On November 20-21, 1999, the first unmanned test spacecraft of China's manned spaceflight project, Shenzhou, achieved a complete success in its flight test, and the unmanned test spacecraft Shenzhou 2-4 were successfully developed and launched from early 2001 to the end of 2002, obtaining valuable test data and providing a solid foundation for the implementation of manned spaceflight. The Shenzhou-2 to Shenzhou-4 unmanned test spacecraft were developed and launched successively from the beginning of 2001 to the end of 2002, obtaining valuable test data and laying a solid foundation for the implementation of manned spaceflight. The Shenzhou-5 spacecraft is China's first manned spacecraft, developed on the basis of an unmanned spacecraft, with one astronaut on board, and operates in orbit for one day. It provides the astronauts with the necessary living and working conditions during the entire flight period, and at the same time sends the physiological data and TV images of the astronauts to the ground, and ensures the safe return of the astronauts.
On Oct. 15, 2003, Shenzhou V was successfully launched, and the spacecraft flew at an average speed of 1 circle around the earth per hour.
The spacecraft consists of an orbital module, a return module, a propulsion module and an additional section, with a total length of 8,860 mm and a total weight of 7,840 kg. The spacecraft's manual control function and the environmental control and life-support sub-systems provide a guarantee of the safety of the astronauts.
The spacecraft was launched by a Long March-2f carrier rocket into an initial orbit with a perigee of 200km, an apogee of 350km and an inclination of 42.4°, and then entered a circular orbit of 343km after the implementation of orbit change. The spacecraft circled the Earth 14 times and then landed in a predetermined area.
The manned space flight of Shenzhou-5 has realized the millennium-long wish of the Chinese nation to fly to the sky, is a high degree of cohesion of the wisdom and spirit of the Chinese nation, and is a new milestone for China's space industry in the new century.
Shenzhou-5
Launch time: 9:00 a.m. on October 15, 2003 ．
Launching rocket: The new Long March 2F strapped rocket, this is the 71st flight of the Long March series of carrier rockets, and following October 1996, China's 29th consecutive successful space launch.
Flight time for the spacecraft to enter orbit: At 9:10 a.m., the ship and rocket separated, and the Shenzhou V manned spacecraft entered the intended orbit accurately.
Return time: 6:28 p.m. on Oct. 16, 2003
Launch site: Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center
Landing site: Amu Gulang Grassland area in central Inner Mongolia
Flight time/laps: 21 hours/14 laps
Package: In addition to China's first person to fly, Yang Liwei, the "Shenzhou" V manned spacecraft entered orbit. "Shenzhou" No. 5 manned spacecraft return capsule also carries a special significance of the Chinese flag, a Beijing 2008 Olympic Games emblem flag, a United Nations flag, the main coin sample of the Renminbi, China's first manned spaceflight commemorative stamps, China's manned space project commemorative cover and from the motherland island of Taiwan's crop seeds and so on.
The
EXPERIMENTAL PROJECTS: Shenzhou 5 will try to minimize the number of experimental projects and instruments in the cabin to make more space for astronauts to move around and carry out scientific observation missions, and it can be said that the mission this time around will mainly be to examine the astronauts' adaptability in the space environment.
New technology applications: For the first time, an automatic fault detection system and an escape system have been added. Hundreds of failure modes are set up in them, with an immediate automatic alarm in case of danger. Even after the spacecraft has been in the air for some time, it can escape from danger by escaping from the rocket.
Shenzhou VI
Shenzhou VI Launch Launch time: October 12, 2005, 9:0:0 seconds.
Launch rocket: Shenzhou - Long March 2F carrier rocket
Ship into orbit flight time required: 584 seconds
Return time: 4:32 a.m. on October 17
Launch site: Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center
Landing site: Siziwang Grassland Autumn Rhythms
Flight time/laps: 115 hours and 32 minutes/flight 77 laps
Passenger items: *** There are 8 categories of 64 kinds of passenger items, including Hong Kong Goldilocks, Cha Group and other well-known corporate logos, carrying biological strains, plant histocultured seedlings and crops, plants, flowers seeds are used for space breeding experiments. At the opening ceremony, six special "passengers" had the opportunity to make a wonderful appearance, they are the Chinese flag used during the polar expedition, the five rings of the International Olympic Committee flag, the Shanghai World Expo flag, the Declaration of the centennial commemorative issue, calligraphy and painting "six steeds" and 10 young pioneers in space painting works. Shenzhou VI return capsule also carries the "I write a letter to the 'Shenzhou' No. 6 astronauts essay activities" the special prize essay, *** and the country marshal special stamps and Shenzhou VI personalized stamps and other stamps, as well as calligraphy and painting works of celebrities, and so on.
Technical applications: There are very many types of spaceships, but the most commonly used is the satellite manned spaceship. This type of airship flies like a satellite in a near-Earth orbit a few hundred kilometers above the ground at an altitude of about 300 kilometers. There are single-cabin, double-cabin and triple-cabin spaceships, and at present, the spaceships of mature international spacefaring countries are all triple-cabin, and Shenzhou VI is a triple-cabin spaceship, which shows that China's spacefaring technology has initially reached the international level.
Shenzhou VI spacecraft has the following characteristics: firstly, the starting point is very high, the spacecraft has the ability to carry three astronauts; secondly, it is a multi-purpose ship, after the return of the astronauts, the orbital silo can be used as a satellite to continue to utilize the satellite for six months in an unmanned state, and can even be used for the future of the rendezvous and docking experiments; thirdly, it is the return capsule's diameter is big, the Russian one is 2.2 meters, and the one of our country is 2.5 meters. The third is the large diameter of the return capsule. Finally, the return of the spacecraft is very safe, and comprehensive tests have been conducted in this regard. Overall, the technical progress of Shenzhou VI spacecraft is huge.
Technological progress is mainly reflected in the following areas: first, the field of new materials, it is reported that in recent years China has made progress in the field of new materials, there are more than 2,000 kinds of aerospace from the field; second is the field of telecommunication, there are advances in the field of hardware equipment, there are advances in the field of software, for example, coding technology ensures that the quality of the voice and the clarity of the image; the third is the image of the technology, which can be used in the military field, can also be used in the civilian field of the technology. The fourth is special food, and the development of food for astronauts is very complicated; the fifth is special textile materials, and space suits are a system that is the crystallization of high technology; the sixth is the progress of electronic control systems, and the spacecraft is a complex system that involves a variety of complex sub-systems, and all the systems need to be controlled by electronic control systems; and the seventh is the progress of biomedical systems, and the human spaceflight and unmanned spaceflight are essentially the same as the human spaceflight, and the human spaceflight is the same. Spaceflight and unmanned spaceflight are fundamentally different, and the complexity and reliability of the systems are very different. The success of Shenzhou VI shows that China's related biomedicine has made great progress.
The Shenzhou VI spacecraft is still a three-compartment structure with a propulsion module, a return module and an orbital module, and the entire ship's shape and structure are the same as the original one, with its weight basically remaining at about 8 tons. After entering the orbit, the spacecraft will first run on an elliptical orbit with a perigee of 200 kilometers and an apogee of 350 kilometers for 5 laps, and then change the orbit to a circular orbit 343 kilometers away from the ground, and it will take 90 minutes to fly around the earth, and the flight track will be a sinusoidal curve that is projected on the ground and continuously pushed to the east. The orbital characteristics are the same as those of Shenzhou V.
Since there is no rendezvous and docking mission on this flight, Shenzhou VI has canceled the additional segment used for this function. In addition, more than 40 pieces of equipment and six pieces of software have been newly added to the spacecraft, bringing it to more than 600 pieces of equipment, 82 pieces of software, and more than 100,000 components.
Shenzhou VI's improvements can be roughly summarized in four areas:
I. Improvements centered around the two-person, multi-day mission. First, a sufficient or even surplus amount of astronaut consumables, including food, water and sleeping bags, were prepared. Food cabinets were placed in the orbital module, which was previously in a vacant state. Astronaut water was prepared both in tanks and in individual soft packs, based on one and a half warmers per person per day. Second, the environmental control of the cockpit was improved. One person exhales nearly a liter of water a day. Shenzhou VI has improved its ability to condense water vapor, enlarged the condensate tank, and plastered all exposed piping with water-absorbent materials to ensure that the spacecraft's humidity is controlled at less than 80 percent. Oxygen, temperature and humidity in the cabin can be automatically sensed and adjusted.
Second, the orbital module has been improved in terms of function and use. A lot of necessities for astronauts' life have been placed, such as food heating devices and tableware. There is a sleeping bag hanging in the orbital module for two astronauts to take turns resting. Under weightlessness, a person can actually float in the air and sleep, but considering the habits that people have developed on the ground, the sleeping bag is used to artificially create a feeling of "bed", otherwise the astronauts may have the illusion of falling into the abyss when they sleep. The orbital module also has a special cleaning supplies cabinet, astronauts can use the wipes and other items for cleaning. The urine and feces collection device was also used for the first time this time.
Third, improvements to enhance astronaut safety. The astronauts' chairs in the return capsule are designed with a landing cushion function, which is designed to ensure the safety of the astronauts in case of a failure of the thrust reverser rocket. Shenzhou V spacecraft, only Yang Liwei riding in the chair with landing buffer function, and there is a small defect, is to return to the chair before lifting the astronauts difficult to see the situation outside the porthole. Shenzhou VI has redesigned the buffer and combined it with the whole ship for repeated tests, and the three tests thrown down from high towers and airplanes have been successful each time. The hatch between the return module and the orbital module will threaten the safety of the astronauts if it is not closed tightly when returning. Three Russian astronauts have died as a result. Shenzhou VI researchers successfully developed a rapid automatic detection device for hatch closure, and spent months developing a special rag that does not produce fibers, static electricity, or odors, and is specifically designed to clean the hatch.
Four, continuous improvement. China's manned spaceflight project was officially launched in 1992, and 13 years have passed since then, some of the components and raw materials initially used on the spacecraft are no longer in production, and individual technologies have become slightly outdated. Shenzhou VI has made some daily continuous improvements. For example, the "black box" on Shenzhou I to V was developed in 1994, with a storage capacity of only 10 megabytes. Now the black box is not only 100 times larger than the original storage capacity, and data writing and reading speed has increased by more than 10 times, but the volume is less than half of the original.
Shenzhou VII
"Shenzhou VII" successfully lifted off at 21:10:04 on September 25, 2008
Shenzhou VII launched "Shenzhou V" and "Shenzhou VI". "Launch time are in mid to late October, while the launch of Shenzhou VII will be advanced to the end of September liftoff. Relevant experts revealed that September and October are more suitable for the launch window, but because the "Shenzhou" will perform spacewalk tasks, the end of September when the lift-off angle of the sun is more suitable for astronauts out of the capsule activities, can make the spacecraft in the shortest possible time to see the sun, to ensure that the astronauts out of the capsule when the operation of the sun.
The best meteorological conditions for the launch of manned spaceflight mainly include: no precipitation, ground wind speed of less than 8 meters per second, horizontal visibility greater than 20 kilometers; 8 hours before the launch to 1 hour after the launch, the field area of 30 kilometers to 40 kilometers within the scope of no thunder and lightning activities; ship and arrow launches through the airspace of 3 kilometers to 18 kilometers of the maximum wind speed at altitude of less than 70 meters per second, and in addition to the launch of the front and rear of the 9 hours there can not be lightning and thunder.
Huang Chunping said that whether the launch can take place as scheduled mainly depends on the weather and other conditions at the launch site at that time. Light rain and temperature generally do not affect the normal launch of the spacecraft, but high winds may cause the launch to be delayed because wind speeds exceeding the rocket's capacity will likely change its direction of flight.
Huang Chunping also disclosed that the astronauts' spacewalk will take place right after the spacecraft enters orbit and orbits the Earth more than five times.
"Shenzhou" search and rescue after landing
"Shenzhou" return capsule Inner Mongolia main landing site medical rescue team leader, the People's Liberation Army No. 306 hospital president Zou Dewei said, "Shenzhou" and "Shenzhou" are the same as "Shenzhou", but the "Shenzhou" is not the same as "Shenzhou".
The PLA's 306th Hospital has been serving as the main landing site for China's manned spaceflight astronauts' medical rescue mission during the Shenzhou-5 and Shenzhou-6 periods. 306th Hospital's expert medical team for the Shenzhou-7 mission was deployed on August 29th. On August 29, the 306 Hospital's expert medical team for the "Shenzhou VII" mission went to Siziwangqi, Inner Mongolia. At present, this medical rescue team, which consists of 16 top experts, is conducting medical rescue drills near the main landing site.
Additionally, the biggest difference between the medical rescue of the main landing site of Shenzhou-7 and Shenzhou-5 and Shenzhou-6 is that the air search and rescue platform composed of helicopters will be the main one, instead of using the ground platform. The most important difference between the "Shen5" and "Shen6" is that the helicopter group will be used as the main air search and rescue platform, and no longer use the ground platform.
According to President Zou's introduction, the main landing site of Shenzhou-7 near Siziwangqi in Inner Mongolia is a latitude and longitude coordinate range of more than 100 kilometers long and 80 kilometers wide with the theoretical landing point as the center. If ground vehicles are used for search and rescue, the speed will be relatively slow, so the search and rescue mission of "Shenzhou VII" will be mainly accomplished by helicopters. This year, the implementation of search and rescue, medical mission of the helicopter has more than 10, in addition to the command aircraft, there are six as the search and rescue mission, one as the medical supervision and medical insurance tasks, while the medical ambulance team will use three helicopters.
Academician Qi Fahrenheit believes that people in the sky is not tourism, is to complete the research, development and utilization of the space environment. Previously, Yang Liwei just the first step to try, to complete this task must be more people more days, let's say to go to assemble a space station or repair a satellite, people have to come out of the cabin, out of the cabin at least two people. Later to go to the space station to take the transportation vehicle to go to the space station to docking, open the door after the people inside to pick up out. From abroad, they spent a lot of tests to do this thing, and now according to our plan, "God seven" hope that people can go out of the cabin, the people called space walking. "Of course, how far away from the capsule? Can also be a little closer, can also be a little farther away." Academician Qi Fahrenheit said that the next step in our country is to solve the rendezvous and docking, rendezvous and docking at least three people. So our spacecraft should have this ability: three people in the sky for seven days, go up with 300 kilograms of stuff, come back with a hundred kilograms of stuff. If this time is very successful, there is no need to try two more people for more days, then we will go out of the capsule next time. Academician Qi bremsstrahlung believes that the "Shenzhou VII" which is going to leave the capsule must solve two big problems on the basis of Shenzhou VI. Now the astronauts have a sealed capsule in which they wear space suits. When they leave the capsule, there is no air, so the space suit itself must be able to supply oxygen. The second is that when there is no temperature control, the space suit can ensure his normal temperature, so this space suit is equivalent to a small sealed cabin, this aspect is quite complicated. More advanced space suits can also be installed on the engine, a little fire on the go, equivalent to a small spaceship, to get out of the cabin to have these conditions. Academician Qi Fahrenheit said that in the future we have to have an airlock cabin on board, people wear space suits into the door, close the door, open the door outside to go out, if you open the door to the gas will be released, so there is an airlock cabin. "I'm just talking about the two main ones, as the astronauts have an extravehicular space suit, as our ship to speak, there has to be an airlock cabin, to ensure that the original cabin to ensure that there is an atmospheric pressure."