jī xiè
①A variety of devices that utilize the principles of mechanics. Levers, pulleys, machines and guns are all machinery.
②Metaphorically, the way is rigid and unchanging; not dialectical: the working method is too ~.
Machine (machine), from the Greek mechine and Latin mecina, originally refers to the "ingenious design", as a general concept of machinery, can be traced back to the Roman period, mainly to distinguish from hand tools. The modern Chinese word "machinery" for the institution of the English (mechanism) and machine (machine) of the general term.
Mechanism is characterized by:
Machine is an artificial combination of physical components.
Machine has a definite relative motion between its parts.
Machines have the characteristics of the mechanism, but also must have a third feature that can replace human labor to complete a useful mechanical work or conversion of mechanical energy, so the machine can be converted to mechanical energy or to complete a useful mechanical work of the mechanism. From the point of view of structure and movement, institutions and machines are not different from the general term for machinery.
Definition of institutions and machines from mechanical engineering, belonging to the most basic concepts of modern mechanical principles, the modern concept of Chinese machinery from the Japanese word "machinery", the Japanese mechanical engineering concept of machinery to do the following definition (that is, in line with the following three characteristics known as mechanical machine):
Machine is an object, the object's mechanical function or conversion of mechanical energy, so the machine can convert or complete useful mechanical work. p>
Machine is a combination of objects, assuming that the force added to its various parts are difficult to deform.
These objects must achieve a mutual, single, prescribed motion.
The transformation of applied energy into its most useful form, or into effective mechanical work.
(<<Xinhua Dictionary>> explanation): a general term for all machines and mechanisms having a definite system of motion. Such as machine tools-tractors, etc.; dull; inflexible.
1. Usual Explanation:
Machinery is simple device which is capable of transferring energy, force from one place to another. It can change the shape structure of an object to create new objects . In life, we are surrounded by countless different kinds of machinery working for us.
The everyday understanding of machinery is mechanical devices, which are various machines and instruments.
2. Explanation of Importance:
From the point of view of the mechanical profession: machinery is of considerable fundamental importance.
Machinery is one of the five major elements (i.e., man, money, energy, material and machinery) for carrying out production and services in modern society.
When Marx spoke of industrial societies, he said that industrial societies, especially large industrial societies, i.e., the age of producing machines with machines.
Whether from the life of contact with a variety of physical devices, such as lamps, telephones, television sets, refrigerators, elevators, etc. are included in the composition of the machine, or in the broader sense of the machinery, and from the production of all kinds of machine tools, automation equipment, airplanes, ships, God V, God VI, etc., are not short of machinery.
Not to mention chemical plants, power plants and so on.
So, it is no exaggeration to say that machinery is a foundation of modern society. If someone wants to say that agriculture is also the foundation, there is no excuse, but in the modern society, machinery as the foundation of the whole industry and engineering, it is no exaggeration to say that it is also a big pillar of society.
Any modern industry and engineering fields need to apply machinery, is people's daily life, but also more and more use of various machinery, such as cars, bicycles, clocks, cameras, washing machines, refrigerators, air conditioners, vacuum cleaners, and so on.
3. English explanation: machine machine tool mechanical cad/cam/cae/capp/cims
4. Related terms:
Mechanical industry Machine Mechanism Mechanical manufacturing and its automation Workhorse Optimization design Modern mechanical design methods
Mechanical Design Mechanism Design Finite Element Analysis Inverse Engineering
5. Mechanical Design Manual China Mechanical Design Dictionary Chinese Society of Mechanical Engineers Journal of Mechanical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Machinery is one of the five elements (i.e., people, money, energy, materials, and machinery) that modern society uses to carry out production and services. Any modern industry and engineering field requires the application of machinery, that is, people's daily life, but also more and more use of a variety of machinery, such as automobiles, bicycles, clocks and watches, cameras, washing machines, refrigerators, air-conditioning units, vacuum cleaners, and so on.
Mechanical engineering is to the relevant natural and technical sciences as the theoretical basis, combined with the technical experience accumulated in production practice, research and solve the development and design, manufacturing, installation, utilization and repair of various machinery in the theoretical and practical problems of an applied discipline.
The development of various engineering fields require mechanical engineering to have a corresponding development, all need mechanical engineering to provide the necessary machinery. The invention and perfection of certain machinery, and will lead to the emergence and development of new engineering technologies and new industries. For example, the success of the manufacture of large-scale power machinery, leading to the establishment of the electric power system; the invention of locomotives led to the rise of railroad engineering and railroads; the invention and progress of the internal combustion engine, gas turbines, rocket engines, etc., as well as the development of airplanes and spacecraft led to the success of aviation, the rise of the aerospace industry; high-pressure equipment led to the success of many new synthetic chemical engineering, etc..
Mechanical engineering is the ability to gain momentum under the pressure of ever-increasing demands in all areas, and at the same time to improve and innovate from advances in various disciplines and technologies.
Contents of Mechanical Engineering
The field of service of mechanical engineering is vast and multifaceted, and the services of mechanical engineering are required in all sectors where machinery and tools are used, as well as in the production of energy and materials. In a nutshell, modern mechanical engineering has five major service areas: the development and provision of energy conversion machinery, development and provision of machinery for the production of a variety of products, development and provision of machinery to engage in a variety of services, development and provision of machinery used in family and personal life, development and provision of a variety of mechanical weapons.
Regardless of the field served, the work of mechanical engineering is basically the same, mainly:
Establishing and developing the engineering theoretical basis of mechanical engineering. For example, the study of force and motion of engineering mechanics and fluid mechanics; the study of metal and non-metallic material properties, and its application of engineering materials science; the study of thermal energy generation, conduction and conversion of thermodynamics; the study of various types of mechanical components with independent functions of the working principle, structure, design and calculation of mechanical principles and mechanical parts science; the study of metal and non-metallic molding and cutting and processing of metal technology and non-metallic The study of metal and non-metal molding and cutting processing of metal and non-metal technology and non-metal technology, etc.
Research, design and development of new mechanical products, continuous improvement of existing mechanical products and production of new generation of mechanical products to meet current and future needs.
Production of mechanical products, including: planning and realization of production facilities; production planning and production scheduling; preparation and implementation of manufacturing processes; design and manufacture of tools, molds; determine the labor quota and material quotas; the organization of machining, assembly, commissioning, and packaging and shipment; product quality for effective control.
Operation and management of machinery manufacturing enterprises. Machinery is generally a complex product assembled from a number of unique molding, machining process of precision parts. The production batch has a single piece and small batch, but also in the batch, large quantities, up to mass production. The sales targets are all over the industry and individuals and families. And the sales volume may fluctuate greatly under the influence of social and economic conditions. Therefore, the management and operation of machinery manufacturing enterprises is particularly complex, the enterprise production management, planning and operation of the study is also mostly originated in the machinery industry.
Application of mechanical products. This area includes the selection, ordering, acceptance, installation, adjustment, operation, maintenance, repair and modification of machinery and complete sets of machinery and equipment used in various industries to ensure the reliability and economy of mechanical products in long-term use.
The study of mechanical products in the manufacturing process, especially in the use of environmental pollution, and excessive depletion of natural resources, and its treatment measures. This is a particularly important task of modern mechanical engineering, and its importance is increasing day by day.
Mechanical engineering classification
There are many kinds of machinery, can be divided into various categories according to several different aspects, such as: according to the function can be divided into power machinery, material handling machinery, crushing machinery, etc.; according to the service industry can be divided into agricultural machinery, mining machinery, textile machinery, etc.; according to the principle of work can be divided into thermal machinery, fluid mechanics, bionic machinery, etc..
In addition, machinery in its research, development, design, manufacturing, utilization and other processes are subject to several stages of different nature of work. According to these different stages, mechanical engineering can be divided into several branches of the system, such as mechanical research, mechanical design, mechanical manufacturing, mechanical use and maintenance.
These are divided into different aspects of a variety of sub-discipline systems cross each other, overlap each other, so that mechanical engineering may be divided into hundreds of sub-disciplines. For example, according to the function of power machinery, it is divided by working principle with thermal machinery, fluid machinery, turbomachinery, reciprocating machinery, steam power machinery, nuclear power plant, internal combustion engine, gas turbine, and with the center of the industry power plant equipment, industrial power plants, railroad locomotives, ship turbine engineering, automotive engineering and so on, there are complex intersection and overlap of relations. The marine turbine is a power machine, as well as a thermal, fluid and turbomachinery, and it belongs to the ship power plant, steam power plant, and possibly nuclear power plant and so on.
Analyzing this complex relationship and studying the most rational branch system of mechanical engineering has some intellectual significance, but not much practical value.
The development of mechanical engineering
Human beings become "modern man" is the sign of making tools. The various stone axes, stone hammers, and simple crude tools of wood and leather of the Stone Age were the forerunners of the machinery that came later. It took a long time to evolve from the manufacture of simple tools to the manufacture of modern machinery consisting of multiple parts and components.
Thousands of years ago, mankind has created for grain shelling and crushing mortar and mill, used to carry water pulleys and windlasses, equipped with wheels of the car, sailing in the river boat and oars, sculls, rudders and so on. The power used, from the physical strength of people themselves, to the use of animal power, water power and wind power. Materials used from natural stone, wood, earth, leather, to man-made materials. The earliest man-made materials are ceramics, ceramic ware manufacturing pottery car, has been with power, transmission and work three parts of the complete machinery.
Mankind from the Stone Age into the Bronze Age, and then on to the Iron Age, the development of the blower used to blow the fire played an important role. With a powerful enough blower, the metallurgical furnace can get high enough temperature to refine the metal from the ore. In China, there was a blower for metallurgy and casting from 1000 to 900 B.C., and it gradually developed from human power to animal power and water power.
Before the 15th to 16th centuries, mechanical engineering was slow to develop. But in a thousand years of practice, in the development of machinery or accumulated considerable experience and technical knowledge, and later became an important potential for the development of mechanical engineering. 17th century, capitalism appeared in Britain, France and Western Europe, the production of goods began to become the center of the problem of society.
Late in the 18th century, the application of the steam engine was promoted from the mining industry to the textile, flour, metallurgy and other industries. The main material used to make machinery gradually changed from wood to metal, which was tougher but difficult to work by hand. The machinery manufacturing industry began to take shape and became a major industry over the decades.
Mechanical engineering evolved from a decentralized craft that relied heavily on the individual talents and craftsmanship of craftsmen into a theoretically guided, systematic, and independent engineering technology through an ever-expanding practice. Mechanical engineering is to contribute to the industrial revolution in the 18th to 19th century, as well as the main technical factors of capitalist mechanical mass production.
Power is an important factor in the development of production.
In the late 17th century, with the improvement and development of all kinds of machinery, as the need for coal and metal ores increased year by year, people felt that relying on manpower and animal power could not raise production to a new stage.
In Britain, industries such as textiles and milling increasingly located their workshops near rivers, using water wheels to power the working machinery. But the groundwater in the coal, tin and copper mines of the time could still only be lifted and removed by large amounts of animal power. In such production needs, the early 18th century appeared Newcomen's atmospheric steam engine to drive mine drainage pumps. However, this steam engine had a high fuel consumption rate and was basically only used in coal mines.
In 1765, Watt invented the steam engine with a separate condenser, which reduced the fuel consumption rate, and in 1781, Watt created a steam engine to provide rotary power, which expanded the application of the steam engine. The invention and development of the steam engine mechanized mining and industrial production, railroads and shipping. The steam engine was almost the only source of power in the 19th century, but the steam engine and its boiler, condenser, and cooling water system were large, bulky, and inconvenient to apply.
Toward the end of the 19th century, the electric power supply system and electric motors began to develop and promote the early 20th century, electric motors have replaced the steam engine in industrial production, and become the basic power to drive a variety of working machinery. The mechanization of production has been inseparable from the electrification, and electrification through the mechanization of production to play a role.
The initial application of steam engine as the prime mover of the power station, the early 20th century, the emergence of high efficiency, high speed, high power turbine, also appeared to adapt to a variety of water resources turbine, promote the development of the power supply system flourished.
The internal combustion engine, invented in the late 19th century, has been improved over the years to become a light, small, efficient, easy-to-maneuver, and ready-to-start prime mover. It was first used to drive land-based workhorses without electric power, then for automobiles, mobile machinery and ships, and by the mid-20th century for railroad locomotives. The steam engine, sidelined by the steam turbine and the internal combustion engine, was no longer an important power machine. The development of the internal combustion engine and the later invention of the gas turbine and jet engine was one of the technological factors underlying the successful development of airplanes and spacecraft.
Before the Industrial Revolution, machinery was mostly of wooden construction, made by hand by carpenters. Metals (mainly copper and iron) were used only to make instruments, locks, clocks, pumps and small parts on wood-framed machinery. Metal working mainly relied on the machinist's fine work to achieve the required precision. The promotion of steam engine power plant, and the consequent emergence of mining, metallurgy, ships, locomotives and other large-scale machinery development, the need for molding and cutting metal parts are more and more, more and more large, the requirements of the accuracy is also more and more high. The application of metal materials from copper, iron development to steel-based.
Mechanical processing, including forging, forging, sheet metal work, welding, heat treatment and other technologies and their equipment, as well as cutting technology and machine tools, cutting tools, gauges, etc., has been the rapid development of the development of various industries to ensure that the supply of machinery and equipment required for the development of production.
Social and economic development, the demand for mechanical products soared. The increase in production batch size and the progress of precision machining technology, promoting the formation of a large number of production methods, such as parts interchangeability production, professional division of labor and collaboration, assembly line and assembly line.
Simple interchangeability of parts and specialized division of labor and collaborative production have appeared in ancient times. In mechanical engineering, interchangeability was first demonstrated in the production of bolts and nuts by Mottsley in 1797, using his creation of the threaded lathe. In the same period, the American engineer Whitney used the interchangeability production method to produce muskets, showing the feasibility and superiority of interchangeability. This production method was gradually popularized in the United States, forming the so-called "American production method".
In the early 20th century, Ford created the assembly line in automobile manufacturing. Mass production techniques, combined with the scientific management methods created by Taylor in the late 19th century, quickly brought the productivity of automobiles and other mass-produced mechanical products to previously unimaginable heights.
In the mid- and late 20th century, the main features of machining are: constantly improve the processing speed and accuracy of machine tools, reducing the reliance on manual skills; improve the degree of mechanization and automation of forming processing, cutting and assembly; the use of numerical control machine tools, machining centers, grouping technology, etc., the development of flexible machining systems, so that small and medium-sized batch, multi-species production productivity increased to near mass production level; research and improve the hard-to-machine new metal and non-metal materials forming and cutting processing technology.
Before the 18th century, mechanical craftsmen rely on experience, intuition and craftsmanship to make machinery, and science has almost no contact. To the 18th to 19th century, in the emerging capitalist economy, people with scientific knowledge began to pay attention to the production, while the direct production of the craftsmen began to learn scientific and cultural knowledge, their exchanges and mutual inspiration to achieve great results. In this process, gradually formed a set of basic theories around mechanical engineering.
Power machinery was the first to combine with the advanced science of the time. The inventors of the steam engine, Savery, Watt, applied the theories of the physicists Papan and Black; on the basis of the practice of the steam engine, the physicists Carnot, Rankin and Kelvin to establish a new science - thermodynamics. The theoretical basis of the internal combustion engine was created by the French Rosa in 1862; in 1876 Otto applied Rosa's theories to completely improve the crude, bulky, noisy, and thermally inefficient internal combustion engine he had originally created and established the status of the internal combustion engine. Others, such as the steam turbine, gas turbine, water turbine, etc., have been developed under the guidance of the theory, and the theory has also been improved and enhanced in practice.
As early as B.C., China has been in the guide car on the application of complex gear systems, in the being in the incense burner in the application of can always keep the horizontal position of the cross rotating frame and other machine parts. Ancient Greece has cylindrical gears, bevel gears and worm gear transmission records. However, on the gear drive instantaneous speed ratio and tooth shape of the relationship between the tooth curve and the selection, until after the 17th century there is a theory.
The hand crank and pedal mechanism is the forerunner of the crank linkage mechanism, which has a long history in the ancient civilizations, but the exact analysis and synthesis of the form, motion and power of the crank linkage mechanism is the achievement of modern mechanism science. Mechanics as a specialized discipline was first included in the curriculum of the Ecole Supérieure d'Ingénieurs (Parisian crafts school) as late as the beginning of the 19th century. Through theoretical studies, people can accurately analyze a variety of mechanisms, including the movement of complex space linkage mechanism, and then be able to synthesize a new mechanism as needed.
Mechanical engineering works with dynamic machines, whose operating conditions can change dramatically. This change is sometimes random and unforeseeable; the actual application of the material is not completely uniform, there may be a variety of defects; processing accuracy has a certain deviation, and so on.
Compared with the static structure as the object of civil engineering, mechanical engineering in a variety of problems more difficult to use theory to solve accurately. Therefore, the early mechanical engineering only use simple theoretical concepts, combined with practical experience to work. Design calculations rely on empirical formulas; in order to ensure safety, are on the conservative side, the result is made of heavy and bulky machinery, high cost, low productivity, energy consumption is very large.
From the 18th century, the birth of new theories, as well as the development of mathematical methods, so that the accuracy of design calculations continue to improve. Into the 20th century, the emergence of a variety of experimental stress analysis methods, people have been able to use experimental methods to measure the model and the physical parts of the stress.
The second half of the 20th century, the finite element method and the wide application of electronic computers, so that the complex machinery and its parts, components, force, moment, stress and other analyses and calculations become possible. For the possession of sufficient practical or experimental information on machinery or its components, it has been possible to use statistical techniques, in accordance with the required degree of reliability, scientific mechanical design.
Development Prospects of Mechanical Engineering
Mechanical engineering develops and develops new mechanical products with the goal of increasing production, improving labor productivity, and improving the economy of production. In the future era, the development of new products will be to reduce resource consumption, the development of clean renewable energy, governance, reduce or even eliminate environmental pollution as a super-economic target task.
Machinery can be completed with both hands and eyes, as well as feet, ears, and can not be completed directly to complete the work, and completed faster and better. Modern mechanical engineering to create more and more sophisticated and more complex machinery and mechanical devices, so that many of the fantasies of the past become a reality.
Human beings are now able to swim upstream in the sky and the universe, dive into the ocean depths, a glimpse of tens of billions of light-years away, close to the cells and molecules. Emerging electronic computer hard and software science so that mankind has begun to have to strengthen and partially replace the human brain scientific and technological means, which is artificial intelligence. This new development has already shown a huge impact, and in the coming years it will continue to create miracles that people can not imagine.
The growth of human intelligence does not diminish the role of the hands, but on the contrary requires them to do more, more delicate and more complex work, thus contributing to the functioning of the hands. The practice of the hands, in turn, promotes the intelligence of the human brain. Throughout the evolution of mankind, and in the growth of each individual, the brain and the hand have evolved in parallel with each other.
The relationship between artificial intelligence and mechanical engineering is similar to that between the brain and the hand, with the difference being only that the hardware of artificial intelligence still needs to be created using machinery. In the past, all kinds of machinery can not be operated and controlled by human beings, its reaction speed and operating accuracy by the slow evolution of the human brain and nervous system limitations, artificial intelligence will eliminate this limitation. The mutual promotion between computer science and mechanical engineering, parallel progress, will make mechanical engineering at a higher level to start a new round of great development.
In the 19th century, the total amount of knowledge of mechanical engineering is still very limited, in the European universities and colleges it is still generally synthesized with civil engineering as a discipline, known as civil engineering, the second half of the 19th century to gradually become an independent discipline. Into the 20th century, with the development of mechanical engineering technology and the growth of the total amount of knowledge, mechanical engineering began to decompose, one after another, the emergence of specialized sub-disciplines. This trend of decomposition reached its peak in the mid-20th century, during the period around the end of World War II.
As the total knowledge of mechanical engineering has expanded to far beyond the individual's ability to grasp, a certain degree of specialization is essential. However, excessive specialization results in excessive division of knowledge, narrow field of vision, unable to unify and integrate the whole picture of a slightly large-scale project and the overall situation, and narrow the scope of technical exchanges, hindering the emergence of new technologies and technological progress as a whole, the ability to adapt to changes in external conditions is very poor. Closed specialists have too narrow a knowledge, too much specialization, and have difficulty in coordinating when working together, and it is not conducive to continuous self-learning and improvement. Therefore, since the middle and late 20th century, there has been a trend towards synthesis. People pay more attention to the basic theory, broaden the field of specialization, and merge the specialties that are too finely divided.
The repeated cycle of synthesis-specialization differentiation-re-synthesis is a reasonable and necessary process of knowledge development. Experts of different specialties have exquisite professional knowledge, but also have enough comprehensive knowledge to recognize and understand the problems of other disciplines and the overall face of the project, in order to form a strong collective work with each other.
Synthesis and specialization is multi-level. In mechanical engineering within the integrated and specialized contradictions; in the overall engineering and technology also have the same integrated and specialized issues. In all human knowledge, including social sciences, natural sciences and engineering technology, there are also in a higher level, more macro synthesis and specialization.
Types of machinery---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1) chemical machinery
2) petroleum machinery
3) Pharmaceutical machinery
4) Medical machinery
5) Environmental protection machinery
6) Agricultural machinery
7) Woodworking machinery
8) Logistic equipment
9) Building materials machinery
10) Construction machinery
11) Paper making machinery
12) Printing machinery
13) Packaging Machinery
14) Food Machinery
15) Grain and Oil Processing Machinery
16) Metal Processing Machinery
17) Sewing / Clothing Machinery
18) Mold Machinery