Chongqing Chaotianmen Hospital （023）636灬628灬77
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Includes kiwis, raspberries, pomegranates, and grapes. The fruits are juicy, with small and numerous seeds distributed in the pulp, and most are not resistant to storage. This type of fruit due to different tree species, fruit structure varies greatly. Its representative species of grapes, the fruit developed from the ovary, the exocarp membranous, in the endocarp soft and juicy. The edible part of the endocarp.
4. Nut fruit trees
Including walnuts, chestnuts, hazelnuts, ginkgo and so on. It is characterized by the fruit outside more with a hard shell, the shell has seeds. The edible part is mostly seeds, containing little moisture, resistant to storage and transportation, commonly known as dry fruit.
5. persimmon date fruit trees
Exocarp membranous, mesocarp fleshy. Jujube endocarp forming the kernel, the edible part is the mesocarp; persimmon endocarp fleshy and tough, the edible part is the mesocarp.
Including citrus, tangerine, orange, grapefruit and so on. The fruit develops from the ovary, the exocarp is leathery with oil cells, the endocarp is white and spongy, and the endocarp is a succulent vesicle valve. The edible part of the endocarp is the vesicle. Most of the fruit is resistant to storage and transportation.
2. Others
Including lychee, longan, loquat, prunes, coconut, twigs and oil pears.
Perennial herbaceous fruit trees
Including bananas, pineapples, strawberries and so on.
(1) the nutritional health care function of fruit Fruits are rich in nutrients, both containing a variety of vitamins and inorganic salts, but also contains sugar, starch, protein, fat, organic acids, aromatic substances, etc., is the human body's growth and development and nutrition must be material. According to nutritionists, each person needs 70 ~ 80kg of fruit per year to meet the normal needs of the human body.
(2) the medical function of the fruit Many fruits and seeds can be medicinal, with therapeutic effects. Such as walnuts, lychee, longan, etc. is a good tonic; pear cream, persimmon cream is often used in medicine; almonds, peach kernels, tangerine Luo, etc. is an important traditional Chinese medicine; guava can cure diabetes, lower cholesterol.
Tree pests out of the sting when the harm. At this time, timely spraying of the whole garden 1 time insecticide, fungicidal agents can effectively reduce the degree of damage to the orchard disease and insect pests that year. Commonly used insecticidal agents are 3 to 5 degrees of stone sulfur compounds.
In addition, in order to improve the effect of fruit tree pest control, but also the use of hooks, spikes, sealing technology, that is, the use of special wire hooks, into the moth holes, hooked or spiked to death hiding in the trunk of the aspens and other larvae, but also the use of whitening agent to close the trunk of the fissures, holes, cut off the path of the pests overwintering. Pests in older orchards, the use of this method is more important.
Winter is the dormant period of pests and pathogens. At this time the pests are more concentrated, is the best time to control pests, can play a multiplier effect. Specific methods are as follows:
1. clean orchard some pests eggs, larvae, pupae and spores and mycelium of pathogens, can be safely overwintered in the dead leaves and branches, such as mites, shellfish, leaf roller moths, anthracnose, blackstar disease, ulcers and so on. Therefore, in winter, we should thoroughly clear the garden, remove the dead branches and leaves, pick up the fallen fruit, eradicate weeds, centralized burnt or buried, is to reduce the source of insects, the source of disease is a better measure.
2. Cut out pests and diseases in winter, there are many pests, pathogens in the shoots, buds, leaves, dry and dead branches overwintering, cut out pests and branches, sick and stiff fruits, centralized burned, can effectively reduce aphids, moths, Demoiselle moths, woodlice, stems, wasps and other pests of the overwintering base, you can reduce the many branches of the source of disease and pests of the infiltration.
3. Plugging holes for stem-boring pests in the aspens can be inserted into the branch hole with a fine wire to kill the larvae; can also be used to 80% dichlorvos or 40% Rogaine 5 to 10 times liquid, with a cotton wool (or waste paper) drug plugging the holes; or syringe to the holes to the injection of the above liquid, and then seal the holes with the yellow mud, the pests can be hiding inside the branches and trunks of the poison death.
4. Scraping of the fruit tree bark cracks, warped skin is a place where many diseases and insects lurk and overwinter. Such as pear and apple small heartworm, webworms, caterpillars, small leaf roller moths, etc., in winter, there are hiding into the warp skin group nesting habit of overwintering. Therefore, in December, late to the following year in January time, the old cracked warped skin gently scraped, but do not scrape the inside of the tender skin. Pear paste germ film can also be scraped with a knife, scraping should be coated with lithosulfur composite or coated with mortar immediately after scraping.
5. Orchard deep turning there are many pests, in the form of larvae, pupae or in the form of fungus, oospores overwintering in the soil. Orchard deep turning in winter, can smother or expose the insects, pupae, germs, so that birds peck or freeze.
Improve the acidity of gastric juice, promote the digestion of food and achieve the effect of neutralization and elimination of food.
4, clear heat and benefit the throat. The fruit of the peach contains a large number of volatile components.
Recipes
1, fresh peach juice. Fresh peach 3, wash with water, with a fruit knife will be cut into fruit dices, and mashed juice; will be poured into a cup of juice, add warm water 100 ml mix, take 2 times a day. This juice has clear heat and wind, pain and swelling of the function
Two peak period: after the grape fruit, this time with a variety of sub-top treatment and fruit expansion, bud differentiation, branch maturity, the entire fruit tree needs nutrients to reach the highest peak of the annual demand, and thus the corresponding growth of the root system has reached the highest peak of the year's growth, and then with the maturity of the grapes, and gradually down to the low peak.
The third peak: after the grape harvest, the vine body began to resume growth, the corresponding root system also gradually resume growth, will reach a new peak, and then gradually reduced into the winter dormant period.
Factors affecting the growth of the root system of grapes
The root system of grapes grows in relation to temperature, light, water, nutrients, soil pH, and organic matter content.
Temperature
The most suitable temperature for grape root activity is 21~24℃. When the soil temperature reaches 8 ~ 10 ℃ when the root system began to start activities, 12 ~ 13 ℃ when the growth began, the soil temperature reaches 20 ~ 25 ℃, the root system into the growth of the peak period, the soil temperature exceeds 25 ℃, the root system growth is inhibited, more than 28 ℃ that is, stop growing, and with the temperature continues to rise rapidly corked or dead.
Grape root system cold resistance is weak, in 10 ℃ that is to stop growing. Roots generally in -4 ℃ to -5 ℃ when a mild frost, -6 ℃ by two days or so was frozen to death. Different populations have different resistance to low temperatures, in order:
East Asian populations (mountain grapes): -15 ℃ to -16 ℃;
North American populations (Beda): -12 ℃ to -13 ℃;
European and American hybrids (Giant Peak): -7 ℃ to -8 ℃;
European populations (Red Globe): -4 ℃ to -5 ℃;
Moisture
The soil moisture suitable for root growth is 60%~80% of the maximum water holding capacity in the field . The moisture and nutrient status of the soil and its related physical and chemical properties play a decisive role in influencing the growth of the root system.
The soil is too dry: it is difficult for the roots to absorb water and nutrients from the soil, photosynthesis is weakened, and it is easy for the old leaves to yellow, fall off, and even wither and die.
Soil waterlogging or high water content: soil hypoxia, forcing the root system to rely on the leaves to supplement oxygen, a long time the root system respiratory difficulties and lead to rot due to lack of oxygen. At the same time, the lack of oxygen in the soil affects microbial activity, making it difficult for the root system to absorb nutrients, the tree is gradually weakened, the root growth tends to stop or atrophy or even death.
Tree nutrition
Grape root growth and tree nutrient supply is related to the balance of the leaf-fruit ratio or the load is light, conducive to rooting; load is too heavy, so that the tree nutrients are consumed, is not conducive to rooting.
If the high yield and encountered a weak tree phase, we must first reduce the yield, and then appropriate amount of supplemental nutrients, and in the supplemental nutrients with the application of the Sea Wizard biostimulant, in order to achieve the promotion of root growth, balanced nutrient uptake of the effect.
Fertilization
The root system of any plant has a tendency to fertilization, generally speaking, grape fertilization is conducive to the development of roots. But if you don't pay attention to the way and method of fertilization, not only will not promote the growth of the root system, but also make the root system damaged.
The concentration of fertilizer is too high: the tree's physiological water to the root system around the exudate, in order to seek the balance of physiological concentration inside and outside the root system, if the exudate physiological water is too much, it will make the tree due to physiological dehydration caused by the chlorosis or death, it is often referred to as fertilizer scalded roots.
Fertilizer spreading: easy to cause the root system to float. Soil surface 20cm at the microbial content of rich, pathogenic bacteria are also more, the root system floating root susceptibility to disease will greatly increase the chance. At the same time, the root system cold, drought, waterlogging and other capabilities decline, affecting the tree, resulting in a decline in fruit tree quality, easy to crack the fruit.
Timing of fertilizer: grape root growth peak, timely fertilization can promote root growth, enhance tree potential. It is worth noting that, after the spring bud, the soil temperature is low, the root system
Reducing acid damage should control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and reduce the use of other acidic fertilizers, such as calcium superphosphate, phosphogypsum, unrotted organic fertilizer. For soil acidification, grapes in the growing season can be used with sea elf biostimulants containing mineral humic acid and seaweed extracts to balance soil pH and improve the soil microenvironment.
Organic matter
Soil with high organic matter content and good granular structure has good permeability, high fertility and vigorous microbial activity, which is most conducive to root activity and growth.
To the heavy clay soil, less organic matter, poor permeability of the soil, should be taken to increase the application of organic fertilizers to improve, with biological bacterial fertilizers, sea elf biostimulants, etc., and open ditches and drainage, to promote the growth of the root system.? [16]?
Preservation storage
More modern storage with gas conditioning and refrigeration, equipment is more complex, while the majority of rural areas are currently mainly used in simple storage methods, such as cellar, tank storage, as well as sulfur dioxide fumigation storage and micro cold storage and other kinds of storage.
(1) cellar storage in northern China, the masses harmful to the experience of hiding grapes, generally in the hillside or the source of the cellar, the cellar set up a wooden frame grid 4-6 layers, each layer on the gently swinging l layer of grape berries. Cellar management of specific methods are: ① pre-cooled grapes after harvest in the shade for 2 days, pre-cooling temperature must be controlled below 10 ℃, so that it fully emit field heat. Then carefully put the grapes in the cellar on the shelf grid. ② Control of temperature and humidity in the cellar. General human cellar at the beginning of the outside air temperature is high, ventilation measures can be used to maintain the temperature below 10 ℃. After winter, the temperature drops, you can use daytime ventilation and nighttime closure methods to maintain the temperature in the cellar at 0-1 ℃. Relative humidity of 80%-90% is good, and when the humidity is insufficient, water can be sprayed on the ground to moisturize. When the outside temperature drops to below 10 ℃ should pay attention to close the cellar door. ③ Strengthen the inspection, timely removal of diseased spikes rotten grain.
(2) storage of grapes in small quantities or yard grape storage available storage method, North China commonly used household urn or their own storage. Storage before the tank is washed, dried, and then loaded with grape clusters. The method of loading fruit clusters are:
1. young tree pruning young tree pruning should be in accordance with the "light-based, shaping and results and promote early yield" principle. (1) 2-4 years old young trees, in the arrangement of the backbone branch under the premise, pruning focus is to clean up a layer of dense crowded branches, the shape of the tree. According to the planting density, can promote small crown thinning layer form (mu planted 80 plants below) and free spinning humor form (mu planted more than 80 plants). Small crown thinning layer shape: a layer of main branches to choose to stay 3-4, choose to stay after the impact of the growth of the backbone branches of the dense crowded branches to clean up, clean up 1-2 each year, and strive to clean up in 2 years. Free spindle humorous shape: each year to select and retain 3-4 small main branches, the main branch spacing of 20 cm or so, too dense branches appropriate thinning. (2) 5-8 years old young trees have entered the fruiting period, the focus of pruning is to clean up the interlayer dense crowded branches, improve the tree light conditions, so that the fruiting part of the gradual transition to the backbone branches. Dense crowded place to clean up 2-3 per year, and strive to clean up in 3 years. After a few years of adjustment and cleaning up the tree, small crown thinning form to retain 5 main branches, 1-2 auxiliary branches, free spindle humorous form to retain 10-13 main branches.
2. adult tree pruning adult tree pruning to "improve light, improve branch quality, stabilize the quality of yield" for the purpose of pruning is focused on batch thinning more than two layers of overcrowded large auxiliary branches, large lateral branches and large branches, try to make more than two layers of the retained large branches as a whip outward extension of the total number of branches accounted for the total number of branches in the whole tree 20% or less, in order to facilitate a layer of light in the inner chamber. Crown is high depending on the strength of the tree gradually drop head happy, the tree height control in 3.5 meters below; crown has been handed over to the periphery of the dense crowded branches to be thinned out or transformed into small branches, extend the branch trunk short cut, slow outside to promote the inner, or the use of the main head to change the main guillotine branch direction and angle, so that the upper and lower left and right are staggered each other, the crown spacing to maintain 1 meter or so, in order to facilitate the improvement of the group and the individual lighting conditions.
Two, cut off the diseased branches, insect branches According to the survey, many kinds of pests and diseases that harm the apple are overwintering on the branches. On the tree overwintering pests and diseases, combined with winter pruning thoroughly cut out diseased and insect branches centralized burned or buried, can make the next year, the harm is significantly reduced.
Three, scrape the old bark of fruit trees and trunk cracks in the old bark, often lurking in a large number of overwintering germs and pests. Scrape the rough old bark, and burned or buried, a variety of pests and diseases have good control effects, and sometimes can even completely eliminate some pests
Apple is a beauty product, both weight loss, but also to make the skin lubricated and supple. Apple is a kind of low-calorie food, every 10
Ping, promote fat discharge.
The trace elements: potassium dilates blood vessels and is beneficial to people with high blood pressure; zinc deficiency can lead to blood sugar metabolism disorders and decreased sexual function.
Can regulate gastrointestinal: fiber helps excretion; diarrhea also has astringent effect.
Apple skin + several slices of ginger boiled water: can stop vomiting.
Can reduce the cold of pear, strengthen the lungs and stomach.
Azuki beans are annual, erect or twining herbs. 30-90 centimeters high, the plant is sparsely long hairy. Leaves pinnately compound with 3 leaflets; stipules peltate, sagittate, 0.9-1.7 cm long; leaflets ovate to rhombic-ovate, 5-10 cm long, 5-8 cm wide, apex broadly triangular or suborbicular, lateral oblique, entire or shallowly trilobed, slightly sparsely hirsute on both sides.
Flowers yellow, ca. 5 or 6 borne on top of short pedicel; pedicel very short; bracteoles lanceolate, 6-8 mm long; calyx campanulate, 3-4 mm long; corolla ca. 9 mm long, petals compressed-orbicular or subreniform, often slightly skewed, apically concave, pteropetalous petals wider than keeled petals, with a short petiole and auricles, keeled petals curved apically for nearly half a circle, with an angular bulge in the middle and lower portion of one of them, basally with a petiole Ovary linear, style curved, hairy near apex.
Pods terete, 5-8 cm long, 5-6 mm wide, spreading or recurved, glabrous; seeds usually dark red or other colors, oblong, 5-6 mm long, 4-5 mm wide, truncate or nearly rounded at both ends, hilum not depressed. Fl. summer, fr. Sept-Oct.
Azuki beans are warm, light-loving and resistant to waterlogging. The whole life cycle needs more than 10 ℃, effective cumulative temperature of 20-25 ℃, generally in 8-12 ℃ above the beginning of germination seedlings. Adzuki bean is sensitive to light response, too early sowing to extend the growth period, maturity is not early. Therefore, when seed is introduced from high latitude to low latitude, it will mature earlier, while when seed is introduced from low latitude to high latitude, it will prolong the maturity period. The length of adzuki bean fertility varies according to the variety. The short growing period can be 60-90 days; the long growing period can be 80-120 days. Adzuki beans need the most water before and after flowering, flowering and podding period of high temperature, drought, easy to cause flower, pods; too wet, the plant is prone to collapse. In the drum grain maturity period, the weather is sunny and favorable for photosynthesis, which is conducive to improving grain weight. Adzuki beans grow best in loose humus soil. Sandy soil planting adzuki bean grain red and shiny. Loamy soil planted adzuki beans black, dark red. Adzuki beans are more adaptable to soil and can grow in slightly acidic and alkaline soil.? [5]?
Sowing method
Editorial
Azuki beans are an annual legume crop, and its previous crop should be selected wheat, corn, sorghum and other cereal crops are appropriate to avoid and legume crops to meet the stubble, so as not to be infected with diseases and insect pests and reduce yields. Its crop rotation and soybean should be appropriate to use the same three-zone crop rotation or four-zone crop rotation: wheat, jade, beans (adzuki beans); wheat, wheat, beans (adzuki beans); wheat, miscellaneous, beans (adzuki beans); wheat, wheat, jade, beans (adzuki beans). Thinner stubble should be selected rather than fat stubble. It can be intercropped with corn, sorghum, sunflower and other tall crops, which can make full use of the land and light energy and get higher economic benefits. It can also be planted in the ridge, the edge of the ground, the hollow of the tree and other places. Adzuki bean monoculture or intercropping, set planting. Because of the shade-tolerant mostly planted in the way of intercropping and set planting, monocropping is rare. The main forms are:
Azuki beans and spring corn, sorghum, cereal sets. Spring corn and adzuki beans to 1:1 or 2:2 way set seed. Generally after the corn is set, set seeding of adzuki beans between the corn rows,
Adzuki beans are mixed with summer corn and summer grains. Sowing summer corn or grain, red beans with the seed, set seedling, pay attention to the corn plants to stay between a certain number of red bean seedlings.
Cotton and adzuki beans set seed. After the spring cotton seedlings, in the large rows of a line of red beans, red bean selection of small early varieties. This kind of planting, the lower part of the cotton ventilation and light is favorable, can reduce the bud boll shedding, more sitting peach. Sometimes in cotton, peanuts, sweet potatoes and other crops lack seedling plot replanting red beans.
Spring sweet buds planted adzuki beans. In the sweet potato land ditch dun sowing red beans, a dun 5-6 plants. Early maturity of red beans, when red beans harvest, is the second expansion of sweet potato tuber peak, does not affect the sweet potato yield, but also more than a few dozen pounds of red beans.
Red beans need more nitrogen fertilizer, although there are rhizobium fixed nitrogen, but the application of farmyard manure has a significant yield effect, especially moderate increase in phosphorus, potash fertilizer, yield increase is more significant. If no bottom fertilizer is applied during the reproductive period of adzuki beans, 5-6 days before flowering, fast-acting nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, can promote the increase of flower pods, and prevent the fall of flowers and pods.? [5]?
Management
Adzuki bean seedling period in order to promote the development of the root system, to be more plowing and loosening of the soil, but also favorable rhizoma growth. After flowering growth, can be appropriate to play the top, remove ineffective flower branches, so that the nutrients are concentrated to the pod, promote grain full. Before and after flowering, is the most water-demanding period of adzuki beans, at this time the lack of water, will cause a large number of flowers, pods. Therefore, drought should be timely watering. Pre-growth control of aphids and red spiders in the early stages of growth of adzuki beans, mid- and late-stage prevention and control of heartworms, to prevent moths from eating pods. Prevention and control of mung bean weevil during storage. Before storage, use 50 ℃ high temperature to exterminate insects; fumigation of chemicals; anoxic storage and other measures.? [5]?
Storage
Pick the debris of the adzuki beans spread out in the sun, 3-5 pounds as a unit into a plastic bag, and then put some cut dried chili peppers, sealed up. Place the sealed plastic bag in a dry, ventilated place. This method can play the role of moisture, mold, insects, can make adzuki beans to keep 1 year not bad. You can also put the adzuki beans in boiling water to soak for ten minutes, and then fished out and dried, put into the jar collection, can be kept for a long time, and will not be insect. Put two or three cloves of garlic into the container or pocket with adzuki beans, you can make it 2-3 years without being infested
Adzuki beans mainly contain protein, sugar and other nutrients. Seeds for food, cooking porridge, making bean paste can be. Dry beans contain 21-23% protein, 0.3% fat, 65% carbohydrate.
Nutrition: per 100g of adzuki beans contain 21.7g of protein, 0.8g of fat, 60.7g of sugar, 4.9g of crude fiber, 76mg of calcium, 386mg of phosphorus, 45mg of iron, 0.43mg of thiamine, 0.16mg of riboflavin, 2.1mg of nicotinic acid.
Lysine: lysine is a higher content of amino acids.
Other: azuki beans also contain three crystalline saponins.
Winter melon and red bean soup
Raw materials: 500 grams of winter melon, red beans 40 grams
Practice: winter melon, red beans with two bowls of water to boil, simmering over low heat for 20 minutes.
Use: no salt or less salt, take 2 times a day, eat melon and drink soup.
Effects: Facilitates urination, reduces edema and detoxifies heat. Applicable to acute nephritis edema and low urine.
Commentary: winter melon contains low sodium, is the ideal food for patients with kidney disease edema. Chronic nephritis spleen and kidney deficiency cold people should not eat.? [6]?
Azuki bean corn barley porridge
Raw materials: corn husk 50 grams, 15 grams of azuki beans, Coix seed 30 grams.
Practice: add the right amount of water to the cornhusk first decoction for 10 minutes, red beans, Coix lacryma washed into the pot, with a strong fire boil and then turn to a small fire to simmer into thin porridge. Warm service, 1 time a day. Suitable for the treatment of Yang deficiency water flooding see body fat, tiredness, moss white greasy.? [6]?
Psyllium seed adzuki bean sweet soup
Raw materials: 200 grams of psyllium seed, adzuki bean 250 grams, 500 grams of glutinous rice.
Practice: psyllium decoction, with psyllium water to cook adzuki beans, until half rotten, and then into the glutinous rice, cook until glutinous rice can be cooked, add rock sugar or sugar.
Effects: It has the effect of strengthening the spleen, nourishing yin, tonifying blood, and facilitating water.? [6]?
Carp with Red Beans
Raw materials: 1 tail of carp (more than 1000 grams), 100 grams of red beans, 7.5 grams each of tangerine peel, peppercorns and grasshoppers.
Practice: remove the carp scales, gills, gouge out the viscera, wash. Will be red beans, Chen Pi, pepper, grass berries clean, stuffed into the fish belly, and then put the fish into the casserole, and add onions, ginger, pepper, salt, filling chicken soup, on the cage steaming 1.5 hours or so, the fish is cooked can be out of the cage, and then sprinkled with green onions, that is, into the.
Effects: There are qi and stomach, wake up the spleen and dampness, diuretic swelling, weight loss effect.? [6]?
Cinnamon red bean soup
Raw materials: red beans 500 grams, 200 grams of sugar, cinnamon 45 grams.
Practice: pick up the impurities and wash the red beans, put into the water soaked overnight, so that the red beans soaked hair. The red beans in the pot, add two liters of water, high fire boil, switch to a small fire simmer for about three hours, until the red beans are rotten, add sugar, sprinkle sugar cinnamon can be adjusted. Note that the adzuki beans should be cooked crispy, to keep the shape of the adzuki beans intact. This product is the most famous traditional snack in Shanghai, which started in the middle of Qing Dynasty and was created by the operators of mobile food stalls in Shanghai as a late-night snack.
(2) double-armed hedge (double stand) frame height of 1.5-2.2 meters, double hedge base spacing of 50-80 cm, the top of the spacing of 100-120 cm, columns and wire set up with a single-armed frame is the same, but the frame surface increased by a factor of 1, the amount of fruit-bearing branches and fruiting parts of the corresponding increase in full use of the rows of open space, so that the yield of the unit area than the single-armed hedge to increase by 80% or so. Such as the Beijing Sijiqing Township vineyard using two-armed hedges, row spacing of 3 meters, plant spacing 1.5-2.5 meters, per hectare yield for many years stabilized at 37,500 kg or so. The shortcomings of the double-armed hedgerow is that the amount of frame material is more, pruning, medication, harvesting and other field operations are inconvenient; branch and leaf density is large, poor light, fruit quality is not as good as a single-armed hedgerow and prone to pests and diseases. At present, the double-armed hedge cultivation gradually reduced.
(3) hedge trellis (connecting trellis) is the development of single-armed hedge, is also a combination of hedge and trellis frame. Hedge trellis frame root height of 1.5-1.8 meters, frame width and row spacing is consistent, 4.5-5 meters, the top of the frame height of 2.0-2.5 meters, in the standing surface of the frame to pull 2-3 wire, trellis surface to pull 4-6 wire. Hedge trellis frame has the advantage of both two kinds of shelf surface, can make full use of space results, but also to solve the contradiction of polar growth, unit area yield is higher, generally higher than the single-armed hedge yield about 80%. In the northern buried soil cold areas, can also utilize this type of frame, more general trellis save frame material. The disadvantage is that the trellis surface connection, mechanical spraying, transportation is inconvenient. Generally every 2-4 shelf surface to leave a working road, no trellis surface.
(4) "T" frame (hedge trellis combined type) in recent years at home and abroad are studying the trial "T" frame. Shelf height of 1.5-2.0 meters, in the standing surface of the frame pull 2-3 wire, spacing 40-50 cm, shed surface width of 0.8-1.0 meters, horizontal pull 4 wire. The "T"-shaped column every 4 meters 1, require firm. This type of frame ventilation and light, light pests and diseases, suitable for areas without strong winds, more than the single-armed hedges to increase yields, and ease the tree, suitable for mechanical spraying, summer shearing and other operations. This type of frame in Hebei province and Guangzhou and other areas have been applied. Various hedges frame type see right.
Two, trellis
(1) small trellis frame more than 5-6 meters long, frame root (near the plant) 1.2-1.5 meters high, frame tip 1.8-2.2 meters high. Because of its short frame, the grapes on and off the shelf is convenient, and is currently used more in China's cold-proof cultivation areas. Its main advantages are: ① suitable for most varieties of growth needs, in favor of early yield. ② branches and vines only 5-6 meters long, up and down easy, easy to operate. ② main vine is shorter, easy to adjust the tree, higher yield and more stable. At the same time, the recovery after renewal is fast, which has less impact on the yield. ④Easy to choose the frame material, etc. Such as the suburbs of Beijing 5-year-old rose, with a small trellis yield 37,500 kg per hectare is more common. Now the new garden spacing with 0.5-1.0 meters, row spacing of 5 meters, each plant to stay 1-2 vines, early results, early yield, to achieve 1 year planting, 2 years results, 3 years to create high-yield cultivation requirements. Such as Liaoning Province, Panjin area, high farms, 3 years Zifeng varieties, in light saline and alkaline land on average 37,500 kg per hectare, and yield stability
(2) trellis frame (slope trellis) frame length of 7 meters or more is known as the trellis frame, in the old grape producing areas and courtyard applications, such as Xiongyue, Liaoning Province, Weihai, Shandong Province, Changli, Hebei Province; Qingxu, Shanxi Province, etc., are widely used. The root is 1.5 to 1.5 meters high. Near the root end of the height of 1.5-1.8 meters, the shelf tip height of 2.0-2.5 meters, the shelf surface tilt. Shelf length according to varieties of growth or special needs. Such as longan varieties of growth potential, rack length 10-12 meters, can set up 4-5 rows of stone crutches or cement school, each row of 7-8 roots, 1.5-2.0 meters apart. Early spring out of the ground, each row of stone columns tied to the top of 1 beam, the old grape vines on the beam, or hanging with a rope under the beam, the latter up and down the rack is easy, do not hurt the old vines.
(3) funnel trellis (fan-shaped frame) applied to the more complex terrain, you can focus on improving a small piece of land, planting 4-5 grapes, the use of large fertilizer and water management methods, so that the grape vine to the surrounding area or fan-shaped direction of the lead tied. The frame is also built according to this type of shape, frame root height 1.0-1.5 meters, and around the top of the frame is 2.0-2.5 meters high, forming a funnel-shaped or fan-shaped. This type of frame in China's Hebei Province Xuanhua, Gansu Province, Lanzhou and other areas more commonly used. Can also be in the public **** place for cool shade or used to cover the building.
(4) horizontal scaffolding horizontal scaffolding, is the vineyard a working plot of 10-20 acres of scaffolding surface in a horizontal shape together. In fact, it is the rows of small trellis or large trellis connected to the frame, but there is no inclined slope. Shelf structure: the height of the frame is 1.8-2.2 meters, every 4-5 meters there is a pillar, arranged in a square, the height of the pillar is 2.2-2.5 meters. Around the edge of the column is thicker, for 12 cm × 12 cm, tilted outward at an angle of 45 degrees buried in the ground, and the use of anchor stones to make the column and its traction backbone line tension fixed.
To be applied to tighten the wire for. Peripheral backbone line load is heavier, available double stranded No. 8 wire, the internal backbone line with a single stranded No. 8 wire, other longitudinal and transverse lines, distributed between the backbone line of the branch line with No. 12 wire, the distance between the branch line to 50 centimeters is appropriate. This type of racking, mostly utilized in flat land.
(5) ridge type trellis ridge type trellis, is composed of two inclined small trellis or large trellis relative head, shaped like a ridge and named. The advantage is that it can save a row of high pillars, and the frame is solid, other and large and small trellis is the same.
Three, double-cross "V" frame
Double-cross "V" frame grapevine rack type, in the vine ripe grapes have achieved better results. Production practice has proved that this type of rack has advanced, is a new type of domestic practical rack, has good prospects for popularization and application. Double cross "V" expenditure rack cultivation mode because the leaf curtain was V-shaped, compared with the trellis and single hedge, with a leaf curtain layer of large light area, high photosynthetic efficiency, budding neat, balanced growth of new shoots and ventilation and light and other advantages. The disadvantage is that the yield is not as high as the trellis. Double cross "V" shaped frame branches and vines into rows tilted outward, convenient for pruning, flower thinning, spraying and other management work, is conducive to the plan to set spikes, control production, thus improving product quality, is conducive to the implementation of standardized cultivation. Double cross "V" shaped frame than the establishment of the trellis is simple, in the hedge on the cement column 105 cm and 140 cm each set a beam, the lower beam is 60 cm long, the upper beam is 80-100 cm long, and in the cement column 80 cm at the pull of 2 wire. Each end of the two beams pull a wire, *** pull 6 wire that is completed. This is a hedge and "V" frame composite form. Fan-shaped pruning, the effect is good, to overcome the horizontal pruning pruning easy to break the branch defects.
Four, grape rain trellis
Grape rain trellis specific requirements are as follows:
(1) vineyard row spacing of 2.5 meters, each piece of 30 centimeters wide ditch apart, ditch depth so as to facilitate drainage or irrigation to the degree.
(2) the top of the rain shelter 2.1 meters above the ground, at 1.8 meters above the rain shelter, shed width 2.2 meters, shed height 0.3 meters. The roof of the shed and the shed side fixed with wooden strips, with bamboo pieces made into a bow and nailed. Every 50 centimeters nailed 1 bamboo sheet. Bamboo sheet on the film, film thickness of 0.08 mm, every 50 cm with a film pressure line (available machine packaging tape instead), the width of the film to cover the edge of the shed or slightly wider appropriate