
6, whether there are conditions for the abolition of the tender.
7, whether the tender documents aggravated part or part with "*" response as required.
8, whether the scoring criteria in accordance with the tender documents, as far as possible to make the tender documents score high.
9, whether the warranty period in response to the tender documents, whether the parts are consistent.
10, excerpts from other bids are consistent with the contents of the bid.
11, whether the bidding equipment configuration is correct.
12, in addition to the headquarters of the after-sales service organizations to join the nearest local office.
13, whether the tender commitments and bidding documents/contract terms and conditions required to be consistent.
14, the tender documents require an article-by-article response to the contents of the response to each article.
15, the tender content (company profile, financial data, relevant standards, product configuration, etc.) is timely updated.
16, dark bidding tender document paper size, page setup, margins, header, footer, font, font size, font type, number of characters / number of lines, etc. are in accordance with the provisions of the bidding documents; bidding documents, whether there is a company name and other conditions for the abolition of the bid.
(iv) authorization, bank guarantee/security deposit
1, authorization, bank guarantee/security deposit whether in accordance with the requirements of the bidding documents to fill in the format/provide.
2. Whether the legal representative, authorized agent is properly signed or stamped.
3, entrusted authority whether to meet the requirements of the tender documents, the unit seal stamped perfect.
(E) offer
1, whether the description of the preparation of the offer meets the requirements of the tender documents.
2, whether the format of the quotation form in accordance with the requirements of the bidding documents format, subheadings sorted correctly.
3, each tender offer form is filled out in accordance with the provisions of the tender documents, preparation, whether the required signature and seal.
4, whether the figures of the tender offer form coincide, whether there are calculation errors, especially back and forth changes to pay special attention.
5, whether the number of works and the tender bill of quantities is consistent, whether there are errors.
6, the fixed amount of measures applied to the cost of construction methods and measures consistent with the construction organization design arrangements, machinery and equipment configuration is consistent with the construction program / method.
7, "bill of quantities" in the table of contents of the project and the application of quotas are consistent.
8, the best use of Excel table automatic calculation of the tender offer table, unit price whether there is an error, whether there is more than one bit less, the number of unit price is equal to the total price, the total price is best according to the rule of rounding up to the nearest whole.
(F) construction organization/construction program
1, the overall deployment: the construction team and the main person in charge of the program with the qualifications of the consistency of the text narrative and the "floor plan", "organization of the block diagram", "Personnel resume" and the proposed personnel positions are reasonable.
2, crosswalk diagrams, network diagrams in the project is complete, whether to cover all the construction content.
3, labor force, material plan and mechanical equipment, detection and testing instrument table configuration is reasonable and complete.
4. Whether the description of construction program and construction method in the bid is in line with the design documents and bidding requirements, and whether the data used are consistent with the design and bidding documents.
5. Whether the quality and duration targets are consistent with the requirements of the bidding documents and contract terms.
6, the construction methods used, technical and organizational measures are reasonable and feasible.
7, the use of construction organization module, or excerpts from other bids of the construction organization of the content is consistent with the object of the project of this tender.
(7) Construction organization, project management agency
1, whether the organization block diagram is consistent with the proposed project management agency/team.
2. Whether the proposed construction team is consistent with the content narrative of the construction organization design.
3, the main management and technical personnel resume, experience, years of experience to meet the standards required by the bidding documents.
4, construction team job certificate is complete. The name on the certificate does not match the ID card, and the date of birth also does not match, causing trouble for the bidding.
5, to be sent to the construction manager of similar projects performance whether to meet the requirements of the bidding documents, provide contract performance of whether the project listed in its resume contains.
6, the main technical management personnel list of professionals in various positions is complete, in line with the requirements of the tender; listed personnel and attached resume, certificates have no missing items, whether complete.
(H) enterprise related qualifications, social reputation
1, business license, tax registration certificate, qualification certificates, legal representative, industrial products production license (equipment), safety production license (installation), test reports are complete and meet the requirements of the tender documents.
2, whether to understand the company's certificate.
3, whether the company has been engaged in similar projects in recent years the main performance to meet the requirements of the tender documents.
4, whether the statement of financial position, audit report is complete, whether the figures are accurate.
(IX) other review check
1, whether the bidding documents are missing pages, re-page, loaded upside down, altered and other errors.
2, after copying the completion of the tender documents, if there are changes or draw the page, its content and the upper and lower pages are continuous.
3, the duration, price, equipment configuration and other modifications, and its related content is modified to change the page.
4, according to the requirements of the bidding documents, whether page by page, whether the modification of the small signature by the legal person or agent.
5, a project at the same time more than one bid, *** with part of the contents of the bidding section is consistent.
6, the company changed its name, whether to put a certificate of change.
7, the opening of the list of requirements on the first page is placed on the first page, required to be sealed separately is sealed separately.
8, whether the tender documents in accordance with the prescribed format sealed package, stamped, sealed seal.
9, bidding documents, whether the draft is complete, complete, all the bidding documents to establish electronic documents.
10, whether the bidding documents to electronic version, whether the offer base price has been removed.
The text of all the contents of the bidding have made a detailed explanation, including the definition of bidding, bidding and organizational forms, bidding, bidding, bidding, bidding, bidding, bidding review of common problems and so on, read down the whole article allows us to have a global understanding of the bidding activities, and at the same time in the practical operation of the time there is a cross-reference to help us check the gaps, to pull out the mistakes, I hope that you can fully study the knowledge of this article. We can fully learn the knowledge of this article, there are more questions can be given below to ensure that the bidding editorial message ~
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