2.2.5 Super water The ordinary water is heated and evaporated into water vapor in a closed container, and the water vapor is condensed in a quartz capillary tube (inner diameter in the nm order of magnitude), so that the water obtained is called super water, which some people unscientifically call nano water. After treatment of the super-water binding structure has been greatly changed, the formation of a chain-like hexagonal ring structure of polymers, the diameter of its particles to the nm order of magnitude. Due to the special nature of the structure of super water, it has some properties different from ordinary water: ① its density is 1.4 times the density of ordinary water (ρ super = 1.4 ρ Pu); ② its viscosity coefficient is 15 times the viscosity coefficient of ordinary water (η super = 15 η Pu), low volatility; ③ the freezing point of the super water is-100 ° C. It still maintains its properties when it is heated up to 900 ~ 1000 ° C. It changes into a polymer when it is heated up to 900 ~ 1000 ° C. It is also called nano water. It becomes ordinary water when heated to 900~1000℃, and it will not change its characteristics whether heated, cooled or stored for a long time within -100~700℃. The high activity of super water makes it easier to enter between the molecules of other substances. Certain substances that are incompatible with ordinary water, such as fuel oil, are well soluble in super water, which enters between the oil molecules and changes the interactions between the molecules, making the molecular structure looser. Fuel oil containing super water is formulated in a certain proportion, with low ignition point and full combustion, which can improve the combustion rate and mechanical efficiency on one hand, and reduce air pollution on the other hand, with great economic benefits and good social benefits. Using super water as a solvent, can be made at low temperatures and still maintain the liquid solution, but also according to its low volatility and viscosity coefficient of the characteristics of large, made of anti-volatile and anti-permeability solution, in the industry is very useful.
2.2.6 water water is used in life and production of people in the quality of miscellaneous drainage (excluding feces and kitchen drainage), miscellaneous drainage (excluding fecal sewage) and domestic sewage (wastewater), by the regeneration of the set of flow treatment to achieve a certain standard of water quality can be reused within a certain range of non-drinking miscellaneous water, and its water quality is between the upper water (clean water) and the lower water (sewage). For the "water" has a variety of interpretations, the sewage project is called "recycled water", the factory is called "recycled water" or "water reuse In sewage engineering, it is called "reclaimed water"; in factories, it is called "recycled water" or "reuse water"; and in some cases, it is called "reclaimed water", with the quality of the water being used as the distinguishing mark. After treatment of water quality must meet the following conditions: (1) to meet the health requirements: its indicators are mainly coliform bacteria, total bacteria, residual chlorine, suspended solids, COD, BOD5, etc.; (2) to meet the requirements of people's sense of perception, no unpleasant feeling, the measurement of indicators of turbidity, chromaticity, odor, etc.; (3) to meet the requirements of the equipment structure, that is, the water is not easy to cause equipment, piping and severe Corrosion and scaling, the indicators are PH value, hardness, evaporation residue, dissolved substances. The treated water is generally used for flushing toilets, spraying roads, landscaping, car washing, as cooling water supplemental water.
2.3 hard water and soft water
2.3.1 soft water Water containing calcium ions, magnesium ions or less or no calcium ions, magnesium ions, the general hardness of less than 8 degrees of water for soft water.
2.3.2 hard water Water containing more calcium ions, magnesium ions, generally higher than 8 degrees of hardness is hard water. Hard water will affect the effect of detergent, hard water heating will have more scale. Industry in the use of hard water before the general softening.
2.4 Fresh water and brackish water
2.4.1 Fresh water Water Water containing little or no salt is generally used as civil or industrial water.
2.4.2 Brackish water Water Water containing more salt, such as the water of the northern salt lakes, some groundwater and seawater are brackish water.
3 Investigation and analysis of the water quality condition of the Yangtze River and the ancient canal
On October 16th and 17th two days our five students went to the ancient canal in Zhenjiang and the inner river of the Yangtze River and the nearby near side to conduct an examination and retrieve the water samples. Under the guidance of the teacher, these water samples were analyzed for pH, suspended solids, sediment content, COD, transparency and so on. The results of the analysis showed that the water quality of the outer rivers in the Yangtze River area is better and basically meets the national requirements. The Inner River and the ancient Canal is more seriously polluted, the water body is turbid, in some places the water quality is yellowish or greenish, more suspended solids, some areas of the water body irritating odor, sediment siltation, the water quality in most of the area only reaches the national regulations of class III or IV standards, a very small number of areas seriously do not meet the standards. In view of the above situation we several students visited some of the experts and did a survey of the situation, resulting in the deterioration of the water quality of the Neijiang River and the ancient Canal is due to the following aspects. First, the overall layout of Zhenjiang City is not very reasonable, more industries along the river, along the river, the ancient Canal side of the residential neighborhoods are dense. Secondly, some industrial wastewater is discharged into the Neijiang River and the ancient Canal without meeting the standard of treatment, and some manufacturers even discharge the untreated wastewater directly in order to reduce the production cost. Thirdly, the sewage from the community is not purified and discharged into the Neijiang River and the Old Canal, and the phenomenon of littering and throwing is very serious along the banks of the Old Canal, and some citizens urinate and defecate anywhere along the banks of the river. Fourth, the environmental protection department management is not in place, the inspection is not strong enough, did not give severe investigation and punishment of violators. In order to have a good ecological environment in Zhenjiang, in order for Zhenjiang City to become a nationally renowned health city, tourist city, for the health of our Zhenjiang citizens, for the long term development of our children and grandchildren, we strongly appeal to strengthen the management of the Neijiang River and the ancient Canal, and to improve the quality of the water in the Neijiang River and the ancient Canal. We put forward the following suggestions: First, the city leaders of Zhenjiang City, the overall planning, the serious pollution of enterprises forced to close or relocation. Secondly, all enterprises in the urban area should improve their sewage purification ability, not for the sake of the enterprise's self-interest, without regard to the safety of the people's lives in the urban area. Thirdly, all citizens should establish the consciousness of environmental protection, protect the water quality of Neijiang River and the ancient Canal, everyone has the responsibility, don't throw the domestic garbage randomly. Fourth, the environmental protection department should raise the awareness of responsibility, to strengthen environmental supervision, to stop the arbitrary discharge of industrial wastewater and sewage.
The above investigation and research report, just our five students in the after-school time to do a little rough research, this is the first time we enter the high school stage in the integrated practical activities in the class attempt, which has a lot of shortcomings, I hope that the teacher and students to give corrections. I would like to thank the teacher for our careful guidance and great help, but also to have helped our classmates, teachers, leaders and the community to express my heartfelt thanks.