With the advent of the information age, how much information you have has become a decisive factor for your success. Learning information technology is to let us learn to get information better, screen the information that is useful to us, and sort it out. Finally, it becomes our own knowledge.
what is information technology?
Information Technology (IT) is a general term for various technologies mainly used for managing and processing information. It mainly uses application of computer science and communication technology to design, develop, install and implement information systems and application software. It is also often called information and communication technology (ICT).
the research of information technology includes science, technology, engineering and management, the application of these disciplines in information management, transmission and processing, related software and equipment and their interaction.
the application of information technology includes computer hardware and software, network and communication technology, application software development tools, etc. Since the popularization of computers and the Internet, people have increasingly used computers to produce, process, exchange and disseminate various forms of information (such as books, business documents, newspapers, records, movies, TV programs, sounds, graphics, images, etc.).
in enterprises, schools and other organizations, information technology architecture is a comprehensive structure for adopting and developing information technology to achieve strategic goals. It includes elements of management and technology. Its management components include mission, function and information demand, system configuration, and information flow; Technical components include information technology standards and rules used to realize management architecture. Because computers are the center of information management, computer departments are usually called "information technology departments". Some companies call this department Information Service (IS) or Management Information Service (MIS). Other enterprises choose to outsource the information technology department to get better benefits.
Specifically, information technology mainly includes the following technologies:
1. Sensing and recognition technology is used to expand the sense organ function of people to obtain information.
it includes information identification, information extraction, information detection and other technologies. The general term for this kind of technology is "sensing technology". It can expand the sensing function of almost all human sensory organs. Remote sensing technology, which combines sensing technology, measurement technology and communication technology, further strengthens people's ability to perceive information.
information recognition includes character recognition, voice recognition and graphic recognition. Usually a method called "pattern recognition" is adopted.
2. Information transfer technology Its main function is to realize the rapid, reliable and safe transfer of information.
all kinds of communication technologies belong to this category. Broadcasting technology is also a technology to transmit information. Since storage and recording can be regarded as an activity of transferring information from "present" to "future" or from "past" to "present", it can also be regarded as a kind of information transfer technology.
3. Information processing and regeneration technology Information processing includes encoding, compression and encryption of information.
on the basis of information processing, some new and deeper decision-making information can be formed, which is called "information regeneration". The processing and regeneration of information depend on the extraordinary functions of modern electronic computers.
4. Information application technology is the last link in the information process. It includes control technology and display technology.
information technology is a technology that people use to obtain information, transmit information, save information, analyze and process information. Information is all around us: spring blossoms, which is the information of spring arrival, and bumper harvests, which is the information of autumn ...
Qualification certificate
Qualification certificate of international informatization talents
The qualification certificate of international informatization talents is a qualification certificate issued by the International Informatization Certification Association. This project integrates the certification projects of internationally renowned manufacturers in the society and creates a nationally recognized manufacturer-neutral certification training system. It is the first and only manufacturer-neutral universal international certification certificate in China, which is highly authoritative and recognized by the national government.
The qualification certification outline for international informatization talents is divided into two categories:
1. Informatization business management;
ii. information technology engineering;
Among them:
Business management includes: logistics manager, marketer, professional manager, e-commerce, e-government, information administration manager, project management division, human resources, project data analyst
21st century business management information technology talents: they should not only have a profound and extensive technical foundation, but also have the ability of information and business analysis and processing in various industries, which can adapt technology to the market. But at present, talents in this field are still quite scarce. Because the technical population is mainly the post-8s generation, such people as Page have little business knowledge and low business analysis ability, but the opposite is true 8 years ago.
technical engineering includes: computer repairman, modern information network office worker, graphic designer, web page designer, 3D designer, AutoCAD architectural modeling designer, PRO/E professional mold designer, software development engineer, network management engineer, database development engineer, network security engineer, and network integrated wiring engineer
Computer technology is still developing, and artificial intelligence (AI)
AI has appeared at present. The term "artificial intelligence" was first put forward at the Dartmouth Society in 1956. Since then, researchers have developed many theories and principles, and the concept of artificial intelligence has also expanded. Artificial intelligence is a challenging science, and people engaged in this work must understand computer knowledge, psychology and philosophy. Artificial intelligence is a very extensive science, which is composed of different fields, such as machine learning, computer vision, etc. Generally speaking, one of the main goals of artificial intelligence research is to enable machines to be competent for some complex tasks that usually require human intelligence. But different times and different people have different understandings of this "complex work". For example, heavy scientific and engineering calculations were originally undertaken by the human brain. Now computers can not only complete this calculation, but also do it faster and more accurately than the human brain. Therefore, contemporary people no longer regard this calculation as a "complex task that needs human intelligence to complete". It can be seen that the definition of complex work changes with the development of the times and the progress of technology, and the specific goal of artificial intelligence naturally develops with the changes of the times. On the one hand, it keeps making new progress, on the other hand, it turns to more meaningful and difficult goals. At present, the main material means that can be used to study artificial intelligence and the machine that can realize artificial intelligence technology are computers, and the development history of artificial intelligence is linked with the development history of computer science and technology. In addition to computer science, artificial intelligence also involves many disciplines such as information theory, cybernetics, automation, bionics, biology, psychology, mathematical logic, linguistics, medicine and philosophy.
The main contents of artificial intelligence research include: knowledge representation, automatic reasoning and search methods, machine learning and knowledge acquisition, knowledge processing system, natural language understanding, computer vision, intelligent robots, automatic programming and so on.
knowledge representation is one of the basic problems of artificial intelligence, and reasoning and searching are closely related to representation methods. Commonly used knowledge representation methods include: logical representation, production representation, semantic network representation and frame representation.
Common sense naturally attracts people's attention. Many methods have been proposed, such as nonmonotonic reasoning and qualitative reasoning, to express and deal with common sense from different angles.
Automatic reasoning in problem solving is the process of using knowledge. Because there are many knowledge representation methods, there are correspondingly many reasoning methods. The reasoning process can generally be divided into deductive reasoning and non-deductive reasoning. Predicate logic is the basis of deductive reasoning. Inheritance performance reasoning under structured representation is non-deductive. Due to the need of knowledge processing, in recent years, a variety of non-deductive reasoning methods have been proposed, such as connection mechanism reasoning, analogy reasoning, example-based reasoning, deductive reasoning and restricted reasoning.
Search is a problem solving method of artificial intelligence, and the search strategy determines the priority of knowledge used in a reasoning step of problem solving. It can be divided into blind search without information guidance and heuristic search guided by empirical knowledge. Heuristic knowledge is often represented by heuristic functions. The more fully the heuristic knowledge is used, the smaller the search space for solving problems. Typical heuristic search methods include A*, AO* algorithm and so on. In recent years, the research of search methods has begun to pay attention to those super-large-scale search problems with millions of nodes.
machine learning is another important topic of artificial intelligence. Machine learning refers to the process of acquiring new knowledge in a certain sense of knowledge representation. According to the different learning mechanisms, there are mainly inductive learning, analytical learning, linkage mechanism learning and genetic learning.
knowledge processing system is mainly composed of knowledge base and inference engine. Knowledge base stores the knowledge needed by the system. When the amount of knowledge is large and there are many representations, the reasonable organization and management of knowledge is important. The inference engine specifies the basic methods and strategies of using knowledge when solving problems, and it is necessary to set up a database or adopt blackboard mechanism for recording results or communication in the reasoning process. If expert knowledge in a certain field (such as medical diagnosis) is stored in the knowledge base, such a knowledge system is called an expert system. In order to meet the needs of solving complex problems, a single expert system is developing into a multi-agent distributed artificial intelligence system. At this time, knowledge sharing, cooperation among agents, and the emergence and handling of contradictions will be the key issues of research.
I. the history of artificial intelligence
artificial intelligence (AI) is a challenging science, and people engaged in this work must understand computer knowledge, psychology and philosophy. Artificial intelligence includes a wide range of science, which is composed of different fields, such as machine learning, computer vision and so on. Generally speaking, the purpose of artificial intelligence is to make the computer think like a human. This is not an easy thing. If you want to make a thinking machine, you must know what thinking is, and further, what wisdom is and what its performance is. You can say that a scientist has wisdom, but you will never say that a passerby knows nothing and has no knowledge. You also dare not say that a child has no wisdom, but you dare not say that a machine has wisdom. So how can wisdom be distinguished? What we say, what we do, and our thoughts flow out of our brains like spring water, so naturally, but can machines, then what kind of machines are smart? Scientists have made cars, trains, planes, radios and so on. They imitate the functions of our body organs, but can they imitate the functions of the human brain? So far, we only know that this thing in our crown is an organ composed of billions of nerve cells. We know very little about this thing, and imitating it may be the most difficult thing in the world.
Turing, a British scientist, made a contribution to the definition of wisdom. If a machine can pass an experiment called Turing Experiment, it is intelligent. The essence of Turing Experiment is that when people can't distinguish between the behavior of a machine and the behavior of a person without looking at its appearance, the machine is intelligent. Don't think that Turing will go down in history only by making this contribution. If you study computers, you will know that for computer people, winning the Turing Award is equivalent to winning the Nobel Prize for physicists. Turing laid the foundation for the generation of computers in theory. Without his outstanding contribution, there would be no such thing in the world, let alone any network.
Scientists had hoped to make machines that could simulate human thinking long before computers appeared. In this respect, I would like to mention another outstanding mathematician, philosopher Boolean. By mathematically and accurately describing human thinking, he and other outstanding scientists laid the thinking structure and method of intelligent machines, and the logical foundation used in our computers today was founded by him.
I think anyone who has studied computer will be familiar with Boolean. Boolean algebra that we have studied is created by it. When the computer appeared, human beings began to really have a tool that can simulate human thinking. In the years to come, countless scientists worked hard for this goal. Now artificial intelligence is no longer the patent of several scientists. Almost all computer departments in universities around the world are studying this subject, and college students who study computers must also study such a course. With unremitting efforts, computers seem to have become very smart now. In the just-concluded chess competition, computers beat people, which is known to all. You may not notice that in some places, computers help people to do other jobs that originally belonged to human beings. Computers play its role for human beings with its high speed and accuracy. Artificial intelligence has always been the frontier subject of computer science, and computer programming languages and other computer software have existed because of the progress of artificial intelligence.
Now human beings have improved the computing power of computers to an unprecedented level, and artificial intelligence will also lead the tide of computer development in the next century. Now the development of artificial intelligence is not obvious because of theoretical restrictions, but it will certainly have a profound impact on our lives like today's network.
The research on artificial intelligence has been started all over the world for a long time, but the real realization of artificial intelligence starts with the birth of computers, and then it is possible for human beings to realize human intelligence with machines. The English word AI was first put forward at a meeting in 1956. After that, it developed with some scientific efforts. The progress of artificial intelligence is not as rapid as we expected, because the basic theory of artificial intelligence is not complete, and we can't essentially explain why our brain can think, what this thinking comes from, why this thinking comes into being and so on. But after decades of development, artificial intelligence is affecting people's lives with its great power.
Let's review the development of computers along with the development of artificial intelligence. In 1941, the first computer jointly developed by the United States and Germany was born, and since then, the method of storing and processing information has undergone revolutionary changes. The shape of the first computer is not very good. It is fat and delicate, and it needs to work in an air-conditioned room. If you want it to handle anything, you need to reconnect the wires. This is not a labor-saving job. Rewelding thousands of wires. I think programmers are living in heaven now.
Finally, in 1949, the storable program was invented.