1, variety selection
The varieties should be mainly early-maturing, middle-maturing and high-quality varieties, supplemented by moderately middle-late maturing varieties. At present, the main varieties used in greenhouse production are Elizabeth, Yinmizi, reticulate incense and some suitable early-maturing and middle-maturing varieties at home and abroad.
2. Cultivate strong seedlings
(1) When the ground temperature in the greenhouse is stable above 12℃ during the sowing period, it can be planted. The seedling period of melon is about 1 month, so the sowing period is about one month. Sowing and seedling raising are usually carried out in heated greenhouses and hotbeds. The sowing date of muskmelon in greenhouse in south China is in mid-February, and if the heat preservation conditions are good, it can also be raised to 1 month in advance.
(2) removing impurities, impurities and chaff from the treated germinated seeds, and drying them in the air. Soak the seeds with thiophanate-methyl or carbendazim 500 ~ 600 times for sterilization 15 minutes, take them out and put them in clean water, and soak the seeds with trisodium phosphate solution with concentration of 15% for 30 minutes to inactivate the virus. Soak the seeds in warm water at 50 ~ 60℃, stir to 30℃, let them soak for 6 ~ 8 hours, remove the moisture in the seed coat, wrap the seeds layer by layer with clean coarse cloth, and put them at a constant temperature of 30 ~ 32℃ to accelerate germination (there are many methods to accelerate germination, which can be carried out in a constant temperature box or in a boiler room with electric blankets, fermented manure piles, warm water buckets, etc.). The radicle is exposed for 24-30 hours, and then the seeds can be planted.
(3) Nutrition production Seeding nutrition bowls can be made by yourself, or plastic nutrition bowls with different specifications can be purchased. The size of the nutrition bowl can be 10 cm× 10 cm or 8 cm× 8 cm or 8 cm× 10 cm, with a minimum of 6 cm× 6 cm. Nutritive soil is prepared to meet the needs of melon seedling growth and development for soil mineral nutrition, water and air. Nutritious soil should be loose and breathable, not easy to break, with strong water and fertility retention, rich in various nutrients and free from pests and diseases.
Nutritive soil is made of field soil, garden soil, river mud, furnace ash, all kinds of livestock manure and dried human manure. All manure must be completely decomposed. The ratio is 5 parts of field soil, 4 parts of decomposed manure and 1 part of river mud or sand. Add 0.5 kg of urea, 0.5 kg of 65438+ calcium superphosphate, 0.5 kg of potassium sulfate or 0.5 kg of 65438+ NPK compound fertilizer per cubic meter of nutrient soil. The nutrient soil is sieved before mixing, and then mixed evenly. Box seedlings can be used in seedbeds, and paper tubes and nutrition pots can be placed in paper tubes or nutrition pots and closely arranged in seedbeds. This work should be completed a few days before sowing to ensure that there is enough time to water and bake the seedbed before sowing.
The seedbed nutrition bowl is sprayed once with a watering can, and can be sown after airing for 4-6 hours. Put 1 seed in each nutrient pot, and cover the soil with 1 ~ 1.5cm after sowing. Then cover the plastic film, keep the bed soil moist, raise the temperature of the nutrition bowl, and immediately remove the plastic film when seedlings emerge, so that seedlings can emerge.
(4) Seedbed management Seedbed management is centered on mastering the temperature, and it should be sealed and ventilated before emergence. At this time, the bed temperature should be kept at 30 ~ 35℃. Once the new buds begin to be unearthed, proper attention should be paid to ventilation, because the hypocotyl grows fastest from the time when the seedlings are unearthed to the time when the cotyledons are flattened, which is the stage when the seedlings are most prone to overgrowth. Therefore, special attention should be paid to controlling the overgrowth of melon seedlings. There are three measures: first, the bed temperature should be reduced to15 ~ 22℃; Second, extend the illumination time as much as possible to ensure the normal development of seedlings; Thirdly, reduce the humidity of air and soil in the bed. The relative humidity of air is 50% ~ 60% during the day and 70% ~ 80% at night. After the true leaves appear, the seedlings are not easy to grow in white, so the bed temperature should be raised to 25 ~ 30℃ again. After the seedlings grow two real leaves, it is necessary to lower the bed temperature, control watering and exercise before planting. In addition, practice has proved that it is an effective measure to cultivate strong seedlings by using the large temperature difference between day and night. When the true leaves of seedlings appear, the temperature in the bed is about 30℃ during the day and the lowest temperature at night is about 65438 05℃, which is beneficial to the growth of roots and the cultivation of strong seedlings.
Step 3 plant
(1) When the seedlings grow to two true leaves, the height of the seedlings is about 10 cm, and the leaves are plump and dark green, they can be planted in the greenhouse. The planting period in the greenhouse is closely related to the ground temperature in the greenhouse at that time, so the planting period varies from place to place. The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River can be in the first half of March. The temperature in the greenhouse is low when planting, so the greenhouse should be closed 10 ~ 15 days before planting to increase the temperature in the greenhouse.
(2) Land preparation and planting density &;
The soil in the greenhouse should be deeply ploughed in time after the harvest of the previous crop. The base fertilizer is mainly organic fertilizer, with 3500-4000 kg per mu and 30 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer. When two thirds of the soil is ploughed, it should be spread first, then leveled, and ridges with a height of 20 cm and a width of 80 cm should be made according to the ridge spacing of 1.4 m (turtle-shaped ridge). Pour the bottom water once, dry it, and spread it with plastic film. In order to facilitate lighting, the north-south direction of the greenhouse should be bordered along the greenhouse direction, and the east-west direction should be bordered across the greenhouse. Before planting seedlings, use a pot-making machine to break the film and make holes at a certain distance in the center of the high ridge, plant the seedlings in the hole, trim one vine, plant two rows in each border, and trim one row in two vines. The planting density of the greenhouse stand is: single vine pruning, large fruit varieties (such as Yinmizi) 1500 ~ 1800 plants/mu, small fruit varieties (such as Elizabeth) 1800 ~ 2000 plants/mu; Double vine pruning is about 1000 ~ 1200 plants/mu.
After the row spacing is determined (average 0.7m), the plant spacing should be adjusted according to the density when planting.
Usually only plastic film can be laid on the high edge of greenhouse, but sometimes a shed is covered in a short time after planting, which is beneficial to heat preservation, promoting the slow growth of seedlings and promoting the rapid growth of seedlings.
(4) In order to adapt to the characteristics of close planting of melon in greenhouse, seedling cultivation is often used to make full use of the space in greenhouse and strive for light energy better. Bamboo poles, tree sticks and nylon ropes are commonly used frame materials. The frame type is suitable for single-sided vertical frame, close planting, good ventilation and light transmission effect and convenient operation. The height of the frame is about 1.7m, and the height of the roof is 2.2 ~ 2.5m In this way, the upper end of the mullion should be more than 0.5m away from the roof, which is beneficial to air circulation, humidity reduction and diseases reduction. 4. Tian Tuan management
(1) Temperature and humidity management in greenhouse The optimum temperature for the growth and development of melon in the whole growth period is 25 ~ 30℃, but the requirements for temperature are different at different growth stages. After planting, the temperature in the greenhouse is kept at 27 ~ 30℃ during the day, not lower than 20℃ at night, and the ground temperature is about 27℃. Pay attention to ventilation and cooling after seedling delay. During the vegetative growth period before flowering, the daytime temperature should be kept at 25 ~ 30℃, the nighttime temperature should not be lower than 65438 05℃, and the ground temperature should be around 25℃. The flowering period is 27 ~ 30℃ during the day and 15 ~ 18℃ at night. During the fruit expansion period, it is maintained at 27 ~ 30℃ during the day and at 15 ~ 20℃ at night. At maturity, the temperature is 28 ~ 30℃ during the day, not less than 65438 05℃ at night, and the ground temperature is 20 ~ 23℃. The temperature difference between day and night during vegetative growth period is 10 ~ 13℃ and 15℃ after fruit setting. Too high temperature at night is easy to grow white, which is not conducive to sugar accumulation and affects quality.
The air relative humidity suitable for melon growth is 50% ~ 60%. In the greenhouse, 60% during the day and 70% ~ 80% at night can also make melons grow normally. Seedling stage and vegetative growth stage have strong adaptability to higher and lower air humidity, but after flowering and fruit setting, especially in the expansion stage of melon, they are sensitive to air humidity, mainly in the middle and late stage of plant growth. Excessive air humidity will delay flowering, leading to excessive growth of stems and leaves and diseases. When there is a contradiction between temperature and humidity in the shed, reducing humidity is the main way. Measures to reduce the humidity in the greenhouse: first, ventilation, the temperature outside the greenhouse is low and unstable in the early stage of growth, and the middle of the greenhouse is well ventilated; In the later period, the temperature is high, and the ventilation is mainly at both ends and sides of the greenhouse. In rainy days, the central vent can be closed. In the middle and late stage of melon growth, it is required to have a first-class wind in the shed. The second is to control watering: excessive irrigation and large evaporation will easily lead to high humidity in the shed, so it is necessary to minimize the number of irrigation and control the amount of irrigation.
(2) Water and fertilizer management During the whole growth period, the soil moisture should not be less than 48%, but the demand for water in different development stages is different. After planting, the water demand of melon seedlings is less and the evaporation of leaves is less, so watering should be controlled to promote root expansion; Proper topdressing and watering can be carried out in the creeping period; Strictly control watering before and after flowering. Young melons grow to the size of eggs and begin to expand, and the water supply should be sufficient. Maturity requires less water. Potassium sulfate 10 kg can be applied topdressing per mu during melon expansion. Usually, the melon in the greenhouse should be watered once with vine stretching water, and the melon should be swollen with water 1 ~ 2 times. Be careful not to pour too much water when watering swollen melons, so as not to cause diseases.
(3) Pruning
In order to make muskmelon bear fruit in the ideal position and make the fruit-bearing period consistent, coring and pruning are necessary means in cultivation. Most melons in greenhouse are pruned by single vine. A few also have double vines and pruning.
Single vine fruit pruning method: this method is simple in operation, convenient in management, early in maturity, concentrated in fruit, but slightly lower in yield. The specific method is as follows: when the main vine reaches 25 ~ 30 leaves, the core is not removed, and all the sub-vines at the base of the main vine 1 ~ 10 are removed.