(1) Step by step
After getting the drawings, what to look at first, and then what to look at, there should be a master and a second, generally in the following order:
(1) Read the design instructions carefully first, understand the general situation, location, elevation, material requirements, quality standards, construction precautions and some special technical requirements of the building, and form a preliminary impression in your mind;
(2) Then look at the plan, understand the plane shape, width, depth, column size of the house, the layout of various rooms and traffic layout, as well as the location of doors and windows, form a plane concept for the building, and lay a good foundation for the elevation and profile;
(3) Look at the facade to understand the changes in the orientation, quantity and height of the building, as well as the requirements of doors, windows and exterior decoration;
(4) Look at the profile to get a general understanding of the elevation changes and indoor conditions of each part of the profile;
⑤ Finally, look at the structural drawing to understand the relationship between architectural drawing and structural drawing, such as plane, elevation and section, so as to deepen the understanding of the whole project;
⑥ In addition, according to the index symbols in the plan, elevation and section, you must read the details or node drawings in detail, so as to combine the thickness with the size.
Only step by step can we understand the design intent and design drawings, that is to say, we should generally read the instructions before looking at the pictures; The best order is horizontal, vertical and section; Check nodes and details; Comparative reading of building structure, so as to get twice the result with half the effort.
(2) Remember the size.
Although there are all kinds of architectural projects, they all have different shapes and effects through the changes of the size of each part. As the saying goes, "Fiona Fang can't be made without rules". If there are no specific dimensions such as length, width, height and diameter on the drawings, the constructors can't carry out the construction according to the drawings.
But there are many dimensions on the drawings, so as a concrete and operator, it is not necessary and impossible to remember all the dimensions on the drawings. However, some main dimensions, specifications, models, positions and quantities of main components of the building, etc. , be sure to remember. This can deepen the understanding of design drawings, facilitate construction operation and reduce or avoid construction errors.
Generally speaking, remember the following dimensions: remember the depth of the bay, and don't forget the length, width and size; Remember the vertical axis and horizontal axis, the total height of each floor is very important; Remember the size of the structure and don't mistake the component model; Foundation size is the key, and structural strength cannot be less; The beam-column section should be recorded firmly, and the doors and windows should be kept well.
(3) clarify the relationship.
When you look at pictures, you must understand the relationship between each picture. Because a drawing can't express the specific dimensions, practices and requirements of each part of a project in detail. Many drawings must be used to express the practices and requirements of a part from different aspects. The practice and requirements of these different parts are the panorama of the whole building. Therefore, there is a close relationship between the drawings of a construction drawing.
When looking at a picture, we must take the number and position of the axis in the plan as the benchmark, so as to achieve: "There is a picture in hand, an axis in mind, and there are many things, and we will never go offline." This is the basic foundation and standard.
Generally speaking, the main relationship between drawings is: the axis is the benchmark, and the numbers should be close; The facade should be circled and the height should be equal; Look at the location of the section, refer to the index for details; If the standard drawing is used, it should be indicated in the guideline; Requirements and practices, quickly get instructions; Civil engineering and installation, cleaning holes, ditches and grooves; Materials and standards, refer to relevant pictures; Buildings and structures should be compared before and after.
Therefore, understanding the relationship between drawings is an important link and a basic measure to find problems and reduce or avoid mistakes.
(4) Grasp the key points
When reading construction drawings, as the key to each drawing, only by grasping the key can we grasp the key points and make fewer mistakes. Generally, we should grasp the following aspects.
① Key points of floor plan: Some mistakes that often occur in construction have certain * * *. For example, "the door opens from the inside out, the central axis, the direction is southeast and northwest, and the wall is brick and tile thick." The door has an opening direction in the plan view, but the window has no opening direction, which can only be determined by looking at the details. Whether the axis is in the middle or eccentric on the wall, which layer is in the middle and which layer is eccentric, must be clear, so as not to cause axis error; So as not to mistake all axes for the center line. The orientation of the house must be made clear. If there is a compass on the map, the compass shall prevail; if there is no compass, the orientation on the general plan and general description shall prevail. In the plan of general buildings, it should conform to the law of going up north and down south, left west and right east. You should also carefully check the wall thickness of each shaft and each part. For example, which wall is brick and which wall is half brick thick, don't make a mistake.
(2) In the elevation view, be sure to master the elevation dimensions of doors and windows, so as to avoid making mistakes when setting the skin pole and reserving the window sill.
(3) In the profile, the floor elevation and roof elevation should be mastered. Some people must master indoor openings, interior door elevations, floors and floor practices, roof insulation and waterproofing practices through profiles.
(4) In the structural diagram, the design requirements, specific size, location, foundation, connection between walls, beams, columns, slabs and roofing systems, and the materials used are mainly grasped.
(5) Understand the characteristics
Industrial buildings have different characteristics in design and construction to meet the requirements of various production processes. For example, in the acid treatment workshop, if there are acid-resistant requirements for walls and floors, different treatment methods should be adopted; Precision instrument workshop has different requirements for dust prevention, constant temperature and humidity of doors, windows and walls. Civil buildings have different characteristics because of their different functions. For example, for theaters, because of the special requirements for acoustics, there are different treatment methods and technical requirements for ceilings and walls. Therefore, when you are familiar with each construction drawing, you must understand the characteristics and requirements of the project, including the following aspects:
(1) required foundation treatment scheme and technical standards;
② Processing requirements for special parts;
③ Quality standards of materials or technical requirements of special materials;
(4) parts that need attention or are prone to problems;
⑤ Special construction technology of new technology, new structure and new material;
⑥ Some technical indexes and special requirements put forward in the design;
⑦ key parts in the structure;
Today indoor and outdoor decoration requirements and materials.
Only by understanding the characteristics of a project can we better and comprehensively understand the design drawings and ensure the special needs of the project.
(6) Chart comparison
A complete construction drawing includes not only various drawings, but also various forms, which specifically summarize the practices, sizes, specifications and models of various sub-projects and are an integral part of the construction drawing. The following tables are common in construction drawings.
(1) Indoor and outdoor practice table, which mainly explains the specific practices of indoor and outdoor parts, such as how to bind feet outdoors and how to make the floor of a room.
(2) Door and window table, indicating all the door and window types, height and width dimensions (or size of the hole) required by a building, and the number of doors and windows required by various types.
(3) Component list, which lists the specifications, sizes, models and required quantities of various components according to the number and names of beams, columns and plates required for the project.
(4) rebar table, which shows the variety, diameter, specification, size, shape, quantity and weight of rebar required in various reinforced concrete beams, columns, slabs and foundations.
When reading the construction drawing, it is best to check all kinds of data understood when reading the drawing against the data in the relevant table. If they are completely consistent, it proves that there are no mistakes in drawing and understanding. If it is found that the model is wrong, the specifications are inconsistent, and the quantity is not equal, it should be carefully checked to further deepen the understanding and improve the understanding of the design drawings, and at the same time, mistakes in the drawings and tables can be found in time.
(7) meticulous
Look at the drawings carefully and meticulously. Every data, size, legend, symbol and text description in the construction drawing cannot be let go at will. For the part with unclear expression or insufficient size in the picture, you must never construct it by your own imagination, estimation and guess, otherwise it will be a thousand miles away.
In addition, a complex design drawing is often completed by several professional designers. For various reasons, the size may be somewhat contradictory. If the overall size is inconsistent with the detailed size; The size of large sample and small sample is different; The position of the wall and beam on the architectural drawing is not aligned with the structural drawing; The total elevation or floor elevation is inconsistent with the mark in the detailed drawing or structural drawing, etc. It is also possible that due to the negligence of designers, some missing labels and injection molded parts have appeared. Therefore, the construction workers must be meticulous in looking at the pictures to find such problems, and then solve them with the designers to avoid mistakes.
(8) Three combinations
When studying civil construction drawings, we must pay attention to learning other professional drawings in order to fully and correctly understand the whole picture of the project. Especially for large-scale projects, there are general layout, earthwork balance, installation drawings of water, heating, electricity and sanitation equipment, equipment foundation construction drawings, indoor and outdoor pipelines, trenches and cables. These drawings of different disciplines constitute a complete whole of the project. These professional drawings must echo each other and complement each other. Therefore, we should pay attention to three combinations when looking at civil engineering drawings.
(1) the combination of architecture and structure, that is, when you look at the architectural drawing, you must compare it with the structural drawing.
(2) Combining indoor and outdoor, when looking at the construction drawing of the unit project, we must look at the general plan accordingly to understand the specific location, trend, environment and absolute elevation of the project in the building area; At the same time, it is necessary to understand the layout of various outdoor pipelines, as well as the impact on the construction of this project, and how to deal with the flood control and drainage problems at the scene.
(3) civil engineering and installation. When you look at the civil engineering drawing, you must look at the installation drawing of this project in combination. Be sure to reserve holes and slots, find out the location and size, and keep them well during construction; Check the specifications and quantity of embedded parts and pipes, and don't forget to install them in time. That is, when looking at the civil engineering drawings, we must pay attention to whether the entrances, positions, dimensions and elevations of various pipes and ditches coincide with the installation drawings; How big is the reserved hole of the equipment, where to leave it, and where to embed iron pieces or pipes.
(9) Mastering skills
Reading pictures is just like doing other operations. In addition to proficiency, there are technical problems. The skills of reading pictures vary from person to person. Here are some points.
(1) While looking at the picture, write down the practices and dimensions of the main parts, write down the problems that need to be solved, and read them one by one, remember them one by one, solve the problems one by one, and deepen the impression.
(2) First, look at all the drawings, roughly form a whole concept, and then look at them carefully for 2 ~ 3 times. When you look closely, it is mainly to understand the detailed practices and solve some rough questions one by one to deepen your understanding and memory.
(3) Repeated comparison to find out the law. After roughly reading the drawings, put the relevant drawings together and compare them repeatedly to find out the internal laws and connections and consolidate the understanding of the drawings.
(4) Marking on drawings to enhance memory In order to facilitate drawing and deepen memory, you can mark some dimensions, descriptions and models on ordinary drawings, such as floor plans. This can deepen memory and help to find problems.
(10) forms an overall concept.
Through the study of the above steps, we can form an overall concept of the proposed project and be very clear about the characteristics, shape, size, layout and requirements of the building. With this overall concept, we can be full of confidence in the construction and reduce or avoid mistakes.
Therefore, when studying drawings, we must not just look at the single sheet without looking at the whole and be busy with construction. Only by forming the overall concept of architecture can we deepen our memory and understanding of the project.
For more information about project/service/procurement bidding, and to improve the winning rate, please click on the bottom of official website Customer Service for free consultation:/#/? source=bdzd