Article 2 The public security organs above the county level administrative area is not set up a detention center needs to be set up, shall be reported to the province, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Public Security Bureau, Bureau for the record; railway, transportation, forestry, civil aviation system equivalent to the public security organs above the county level is not set up a detention center needs to be set up, shall be reported to the ministries (bureaus) of the Public Security Bureau for the record.
Article 3 The guards are equipped with police officers: counties (flags and cities) shall not be less than twelve persons in general; if the average number of offenders per month is more than one hundred, they shall be equipped with fifteen percent of them in general; in large and medium-sized cities, the guards shall be equipped with twenty percent of the average number of offenders per month in general. Localities may, according to the actual situation, gradually complete.
Detention centers shall be equipped with medical personnel. According to the actual needs, the establishment of infirmary or health center.
The cooks in the detention center shall be provided at the rate of three percent of the average number of prisoners per month, but at least two shall be provided. The detention center may be appropriately staffed with other laborers as needed.
Chapter II Admission of Prisoners
Article 4 A detention center must admit prisoners in accordance with the legal and certificative instruments stipulated in Article 9 of the Regulations. Defendants in custody in retrial cases may be taken into custody on the basis of a copy of the People's Court's Ruling on Decision on Retrial or the People's Procuratorate's letter of protest and the People's Court's charge sheet.
Article 5 Before a detention center takes a prisoner into custody, a doctor shall conduct a health examination of the prisoner and fill in the "Health Examination Form for the Prisoner", and any person who is in one of the circumstances stipulated in Article 10 of the Regulations shall not be taken into custody, and shall be dealt with by the sending authority in accordance with the law. Where it is found that a person should not be taken into custody after being taken into custody, the case-handling organ shall be asked to change the coercive measures in accordance with the law; in the case of a person who may be mentally ill, the case-handling organ shall be responsible for identifying him or her.
Article 6: When a detention center takes a prisoner into custody, the guards must strictly check his person and the articles he carries, and strictly prevent articles not conducive to the security of the detention center from being brought into the cell.
Interrogation shall be conducted and the Registration Form for Admission of Prisoners shall be filled in when the prisoners are admitted.
At least two staff members are required to take a prisoner into custody. The personal examination of female prisoners shall be conducted by female staff members.
Article 7 A detained prisoner shall be informed that he enjoys the rights to defense, complaint, denunciation and accusation in accordance with the law; and that if the people's procuratorate or the people's court has not decided to suspend the exercise of the right to vote, he may exercise the right to vote. At the same time, he shall be informed of the prison rules which he must observe while in custody in the detention center.
Article 8 Male and female offenders, adult and minor offenders, and accomplices shall be detained separately. First-time offenders and recidivists shall also be detained separately where possible.
Persons who need to be detained separately shall be proposed by the organ handling the case and reported to the competent leading organ for approval before implementation.
Article 9 A one-inch photograph of the offender shall be taken after his admission to the prison, and the photograph, together with the negative, shall be filed in the offender's file.
Article 10 The contents of the files of prisoners in detention centers shall include: admission vouchers, Registration Form of Admitted Prisoners, photographs and negatives, Health Examination Form for Prisoners, Registration Form for Keeping Possessions, Certificate of Exchange of Detention, records of performance and treatment of illnesses during the period of detention and vouchers for release from detention centers, and so on.
Detention centers keep the files of prisoners in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations.
Approval from the director of the detention center is required for access to the files of prisoners.
Article 11 When the organ handling a case needs to transfer a detained person to the jurisdiction of another organ, it shall fill in the Exchange of Detainee Certificate and stamp it with its official seal and transfer it with the case. The receiving organ shall stamp the official seal on the Certificate of Exchange of Detention, indicating the time of undertaking, and then send it to the detention center in a timely manner. The detention center shall, on the basis of the Certificate of Exchange of Detention, go through the procedures for the exchange of the detained person, and immediately issue a return receipt to the transferring authority.
Article 12: Seven days before the expiration of the legal custody period of the arrested person, the detention center shall issue a Notice of Imminent Expiration of the Case to the case-handling organ; if the legal custody period is exceeded, it shall submit a Report on the Exceeding of the Legal Custody Period of the Person to the People's Procuratorate, and at the same time copy it to the case-handling organ and the higher-level public security organ.
In the event of an extension of the trial period for a prisoner, the organ handling the case shall promptly notify the detention center in writing of its approval.
Chapter III Alerting and Guarding
Article 13 The armed police force (hereinafter referred to as the Armed Police) stationed in a detention center shall deploy its police force in accordance with the needs of the work of the detention center and the Regulations of the Armed Police on the Duty of the Internal Guards.
The armed police shall set up posts at the gates of the prison area, the patrol paths on the prison cells, and the guard towers.
The task of the armed police is to prevent and stop the suicide, escape, murder, sabotage and riot of prisoners, to suppress riots of prisoners, to prevent and stop hostile elements, law-breakers and criminals from attacking detention centers, hijacking prisoners and other destructive activities that jeopardize the security of detention centers.
The guardhouses set up in the railroad, transportation, forestry and civil aviation systems are manned by guards who are responsible for the armed guarding and escorting of prisoners.
Article 14 When a prisoner is released from a detention center for trial or medical treatment, the guards on duty shall fill in the Temporary Entry and Exit Sheet for Prisoners, and the escorting guards shall hand it over to the armed guards on duty at the gate of the prison area for checking and releasing the prisoner. When the offender returns to the facility, the escorting officer shall hand over the Temporary Entry and Exit Slip for Offenders to the armed police officer on duty for verification and release. After the prisoners are incarcerated, the escorting police shall hand over the Temporary Entry and Exit Slip for Prisoners to the guards on duty for retention.
Article 15 A guardhouse shall carefully check the identity documents and the letters proving the reasons for coming to the guardhouse on official business. If the interrogation room is located in the prison area, the detention center shall issue a pass to the case officer for checking by the armed police on duty at the gate of the prison area. The pass shall be withdrawn when the case officer leaves the facility.
In addition to the guards, guards, on-duty armed police, work, cooking staff and the people's procuratorate of the same level of the procuratorial cadres in the case and holders of passes can enter the prison area, other persons without the approval of the director of the detention center and not in the police officers led by, shall not be allowed to enter the prison area.
Article 16 The guardhouse determines the duty area according to the layout and actual situation of the prison. Each area must have more than two police officers on duty. On-duty police must stick to their posts, strengthen the inspection, are not allowed to leave their posts without authorization, are not allowed to sleep, are not allowed to drink alcohol, are not allowed from their other activities that hinder the duty. Duty police found that the problem, should decisively take effective measures to deal with timely and in accordance with the provisions of the report to the superiors. On-duty police officers should carefully make duty records, handover
when, must count the number of prisoners, there is a need to pay attention to matters, to be clear to the police officer on duty.
The police are not allowed to carry firearms when entering a prison cell unless there are special circumstances.
Article 17 The guards shall familiarize themselves with the basic conditions of the prisoners under their charge, including their names, ages, genders, nationalities, main features of their appearances, family conditions and addresses, main cases, work units and occupations before their arrests and detention and whether they have any previous convictions, etc. The guards shall also familiarize themselves with the basic conditions of the prisoners before their arrests and detention. Through observation, conversation, to the case officer to understand the situation and other methods, at any time to grasp the ideological dynamics of prisoners.
Article 18 of the prison cells, prisoners and their places of activity, shall be regularly or irregularly inspected, and the items that can be used to commit murder, escape, suicide and sabotage shall be removed, and signs of suspicion or sabotage shall be found and immediately investigated and dealt with in accordance with the law.
Article 19 It is strictly forbidden to use human prisoners to manage other human prisoners.
It is forbidden to allow prisoners to freely enter and leave prison cells, control keys, manage property and labor tools, or use prisoners as drinking staff.
Article 20: Handcuffs, shackles and police ropes are used in detention centers.
The police rope can only be used when pursuing and apprehending human prisoners or executing capital punishment prisoners.
The time of using handcuffs and shackles shall not exceed fifteen days in general, except for the prisoners on death penalty. In special cases where it is necessary to extend the time of use, the approval of the competent public security bureau or division chief shall be required.
While a prisoner is in handcuffs or shackles, the guarding officer shall strengthen education, and when the dangerous behavior is cleared up, he shall be relieved immediately.
The specifications of handcuffs and shackles and the procedures for their use must be strictly observed.
Article 21 In the event that a guardhouse is disturbed by prisoners or surrounded by outsiders, it shall immediately take emergency measures to deal with the situation properly and promptly report to the leaders of the public security organs.
Chapter IV: Arraignment and Escort
Article 22 Public security organs, state security organs, people's procuratorates, and people's courts must have the Arraignment Certificate or Arraignment Ticket stamped with the official seal of the detention center when they arrive at the detention center to arraign a criminal. The guards shall present the prisoner with the arraignment certificate or ticket.
The detention center shall establish an arraignment registration system. For each arraignment of the unit, personnel and the name of the person arraigned and the start and end of the arraignment of the time to be registered.
Article 23: The arraignment of a prisoner shall be held in the interrogation room of the detention center, except when the people's court holds a hearing or pronounces a sentence. There shall be no fewer than two persons at the arraignment.
For the purpose of investigation, if a person is to be arraigned for the purpose of identifying criminals, evidence of crime or stolen goods, he or she must be in possession of an order from the head of the public security organ, the state security organ or the people's procuratorate at or above the county level, and must be arraigned by more than two persons with the Arraignment Certificate or Arraignment Ticket stamped with the official seal of the detention center.
Where the provisions of the above two paragraphs are not met, the detention center shall refuse to present the offender.
Article 24 Armed escort must be practiced for human offenders who are transferred out of the country or sent out of the institution for medical treatment, as well as fugitives from the detention center who are captured.
The escorting task shall be carried out by the armed police led by the guards. The escort work should be based on the number of people being escorted to ensure security needs, equipped with sufficient escort force. On the way to escort, must be vigilant, strict supervision, to prevent the occurrence of escape, murder, suicide and other accidents. In the event that a person needs to be boarded in the middle of the journey, he or she shall be assisted in detention by the local detention center on the basis of a document certifying that he or she is a member of the public security organs at or above the county level, and shall not be permitted to stay in a hotel. If the distance from the detention centre is too great, the local public security police station, township (town) people's government or militia organization shall be asked to assist and arrange for appropriate accommodation to ensure safety.
Chapter V: Life and Health
Article 25: Fees for the maintenance of a prisoner include the costs of food, cooking utensils, clothing, hygiene and medical care, daily necessities, heating, cooling, escort, study and other necessary expenses.
The standard of maintenance fees for prisoners shall be agreed upon by the public security department or bureau and the finance department or bureau of each province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the central government in accordance with the price of goods and other circumstances.
Article 26 The meals for prisoners shall be separate from the police canteen, with separate stoves. Should be within the prescribed standards, and strive to transfer to improve. Food should be clean and hygienic, boiled water should be fully supplied. Food accounts shall be settled once a month.
Ill prisoners and prisoners of foreign nationality may, where appropriate, have their food expenses raised.
Article 27: The average area of the cell in which a prisoner resides shall not be less than two square meters per person.
Article 28 The feeding and repair expenses of prisoners in detention centers must all be transferred to the accounts of the detention centers and managed directly by the detention centers, and it is strictly forbidden to retain or misappropriate them. The use of the funds shall be in strict accordance with the prescribed scope and standard of expenditure, and the examination and approval procedures shall be strictly followed. In addition to the food costs of prisoners, a use of funds within two hundred yuan, approved by the director of the detention center; more than two hundred yuan, approved by the competent bureau, director.
The administrative and operational expenses of the detention center shall be charged in accordance with normal channels.
Article 29 A detention center shall establish a management system for the daily life of prisoners.
Article 30 A detention center shall have facilities and equipments for bathing inmates.
The detention center shall, according to seasonal changes and actual needs, stipulate the number of times and time for inmates to take baths, get haircuts, and wash and dry their bedclothes.
Frequently maintains cleanliness and hygiene inside and outside the prison, and pays attention to the beautification of the environment. The cells are cleaned every day and regularly disinfected, and the prisoners must be protected from the heat in summer and from the cold in winter.
Article 31 The sick prisoners shall be treated in time. Prisoners taking medication, guards and police officers shall be present to monitor. Inmates found to be suffering from infectious diseases shall be immediately isolated for treatment. If the illness is serious, he may be hospitalized; if the organ handling the case decides to change the coercive measures, they shall be handled in accordance with the provisions.
When a prisoner's illness poses a risk of death, the case-handling authorities shall be informed of the situation while the prisoner is being actively rescued.
If a prisoner needs to be hospitalized, it shall be approved by the director of the detention center, and guards shall be assigned to watch over the prisoner on duty, so as to prevent the prisoner from escaping, committing suicide, or other unforeseen circumstances. It is not permitted to use a human prisoner or hire someone to look after a hospitalized sick prisoner.
Article 32 In the event of self-injury or self-mutilation, the offender shall not be permitted to be released on bail or placed under residential surveillance, and shall be responsible for the consequences thereof.
Article 33 In the event of the death of an offender, a forensic physician or a medical doctor shall make a medical appraisal. In the case of an unnatural death, it shall also be examined by the local people's procuratorate and the authorities handling the case shall be notified.
After the death of a prisoner, the detention center shall notify the prisoner's next of kin to retrieve the body for cremation; if there is no next of kin or if the next of kin refuses to retrieve the body, the detention center shall cremate it.
Chapter VI: Meeting and Correspondence
Article 34 Correspondence between a prisoner and his close relatives residing in the territory shall be subject to the consent of the organ handling the case, and requests for meetings shall be approved by the competent bureau or division chief of the public security organ or state security organ at or above the county level.
Meetings and communications between offenders and their close relatives residing in Hong Kong, Macao or Taiwan, as well as with close relatives in foreign countries, or meetings and communications with foreign countries between offenders of foreign nationality and their close relatives or guardians, as well as with members of the embassies or consulates of the countries to which they belong in China, shall require the approval of the public security departments or bureaus of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government, or of the State security departments or bureaus.
Article 35 A meeting with a prisoner shall not be held more than once a month, and each meeting shall not exceed half an hour, and each meeting shall be held with no more than three close relatives. During the meeting, there shall be case officers and guards present to monitor the meeting. In the case of prisoners of foreign nationalities, ethnic minorities and deaf-mute prisoners, an interpreter must be hired by the case-handling body to be present. During the meeting, it is strictly forbidden to talk about the case, to use coded language, or to pass items privately. Anyone who fails to comply with these provisions shall be ordered to stop the meeting immediately.
Article 36 With the consent of the organ handling the case and the approval of the competent bureau or division chief of the public security organ at or above the county level, a prisoner may temporarily leave the prison to visit his spouse, parents or children who are critically ill. Those whose cases are serious and who are unable to return to the prison on the same day are not allowed to visit them.
Visitors shall be escorted and monitored by two or more case officers, and shall not spend the night outside the facility.
Article 37: The daily necessities and books and periodicals given or sent to a prisoner by his close relatives shall be registered in detail and handed over to him after checking and formalities have been completed if the detention center agrees to keep them; cash shall be kept by the detention center for safekeeping, and may be paid by the prisoner if he has a proper use for it; articles which are not allowed to be retained shall be returned either on the spot or after registering.
Article 38 The letters sent and received by the detention center to the inmates shall be handed over to the case-handling authorities for handling if they are not entrusted by the case-handling authorities for inspection.
Article 39 A defender entrusted by the prisoner or appointed by the people's court may meet and correspond with the prisoner after the prisoner receives a copy of the indictment.
Lawyers who wish to meet with a detained offender must have a work permit from the law firm (or legal adviser's office) and a special letter of introduction in a fixed format; other defenders requesting to meet with a detained offender must have a special letter of introduction from the people's court.
Lawyers and other defenders authorized by the people's court must meet with the detainee in the detention center. The detention center shall provide convenience, security and safety. At the end of the meeting, the prisoner shall be handed over to the guard on duty to be taken into custody.
Chapter VII Education of Prisoners
Article 40 A detention center shall establish a system for educating prisoners and do a good job of educating and transforming them.
The education of the inmates shall be tailored to the needs of the inmates, convincing by reasoning and reflecting policies.
The conversation and education of female offenders shall be conducted by female police officers or two or more police officers.
Article 41 A detention center shall, in accordance with the actual situation of the inmates, focus on legal education, moral education and education on compliance with prison rules in a planned, purposeful and targeted manner, so as to induce the inmates to comply with the prison rules, to tell the truth about their problems, and to actively report and denounce illegal and criminal activities inside and outside the prison.
Article 42 The education of prisoners may take the form of group lectures, individual talks, cooperation with case-handling authorities in convening conferences on the lenient and strict treatment of offenders, mobilization of prisoners' relatives and friends to persuade them to do so, and the selection of prisoners or persons released from prison to speak from their own experience.
The detention center shall organize the prisoners to listen to the radio, watch TV, read books and newspapers, current affairs, policy, legal education, active life.
Article 43 In order to promote the ideological reform of inmates and enhance their physical fitness, detention centers may organize inmates to engage in appropriate labor under the premise of ensuring safety and not affecting investigation, prosecution and trial.
Article 44: The organization of labor for prisoners must be based on the strength of their abilities, and sick prisoners and prisoners sentenced to death shall not participate.
It is strictly forbidden to use prisoners privately to work for any unit or individual.
Chapter VIII Rewards and Punishments
Article 45 Prisoners shall be commended and given material rewards for one of the following performances during their detention:
(1) those who consistently abide by the rules and discipline of the prison, and who make efforts to study and work actively;
(2) those who conscientiously maintain their own personal hygiene and environmental sanitation;
(3) those who have outstanding achievements in the love and care of public property.
Praise for prisoners shall be decided by the guarding officers; material rewards for prisoners shall be approved by the director of the detention center. Material rewards are limited to daily necessities, books and notebooks.
Article 46 A detention center shall report in writing to the organ handling the case for leniency in accordance with the law if a prisoner has one of the following performances while in custody:
(1) reporting and exposing criminals inside or outside the prison, which is verified to be true;
(2) dissuading the prisoner from committing murder, escaping, or engaging in other unlawful and criminal activities;
(3) engaging in other acts that are beneficial to the state and the people. behavior.
Article 47 If a prisoner commits any of the following acts while in custody, he or she shall, depending on the circumstances, be warned, admonished, ordered to make a confession of repentance, or punished by confinement; if a crime is constituted, he or she shall be held criminally liable in accordance with the law:
(1) violating the rules of the prison and discipline and failing to correct himself or herself after being educated;
(2) spreading corrupted and depraved ideas and preventing others from repenting;
(3) disobedience to supervision, which is found to be unreasonable;
(4) intentional damage to public property;
(5) bullying, abusing other inmates, violating the personal rights of others;
(6) ganging up to fight, often disrupting the order of the administration;
(7) teaching methods of committing crimes, or abetting others to commit illegal and criminal offenses;
(9) teaching the public to commit illegal and criminal offenses;< /p>
(viii) escaping or organizing escape;
(ix) committing other illegal and criminal acts.
Warnings, admonitions and orders for repentance shall be carried out at the discretion of the guards and reported to the director of the detention center. If the punishment of confinement is given, it shall be proposed by the guarding officer and decided by the director of the detention center.
People in custody during the reoffense, should be held criminally responsible, the detention center shall promptly notify the situation to the case-handling organs, and cooperate with the case-handling organs to investigate and obtain evidence, in accordance with the law.
Article 48 of the confinement of prisoners, shall be closed in a special cell for reflection. The period of confinement shall normally be one to ten days, and shall not exceed fifteen days.
Chapter IX Custody of Property
Article 49 If the custodial center needs to take custody of the property brought into the facility by the inmates and later sent to the custodial center, the inmates shall be accounted for in person and registered in detail. When filling out the Registration Form for the Custody of Possessions, the name, quantity, quality, specifications, characteristics and brand number of the possessions shall be clearly written and signed and sealed by the inmates. Registration form in triplicate, a stub, a copy of the prisoner to receive, a copy of the property together with the preservation.
If a prisoner really needs to use the property in his custody during the period of detention, it shall be approved by the director of the detention center. When a prisoner receives his property, he shall issue a receipt.
Article 50 The property of a prisoner shall be assigned to a special person for safekeeping and stored in a special warehouse. Except in cases of force majeure, any damage to or loss of property held in escrow shall be compensated for at the same price. Items that cannot be easily preserved shall be handed over to the prisoner's family for retrieval or disposed of at the discretion of the organ handling the case.
Article 51 The property of a fugitive offender shall be kept temporarily. If the offender is not captured and returned to the case after one year, they shall be surrendered to the financial authorities for disposal.
The belongings of a dead criminal or a criminal who has been executed shall be notified to his family in accordance with the provisions of the law, and may be sent on his behalf if he is unable to collect them at a distance. If there is no family member, or it is not possible to notify and send it within one year as well as those who do not come to collect it after one year of notification, it shall be surrendered to the financial department for disposal.
Receipts for property surrendered shall be filed in the prisoners' files for record-keeping.
Chapter X Discharge
Article 52 A certificate of release shall be issued by a detention center to a person in one of the following circumstances when he is discharged from the detention center:
(1) After detention, the case-handling organ finds out that the detention should not be carried out or the People's Procuratorate does not approve of the arrest and informs of the immediate release;
(2) After arrest, the case-handling organ finds out that the arrest should not be carried out and informs of the release. ;
(3) where the people's procuratorate makes a decision to exempt from prosecution or not to prosecute, and the organ handling the case notifies of the release;
(4) where a person is acquitted or exempted from criminal punishment after trial by the people's court, and is notified of the release;
(5) where a convicted offender under the supervision of a detention center is completing the term of his sentence.
Article 53 For the judgment has become legally effective should be transferred to a place of reform through labor, the people's court ruled that the sentence should be suspended, or execution of probation, sentenced to control, transferred to the field for review, temporary remand in custody and in accordance with the provisions of the implementation of re-education through labor and other reasons out of the house, respectively, in accordance with the provisions of the formalities for the release of the place of work, and shall be the performance of the person in custody in the form of a Written materials shall be handed over with the case.
Article 54 A guardhouse shall register the release of a detainee when the detainee is released from the guardhouse, and shall write down the release certificate, time and place of release in the "Register of Detainees".
When a detainee is discharged from the facility, he or she is required to count and return the belongings kept on his or her behalf in person, sign and print on the Registration Form for Keeping Possessions (the stub), and retrieve the Registration Form for Keeping Possessions that he or she has kept.
Article 55 A person who leaves the institution shall be examined as to his person and the articles he carries, so as to prevent the bringing out of letters and articles to other inmates.
Chapter XI Supplementary Provisions
Article 56 A custodial institution, due to the special needs of its work, may, with the approval of the competent public security bureau or division chief and the consent of the People's Procuratorate, stay in the custodial institution to execute the sentences of individual convicted offenders whose remaining sentences are more than one year.
Article 57 For convicted prisoners under the supervision of a detention center, matters relating to vigilance, life, hygiene, meeting, communication, education, labor, rewards and punishments, reduction of sentence, parole, and release upon completion of sentence shall be carried out with reference to the systems and regulations of the labor reform institutions.
If a convicted prisoner in a detention center needs to go out of the center to work or seek medical treatment, he shall be managed by the guards and police officers and escorted and guarded by the armed police. If a convicted person needs to be released on medical parole because of illness, the competent bureau or director of the public security organ at or above the county level shall approve the release.
Article 58 The income from the labor and production of prisoners and convicted prisoners shall be controlled by the detention center, and shall be used mainly for the purchase of supplies for the labor and production of convicted and unsuccessful prisoners, and for living allowances and rewards.
Article 59 The new construction and relocation of detention centers shall be included in the local capital construction projects and invested by the planning commissions at all levels. The sites of newly built and relocated detention centers shall be agreed upon by the competent public security organs and the local urban planning departments **** together, but shall not be farther away from the combination of towns and suburbs.
The renovation and expansion of detention centers, such as repair funds, should be budgeted for, by all levels of finance special allocations.
The guardhouse outside the fence within five meters of the police-style, prohibiting the construction of houses and planting trees.
Newly built, relocated, renovated and expanded detention centers, should be the overall design of the building program and standards, submitted to the province, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Public Security Bureau for approval; railways, transportation, forestry, civil aviation system submitted to the headquarters (bureau) Public Security Bureau for approval.
Article 60 The equipment of the guardhouse, including vehicles, communication equipment, weapons, alarm devices, armaments, photographic equipment, monitoring facilities, etc., shall be included in the equipment series of the public security organs.
Article 61 The "guards" referred to in these measures refers to all cadres of the detention center.
Article 62 The prison rules and forms of management documents of detention centers shall be uniformly formulated by the Ministry of Public Security.
Article 63 The detention centers set up by the state security organs shall refer to the implementation of these Measures.