1. Socio-economic conditions: The DPRK's socio-economic conditions are relatively poor, with many people living in poverty and lacking basic medical care and nutritional security. These factors can lead many couples to be cautious about having children in order to avoid overburdening the family economy and quality of life.
2. Level of medical care and health care: The level of medical care and health care in the DPRK is relatively low, with limited medical resources and a lack of necessary medical equipment and medicines in many places. These factors can affect the health of mothers and newborns, resulting in certain population losses and mortality rates.